桥梁建筑新论》-第一章绪论

1、.桥梁建筑新论-第一章绪论New theory of bridge construction Chapter 1 IntroductionLiwei9604 Hello, today is 2002-1-13 Sunday add favorites online advisory service message boardYou are now in a position to bridge space network professional Wen Yuan highway bridge in this paper has been read 50 times.New theory of

2、 bridge construction Chapter 1 IntroductionAuthor: Zhang Shiding(Disclaimer: All rights reserved, not reproduced without the permission of the author)The first chapter is introduction1.1, the status of bridge architectureAt present, the author has not seen any other works called bridge architecture,

3、 probably because some works only talk about bridge aesthetics, or only talk about specific bridge construction art. As far as I can see, the discussion in the textbook is only about:A very rough description of bridge development;Classification of bridge system without system;Simple bridge hole span

4、 arrangement principle and cross section design, etc.;Classification of scattered structural form and component cross section form;Although we have talked about bridge aesthetics and even landscape design, we havent established systematic theory yet.However, there are few studies on the structural s

5、tress, the study of the relationship between mechanics and aesthetics, the design concept of bridge scheme and the theoretical research on comparison.In the past, numerical calculation was mainly carried out by a computer or a computer. The calculation method was very limited, so it is often necessa

6、ry to understand the mechanical properties of structures (structuralPerformance), such as the force transmission path, in the clear bearing structure system which is an important component of which is the premise of a secondary component under the proposed simplified schema of structure, which is in

7、 the numerical time man can achieve computing power range, can lead to satisfactory results, sometimes, often need to make other aspects the sacrifice, for example, the structure of static structure or indeterminate number less; the comparison stage in the program, but also to make a choice of diffe

8、rent structural systems. Objectively speaking, this is of great importance to bridge conceptual design. However, due to the backwardness of the calculation method, the research on the stress behavior of long-span, nonlinear and complex bridge structure is not enough, which restricts the development

9、of the bridge.With the development of science and technology, electronic computer (electronic digital)Computer has high speed), the capacity is large, it is more and more widely used in the field of bridge, the analysis of engineering structures become an easy job to do, so that the calculation of t

10、he structure designer from previous heavy out, and can design such as the Akashi kaikyo bridge, the Great Belt Bridge of Denmark and Hongkong. Nine bridge and Tsing Ma Bridge and other famous buildings. However, since the computer itself can not make advantageous changes to the inefficient structura

11、l system, this will lead to the acceptance of an unsuitable structural system. Therefore, todays designers must not limit themselves to the use of structural analysis software,But should, and has the energy to study the bridge construction technology in depth and meticulous, make its structure super

12、ior, the technique feasible, economic, reasonable, beautiful and harmonious, in order to make up for the shortage of the computer.It is urgent to establish bridge architecture scientifically and systematically, which is also one of the main contents of bridge engineering which is scattered and exper

13、ienced.1.2, the characteristics of bridge architectureIn terms of the characteristics of bridge architecture, perhaps it can only be shown by comparing it with the house architecture. The author believes that the similarities and differences between bridge architecture and housing architecture are t

14、he similarities and differences between bridges and houses.Housing structure has the following characteristics:Mainly building envelope;The terrain is flat;Little geological change;Compression oriented;The column is the main load-bearing member;? dead load accounts for most of the total load;The con

15、struction is often used to build up layers of support.The bridge structure has the following characteristics:Mainly across the structure (exposed), the span is often unmatched by the housing construction;Often across rivers, canyons, and even the straits;Its topography and geology are complex and ch

16、angeable;The direction of the bridge tends to be long and narrow;The main load-bearing members are bending shear (beam), compression (arch) or tension (bridge);Live vehicles (vehicles, pedestrians, etc.) account for a considerable proportion;The construction methods are diverse, the construction pro

17、cess is complex, and complex system transformation may occur.This determines that the bridge is different from the housing construction is the biggest feature of the bridge, architectural modeling must first meet the requirements of static balance, this force to the center of gravity for the constru

18、ction features, it is the characteristics of bridge architecture.As a negative example, the 1.2 mentioned in the Seine River in Paris on the Liz Auster Armand bridge failure of the architect competition graph is shocking, in my view, it is because of these who designed the building famous architect

19、of the bridge construction characteristics of the lack of understanding, it led to the fruit.The author not only, the author put forward twenty principles, the bridge design should follow the twenty principles, the bridge span arrangement should follow the seven principles, conversion bridge interna

