句型结构和成分

1、精选文档英语句型结构与句子成分划分一. 句子的分类：一）按使用目的可分为陈述句、疑问句、祈使句和感叹句。1） 陈述句：说明一个事实或陈述一种看法。Light travels faster than sound.（光比声速度快。）2） 疑问句（Interrogative Sentences）：提出问题。有以下四种： a.一般疑问句：Can you finish the work in time? b.特殊疑问句：Where do you live? c.选择疑问句Do you want tea or coffee? d.反意疑问句：He knows her, doesnt he?3）祈使句：提出

2、恳求，建议或发出命令，例如： Sit down, please.请坐。Dont be nervous! 别紧急！4）感叹句：表示说话人惊异、喜悦、生气等心情，感叹句的构成： what + n. + 主语+谓语/ how + adj. + 主语+ 谓语 a. What good news it is! b. How good the news is! c. What beautiful flowers they are! d. How beautiful the flowers are! e. How lovely the child is! f. What a lovely child he

3、is! 二）句子按其结构可以分为以下三类：1） 简洁句（Simple Sentences）：只有一个主语（或并列主语）和一个谓语动词（或并列谓语动词）构成的句子。例如： We all study hard. We elected him our class president.2） 并列句：由两个或两个以上的简洁句并列连接起来的句子叫并列句. 其结构是： 简洁句+并列连词+简洁句 (并列连词：and, but, or, for, so ) a. The food was good, but he had little appetite. (表转折) b. Lets hurry, or we w

4、ill be late. (表选择) c. He studied hard and he passed the exam. （表递进） d. He felt no fear, for he was very brave. （表缘由） e. He was sick, so they were quiet. (表结果)句型： 祈使句+and/or +简洁句（常用一般将来时） Study hard and youll be successful./ Dont drive so fast, or youll have an accident.3） 复合句：简洁句中的某一个成分由一个句子来充当。包含一个

5、主句和一个或几个从句的句子叫复合句，从句由从属连词引导。包括(名词性从句、状语从句、定语从句）1) The film had begun when we got to the cinema. (状语从句) 2) Do you know the man who is in the car? (定语从句)3) I know that its difficult to master a foreign language. (宾语从句)二. 五种简洁句的结构1.主语连系动词表语 连系动词的类别: (1) be (2) 感官动词：look, seem, appear, smell, taste, sou

6、nd, feel (3) 表持续的动词：remain, keep , stay, continue (4) 表变化的动词：get, become, turn, grow , The food looks ugly but tastes delicious. You are a fool.2.主语谓语（不及物动词） (常+状语)Tom died. He smiled happily. He studies hard.3.主语谓语（及物动词）宾语 We study English. I hate you. He likes reading.4.主语谓语（及物动词）间宾直宾I gave him so

7、me money.= I gave some money to him .He bought me a book.= he bought a book for me .5.主语及物动词宾语宾补We consider the work easy. We elected him monitor.The news made me happy. He heard someone knocking at the door.The story made me laugh.6. There be/ stand/ lie/live 结构1）There is a computer on the desk.2）T

8、here will be thousands of visitor in Guangzhou next month.3）There used to be a river here. 4）There stands a temple on the top of the mountain.5）There lived an old fisherman here 10 years ago.三. 句子成分 1.Subject (主语) The sun rises in the east.2.Predicate.（谓语） We study English.3. Object（宾语） We love Chin

9、a.4. Predictive（表语） We are Chinese.5.Attributive/Attribute（定语） This is a difficult problem.6.Completement(补语) We elected him monitor.7.Adverbial（状语） He runs fast.8.Appositive（同位语） This is Miss Zou, my teacher.9.Parenthesis（插入语） To be frank, I dont agree with you.1. 主语: 主语表示句子要说明的人或事物。一般由名词、代词或相当于名词的

10、词或短语充当。如1) The students study hard. He usually goes to school at 7:30.2) To tell a lie is wrong. Learning a foreign language takes a long time.2. 谓语:说明主语的动作或状态。谓语和主语在“人称”和“数”两方面必需全都(1) 由动词的各种时态语态表示。1) He goes to school every day. 2) They are swimming.3) She caught up with the others very quickly. 4)

11、 This kind of machine is made in China. (2) 由“情态动词+动词原形”表示。 We must work hard at English.The recorder can be repaired in two days. (3) 由“连系动词+表语”表示。My father is a doctor. He feels better today. 3. 表语: 表语和连系动词一起构成谓语，表示主语的性质、特征、身份等。一般由名词、形容词或相当于名词、形容词的词或短语充当。如1) Her uncle is a teacher. 2) He became an

12、gry.3) The weather is getting warmer and warmer. 4. 宾语: 动作的承受者。如1) The child needs help. 2) They all helped us. 3) I hope to see you again4) Tom likes swimming 5) My mother bought a skirt for me. （双宾语）6) Ill lend it to you tomorrow.（双宾）7) He gave me a map of the world. 双宾有些及物动词需要两个宾语，一个指物，一个指人。指物的叫直

