Lecture5被动语态

1、Lecture 4Passive Voice 被动句的使用场合 主动句变被动句的转换规则 词组动词的被动态 “主-动-that 从句”句型的被动句 主动结构表示被动意义被动句的使用场合 说话者为了把句子的语义重心放在事件本身而不必提到施动者时常用被动句。 由于不知道施动者为谁，或者为了含蓄不愿道出施动者为谁时，常用被动句。 为了强调施动者，如果让它出现在主语的位置上便不能受到应有的强调时，常用带by-词组的被动句。 被动句的使用往往受上下文和语境的支配。说话者为了把句子的语义重心放在事件本身而不必提到施动者时常用被动句。 Hundreds of passengers were killed i

2、n the crash. Eight hours per day for sleep must be guaranteed. 由于不知道施动者为谁，或者为了含蓄不愿道出施动者为谁时，常用被动句。 This book was published in the 16th century. This proposal was generally considered as not very practical. The journalists were told not to enter that area.为了强调施动者，如果让它出现在主语的位置上便不能受到应有的强调时，常用带by-词组的被动句。

3、 Who invented the telephone?- It was invented by Graham Bell. How was the dam damaged?- It was damaged by a flood. Why cant you do it? - This is forbidden by law.被动句的使用往往受上下文和语境的支配 在一个句子中有时为了避免中途变更主语而不得不采用被动结构。 Jack fought Michael in the mens singles (男子单打）and (Jack) was beaten. The word “plastic” c

4、omes from the Greek word “plasticos” and is used to describe something which can be easily shaped.被动句的使用往往受上下文和语境的支配 有时为了上下句紧密衔接而采用被动结构。 He visited Chinas northeastern provinces in 1935. Those provinces were being overrun by the Japanese invaders.有时主动句和被动句的使用完全取决于上文提示的语义意图。 It rained heavily last ni

5、ght.A: The flowers are all gone. What happened to them? The rain destroyed the flowers.（语义重心在the flowers） B: They (The flowers ) were destroyed by the rain.（语义重心在the rain）In each pair of the following italicized active / passive structure determine which is more appropriated according to context and

6、 give reasons for your choice.These engines used to be started by hand. Now they are started by electricity.2. The injured were allowed home after treatment at the local hospital, but one of the firemen was detained for observation . Now we start them by electricity .but the hospital detained one of

7、 the firemen for observation.3. Compare clothes which have been washed by us with clothes washed by any other laundry.4. After the government had spent a million pounds on the scheme it was decided that it was impracticable and should be given up.which we have washed /they decided5. The ship was put

8、 into quarantine (隔离检疫） and passengers and crew were forbidden to land.6. One of the great advantages of atomic power stations is the fact that they can be built in the very region where power is to be used.and they forbade passengers and crew to landpeople can build them /7. Observations are made d

9、aily at two hundred weather stations in and around the British Isles, which send in reports every three hours. Measurements of wind speed, temperature and pressure are also made by weather ships in the Atlantic.Weather ships also make measurements of wind speed, temperature and pressure in the Atlan

10、tic8. It was twenty years ago and I was living in Paris. I had a tiny apartment in the Latin Quarter overlooking a cemetery and I was earning barely enough money to keep body and soul together.and barely enough money was earned to keep body and soul together被动语态的种类 P65现在过去将来过去将来一般 am / is / are done

11、 was / were done will /shall be done would / should be done 进行 am / is / are being donewas / were being done -完成 have / has been done had been done will /shall have been donewould / should have been done完成进行-在主动语态变为被动语态时，可按以下三个步骤 把主动语态的宾语变为被动语态的主语。 把谓语变成被动结构(bedone) ，并根据被动语态句子里的主语的人称和数以及原来主动语态句子中动词的

12、时态来决定be的形式。 把主动语态中的主语放在介词by之后作宾语，将主格改为宾格。在无须说明动作的执行者或只强调动作的承受者时，by短语可以省略。 We speak Chinese. Chinese is spoken by us. 被动语态由be + done构成。不同时态的被动语态的差异主要体现在be动词的变化上，同时be 动词还要在人称和数上同主语保持一致。一般现在时：一般现在时：am/is/are+done People grow rice in the south of the country. The school doesnt allow us to enter the chem

13、istry lab without a teacher. 一般过去时：一般过去时：was/were+done They agreed on the building of a new car factory last month. The students didnt forget his lessons easily. 一般将来时：一般将来时：shall/will+ be done They will send cars abroad by sea. They will give plenty of jobs to school-leavers. 过去将来时：过去将来时：should/wou

14、ld +be done The manager said they would complete the project by the end of the year. The workers told me they would mend the car as soon as possible. 现在进行时：现在进行时： am/is/are +being done The radio is broadcasting English lessons. We are painting the rooms. 过去进行时：过去进行时： was/were +being done Why didnt t

15、hey drive there on time? Because the workers were mending the road. This time last year we were planting trees here. 现在完成时：现在完成时：have/has +been done Someone has told me We have brought down the price. 过去完成时：过去完成时：had been done When I got to the theatre, I found The whole country was very sad at the

16、news of his death; 含有情态动词的被动语态：含有情态动词的被动语态： 含有情态动词的被动语态是由含有情态动词的被动语态是由“情态动词情态动词+ be+ 及物动词的过去分词及物动词的过去分词”构成。构成。 You must hand in your compositions after class. He can write a great many letters with the computer. 词组动词的被动态“动词+介词”、“动词+副词”、“动词+ 副词+借词”（一般词组动词） The children are well looked after. When was