20、l force analysis and relevant system of rough bridge landscape design, to build a bridge architecture.1.3 content of bridge architectureBridge architecture (bridge architecture) should be more than bridge aesthetics (BridgeAesthetics, but should include the theory of bridge optimal force, and put it

21、 in a very important position, at the same time, including the overall design of the bridge, the design and comparison of the program.The basic theoretical knowledge required for bridge architecture is theoretical mechanics, material mechanics, structural mechanics, structural design principles, hyd

22、raulics, soil mechanics, bridge development history, aesthetics, overall design and construction of bridges, etc. And the bridge architectural design is the organic combination of the above basic theories and the architectural art (landscape architecture design).Considering the basic knowledge relat

23、ed in bridge engineering textbooks in general have discussed, and even the bridge aesthetics, landscape architectural design and monograph on, so here only briefly, and will focus on the optimal bridge design theory, the bridge span layout, cross section selection and scheme design and comparison.,

24、and briefly introduces the Nanjing Road Taizhou yinjianghe bridge planning and design etc.Therefore, the following chapters of the book are arranged as:The first chapter tells the status of bridge construction design, and discusses the architect and engineer duties, technology and art, relationship

25、between structure and function in the construction of the importance and the general principle of modern architectural design.The second chapter: the outline of bridge development. This is the basic knowledge of bridge construction.The third chapter: the law of the rational structure of the bridge.

26、The author summed up the 20 principles. This is one of the main contents of the book.The fourth chapter: the bridge classification, the author divides the bridge into 15 kinds, has carried on the new appraisal to each bridge. This is one of the main contents of the book.The fifth chapter: the bridge

27、 internal force rough estimate and cross-section size, calculation methods listed here is very rough, but is conducive to simple, convenient and fast to calculate the internal force, and gives a rough section size.The sixth chapter: the bridge design, mainly elaborated the bridge hole span arrangeme

28、nt 20 standards, the plan design should consider comprehensively the factor, the plan idea and the plan comparison and so on. This is one of the main contents of the book.The seventh chapter: engineering design example - Nanjing highway, Taizhou River Bridge, taking the bridge as an example, introdu

29、ces the whole process of bridge building design. This is one of the main contents of the book.The eighth chapter: the new structure and the prospect of new bridge, bridge full bridge mainly introduces the author and other new bridge and ideas, the future prospect of the bridge.1.4 division and colla

30、boration between architects and structural engineers 1.3The architect to artists, aesthetes itself, the lack of real understanding of technology, there is no technical design creative inspiration, the lack of extensive and sincere cooperation with the engineer, the architectural design is often supe

31、rficial, difficult to escape the aesthetic category, which hinders the construction of innovation.On the contrary, the structure engineers are importance of things, despise external things inside, emphasis on the thinking of the technology itself and the internal organization of the relationship, ea

32、sy to fall into the tedious calculations and details of the complex process, and involves the nature, society and peoples psychological feelings such as building problems simply attributed to technical problems of one-way the,To be a certain technical theorist.As for the relationship between technol

33、ogy and art, Nervi, a famous structural engineer and architect, said in the book architecture, technology and art:A technically sound work.,It may be very poor in artistic effects;However, whether ancient or modern,There is no aesthetic recognized as an outstanding buildingNot technically good.Here,

34、 too much emphasis on the art of nervi dimension, while ignoring the importance of technology, because the function of the structure could not meet the beauty. As a negative example, document 1.2 has proved everything. In addition, the current China architectural works closely with the phenomenon th

35、at little attention, contempt art technology concept. For this view of the nervi dimension, beg to differ.Art, technology and light architect technology, on the contrary, light art engineers have moved towards another extreme, such as the construction of many large China city crossroads crab type al

36、l directions overpass, the clouds of the state, to the city space to take unreasonable, regardless of pedestrians, or driving, let a person produce the feeling of oppression. In addition, the uncoordinated span layout, excessive compression and misfits bridge bridge opening and environment selection

37、 and so on are everywhere.The famous structural design master Lin Tongyan said: from the scientific design, to achieve the purpose of art. I think, master Lin has revealed the relationship between technology and art, the true meaning of the problem.As a matter of fact, architecture is indeed a subje

38、ct between technology and art. Although architects tend to emphasize art, engineers tend to be more technical; although some buildings are more technical, others tend to be more artistic. But to evaluate a building, it is always objective and reasonable to adopt a double standard, that is, technolog