13、接宾语，指人的叫间接宾语。间接宾语一般放在直接宾语之前，但为了强调间接宾语，可把间接宾语放在直接宾语之后，这时要在间接宾语前加介词to或for.5.宾语补足语：有些动词除需要一个宾语外，还得有一个宾语补足语，句子意义才能完整。宾语和宾语补足语一起构成复合宾语。宾语和宾语补足语在规律上有主谓关系，这是宾语和宾语补足语的主要依据。如1) We found the story quite interesting. 2) We asked him to help us.3) I saw a child playing on the grass.6. 定语: 定语是对名词或代词起修饰、限定作用的词、短语

14、或句子，译为的1) Our classroom is clean and bright. 2) The book here is very interesting.3) The man in a brown jacket is my father.4) This is the house where I lived three years ago.5) The students reading-room is on the second floor. 英语中放在被修饰词（中心词）前面的成为前置定语放在被修饰词后面的称为后置定语。一般来说，当定语修饰some, any, every, no等所构

15、成的复合不定代词时，定语需后置。如 1) I have something important to tell you. 2) There is nothing wrong with the sentence.7.状语: 修饰动词、形容词或副词，也可以修饰整个句子。状语说明地点、时间、目的、结果、条件、让步、方式、程度等。假如状语和地点状语同时消灭，一般是时间状语放在最终，地点状语放在时间状语之前。可用作状语的有副词,不定式，分词，介词短语，从句等。 介词短语作状语1）.In the classroom, the boy needs a pen. （地点状语）2）Before his moth

16、er, Tom is always a boy. (条件状语)分词（短语）作状语：1）He sits there, reading a newspaper.（表示伴随状态）2）Frightened, he sits there soundlessly.（缘由状语）不定式作状语：To make his dream come true, Tom becomes very interested in business. （目的状语）句子做状语Even if she laughs at him, he adores her.8. 同位语 当两个指同一事物的句子成分放在同等位置时，一个句子成分用来说明和

17、解释另一个句子成分，这个句子成分就叫做它的同位语。 This is Mr.Zhou, our teacher.9.插入语 To be honest, I dont agree with you.练习一) 挑出下列句中的宾语1. My brother hasnt done his homework.2. People all over the world speak English.3. How many new words did you learn last class?4. Some of the students in the school want to go swimming, ho

18、w about you?5. The old man sitting at the gate said he was ill.(二) 挑出下列句中的表语1. The old man was feeling very tired.2. The leaves have turned yellow.3. Soon They all became interested in the subject.(三) 挑出下列句中的定语1. What is your given name?2. I am afraid some people forgot to sweep the floor.3. The man

19、 downstairs was trying to sleep.4. I am waiting for the sound of the other shoe!(四) 挑出下列句中的宾语补足语 She likes the children to read newspapers and books in the reading-room. He asked her to take the boy out of school. She found it difficult to do the work. They call me Lily sometimes. I saw Mr Wang get

20、on the bus.(五) 挑出下列句中的状语 There was a big smile on her face. Every night he heard the noise upstairs. He began to learn English when he was eleven. The man on the motorbike was traveling too fast. With the medicine box under her arm, Miss Li hurried off.（六）划分句子成分1.You will tell your friend that youve

21、 got to school.2. But as the moon gave far too much light, I didnt dare open a window.3. The dark, rainy evening, the wind, the thundering clouds held me entirely in their power.推断下列短文中各句是简洁句、并列句还是复合句： I hope you are very well（ ）. Im fine, but tired（ ）. Right now it is the summer vacation and Im hel

22、ping my Dad on the farm（ ）. August is the hottest month here（ ）. It is the time of year for the rice harvest, so every day I work from dawn until dark.（ ） Sometimes we go on working after dark by the lights of our tractors（ ）. We grow rice in the south of the States, but in the north where it is col

23、der they grow wheat（ ）. We have a lot of machines on the farm（ ）. Although the farm is large, my Dad has only two men working for him（ ）. But he employs more men for the harvest（ ）. My brother takes care of the vegetable garden（ ）. It doesnt often rain in the summer here（ ）. As a result, we have to

24、water the vegetable garden（ ）. Every evening we pump water from a well（ ）. It then runs along channels to different parts of the garden（ ）. Most Saturday evenings there is a party, even at harvest time（ ）. These parties often make us very happy（ ）. We cook meat on an open fire outside（ ）. Its great（

25、 ）! Americans eat a lot of meat too much in my opinion（ ）. Some of my friends drink beer（ ）. I dont, because I have to drive home after the party（ ）. In your letter you asked about the time in different areas of the States（ ）. There are five different time areas in the States（ ）. In my state we are

26、fourteen hours behind Beijing time（ ）. How many different time areas do you have in China（ ）? Well, I must stop and get some sleep（ ）. Please give my best regards to your parents（ ）. I hope you are very well（复合句）. Im fine, but tired（简洁句）. Right now it is the summer vacation and Im helping my Dad on

27、the farm（并列句）. August is the hottest month here（简洁句）. It is the time of year for the rice harvest, so every day I work from dawn until dark.（并列句） Sometimes we go on working after dark by the lights of our tractors（简洁句）. We grow rice in the south of the States, but in the north where it is colder they grow wheat（并列复合句）. We have a lot of machines on the farm（简洁句）. Although the farm is large, my Dad has only two men working for him（复合句）. But he employs more men for the harvest（简洁句）. My brother takes