17、 the hospital set up? That sort of thing should be done away with. 词组动词应视为一个单词及物动词，其后的介词或副词不可略去。“动词+名词+介词” He took great care of his books. His books were taken great care of. 主 动 宾 主 动 He took great care of his books. Great care was taken of his books. 主 动 宾 主 动 注意：采用第二种形式时，要把整个介词词组放到被动态动词的后面去。带复合宾

18、语带复合宾语(宾语宾语+ 宾补宾补)的动词改为被动语态时，一般把主动结构中的宾语改为主语，而的动词改为被动语态时，一般把主动结构中的宾语改为主语，而宾语补足语保留在谓语动词后面。如：宾语补足语保留在谓语动词后面。如：a,动词动词+宾语宾语+adj We always keep the classroom clean. b,动词动词+宾语宾语+ n They chose Tom captain. c.动词动词+宾语宾语+ to do She told us to follow her instructions. d,动词动词+宾语宾语+doing I found him lying on the

19、 floor e,动词动词+宾语宾语+done we found all our seats occupied. 在在see, watch, hear, notice, listen to, look at, make, feel等动词后作宾语补足语的动词不定式都不带等动词后作宾语补足语的动词不定式都不带 to，但改成被动语态后，但改成被动语态后都带都带to， We often hear him play the guitar. His mother makes him clean the room every day. The classroom is always kept clean.

20、Tom was chosen captainWe were told to follow her instructions. He was found lying on the floorAll our seats were found occupied.He is often heard to play the guitar.He is made to clean the room every day.“主-动-that 从句”句型的被动句 P70 People believe that he is ill. It is believed that he is ill. () He is b

21、elieved to be ill. () 当说话人认为主动句的主语无关紧要，或者不清楚谓语动作的发出者的时候，常使用上述两种形式的被动句。常用于上述被动句型的动词有：acknowledge, assume, believe, claim, consider, declare, estimate, expect, find, know, presume, report, say, thinkPair work A: This is a very interesting short story! B: I think so too. A: Who wrote it? B: Im not sure

22、. I think it was written by Edgar Allan Poe. This is a really fascinating movie! direct . Fellini This is a very funny political cartoon! draw. Richard Hill This is an impressive building! design. Frank Lloyd Wright Pair work A: Do you want me to hang up the decorations? B: No. Dont worrry about it.

23、 Theyve already been hung up. sweep the floor do the dishes take out the trash send the packages feed the monkeys sing the National Anthem 表示被动意义的主动句 P71 英语里有些动词能以主动结构表示被动意义。这类动词通常都是既可作及物动词，也可作不及物动词，当它们作为不及物动词用于SV(A) 结构中时，往往含有被动意义。这里有两种情况：表示被动意义的主动句 一种情况是用这类动词表示被动意义，这类句子的主语（指物的居多）通常具有某些内在的特征，能够促使动词所

24、表示的动作得以实现或难以实现。这类句子的特点是：主语为无生命动词；谓语动词为一般现在时；肯定句必须带方式状语；否定句的谓语动词可以含情态动词。这种句子一般都不能转换为被动句，如果变为被动句，句子的意义就改变了。 Brownings plays wont act. My voice doesnt carry well. This box doesnt close properly. This metal cuts easily. Nylon dries quickly. It eats well. Damp wood will not fire.Compare每组第一句都取决于主语的内在特征，每

25、组第二句的含义则是取决于外在的因素。 His novels dont sell. His novels are not sold. The middle house wont lent. The middle house will not be lent. She does not photograph well. She has not been photographed well. 他的小说销路不佳。 他的小说没有卖掉。 中间的房子租不出去。 中间的房子不会出租。 她不上相。 她的相没有照好。表示被动意义的主动句 一种情况是用这类动词的进行时（主要是现在进行时）表示被动意义，这种句子的主语

26、通常都是指物的，而且可以转换为相应的被动结构。这类结构是早期英语遗留下来的用法，常见于日常用语以及某些行业的专门用语。 The house is building. = The house is being built. The book is printing. = The book is being printed. The dinner is cooking. = The dinner is being cooked. The cakes are baking. = The magazine is binding. = The tea is brewing. = The ship is

27、fitting up.=1. Our plates _ (make) in China. 2. Yang Liwei _ (regard) as a hero.3. My bike _recently. (steal). 4. A sports meeting _(hold) in our school next month.5. The building _(finish) by the end of last term.Fill in the blanks.were madeis regardedwas stolenwill be heldhad been finished6. The f

28、lowers _(smell) sweet. 7.The May 4th Movement _ (take place) in 1919. 8. We _(move) by his speech. 9.Your pen _(write) smoothly.10. This room needs_. (clean) 11. A new building _(set up) last year. smelltook placewere movedwritescleaning/ to be cleanedwas set up12. By last December three ships _ (bu

29、ild).13. We could not get through because the road _(repair).14. The problem _ (discuss) at the meeting now.15. Her second boy _(send) to school next September. was being repairedhad been builtis being discussedwill be sent将下列句子变为被动语态： 1. We often sing this song. 2. He broke his leg in the match. 3.

30、 She will sell her house soon. 4. He is repairing the machine. 5. He has finished his work. 6. We call him Lao Wang. 7. We must do something to help her. 8. What did you say at the meeting? 9. He gave me some old magazines. 10. He told me to wait at the gate. Here is the beginning of a report of an

31、experiment. Rewrite it, putting verbs in the passive where appropriate and making any other necessary changes. I conducted the test in the school library to minimise noise. I took the children out of their normal lessons and I tested them in groups of four. I carried out all the tests in January 1996. The test consisted of two components. First, I showed the children a design (I presented these in Chapter 3) and I asked them to describe what they saw. I tape recorded all their answer