39、y and art. This requires close coordination between architects and engineers, and requires architects to attach great importance to the role of technology.1.5 modern architectural design principles (principle of modern architectural design)The bridge belongs to the building, but the general principl

40、e is about the building in industrial and civil buildings, but this did not affect the general principle of architectural design for the design of bridge construction, bridge construction and theory must be absorbed to mankind for thousands of years of practice and research, and the practice of arch

41、itecture is to study achievement, positive the so-called outside the box, jade.Architectural design is not only the premise of building entity, but also the process of artistic creation. It not only considers peoples material life needs, but also considers peoples spiritual life needs. In the proces

42、s of architectural design, various factors should be considered comprehensively to solve all kinds of contradictions. Practice has shown that architectural design is to deal with the overall layout, landscape design, architectural functions, architectural technology, architectural art and so on.Over

43、all layoutFrom the overall situation, considering the various factors influencing the indoor and outdoor space of the building, the overall arrangement is made, and the internal functional requirements of the building are coordinated with each other and organically combined with the external conditi

44、ons. For example, the single building design in the building group should be guided by the principle of overall design, and be restricted by the overall layout. Therefore,The design concept should follow the principle of from the outside to the inside and from inside to outside, starting with the ov

45、erall layout.According to the external conditions, solve the global problem, and then proceed to the monomer (single(unit) a combination of spaces in architectural design. In this process, the single building design in shape, size and height (layers), architectural form, color, orientation, sunshine

46、 and traffic with the overall layout and the surrounding environment to achieve harmony, and in a single building design tends to be mature, then adjust and determine the overall layout.In the overall design concept, it is necessary to consider the internal factors of function, structure, economy an

47、d beauty, also want to consider the local historical and cultural background and the requirements of city planning, environment, site conditions and other external factors. Usually start with the body shape to express the designers conception. After the body shape was determined, the internal plane

48、tissues and spatial tissues were also studied. Studying the shape of a body (for bridge) means solving the contradiction between the internal cause and the external cause and solving the problem between the function and the form.The overall design of the bridge especially bridge site engineering con

49、ditions, such as topography, physiognomy, climate, hydrology, geology, seismic, navigation, or cross the line, at this point, the bridge and the design of the building are quite different.The basic starting point of architectural function and architectural design is to make the building show the gre

50、atest concern for the users. Therefore, the construction function always changes with the development of human society and the change of life style. With the progress of society, the development of economy and the improvement of civilization, more and more architectural functions are demanded. Since

51、 1960s, behavioral science and psychology have been introduced into architecture, which makes the study of architectural function more detailed and deeper. The concept of landscape design has greatly enriched architecture.A function partitionA building generally includes many parts, and each part of

52、 the function is not the same, therefore, the design of buildings, according to their respective functional requirements of each part and their relationship, combine them into several relatively independent partitions, the layout of the building area reasonable and clear. Such as:? make close proxim

53、ity to areas that are closely related to each other;Separate the parts that interfere with each other in use;To separate the main usage partition from the secondary use partition;Separate the public partitions (the more external ones) and the private partitions (the inner ones);Divide the moving par

54、titions in use with partitions that require static;Separate clean partitions from areas where smoke, ash, odor, noise, or contamination may occur.B streamline organizationPeople in the construction environment shuttle, things in the construction environment running, so, architectural design should b

55、e reasonable arrangement traffic flow line. A reasonable traffic flow line should ensure that each subarea is interrelated and convenient, simple and convenient, and at the same time avoid cross interference between different streamlines. Building should be people-oriented, therefore, the flow line

56、should be taken as the main conductor of the traffic route in the building, and the inner and outer space of each partition should be designed into a logical, orderly and linked space sequence.C plane combination and space combinationD towards, lighting and ventilationIn the northern hemisphere, for

57、 the purpose of making more sunshine in winter, it is necessary to strive for southward or southerly, while the southern hemisphere is opposite. Hot and humid area of the building, in order to solve the problems of natural ventilation, to choose a good building orientation, ventilation and single bu

58、ilding construction organization groups within the Chuantangfeng, in order to maintain smooth airflow. For the indoor environment with higher comfort requirements, artificial lighting and ventilation air conditioning facilities should be adopted to make up for the shortage of natural lighting and ventilation.The function of bridge construction is much less than that of house building. The author believes that the function of bridge construction is no more than: one is c