母题专题08阅读理解

1、专题 08 阅读理解（说明文）【母题来源一】【2019 全国卷I, D】During the rosy years of elementary school（小学）,I enjoyed sharing my dolls and jokes, which allowed me to keep my high social status. I was the queen of the playground. Then came my tweens and teens, and mean girls and cool kids. They rose in the ranks not by being

2、 friendly but by smoking cigarettes, breaking rules and playing jokes on others, among whom I soon found myself.Popularity is a well-explored subject in social psychology. Mitch Prinstein, a professor of clinical psychology sorts the popular into two categories: the likable and the status seekers. T

3、he likables'plays-well -with -others qualities strengthen schoolyard friendships, jump-startinterpersonal skills and, when tapped early, are employed ever after in life and work. Then there the kind of popularity that appears in adolescence: status born of power and even dishonorable behavior.En

4、viable as the cool kids may have seemed, Dr. Prinstein s'tusdies show unpleasant consequences. Those who were highest in status in high school, as well as those least liked in elementary school, are“ most likely to 从ItOgiedangerous and risky behavior.”In one study, Dr. Prinstein examined the two

5、 types of popularity in 235 adolescents, scoring the least liked, the most liked and the highest in status based on student surveys（调查研究 ）.“ We foundthat the least well-liked teens had become more aggressive over time toward their classmates. But so had those who were high in status. It clearly show

6、ed that while likability can lead to healthy adjustment, high status has just the opposite effect on us."Dr. Prinstein has also found that the qualities that made the neighbors want you on a play date-sharing, kindness, openness carry over to later years and make you better able to relate and c

7、onnect with others.In analyzing his and other research ，Dr. Prinstein came to another conclusion: Not only is likability related to positive life outcomes, but it is also responsible for those outcomes, too. "Being liked creates opportunities for learning and for new kinds of life experiences t

8、hat help somebody gain an advantage, ” he said.32. What sort of girl was the author in her early years of elementary school?A. Unkind. B. Lonely. C. Generous.D. Cool.33. What is the second paragraph mainly about ？A. The classification of the popular.B. The characteristics of adolescents.C. The impor

9、tance of interpersonal skills.D. The causes of dishonorable behavior34. What did Dr. Prinstein ' s study find about the most liked kids?A. They appeared to be aggressive.B. They tended to be more adaptable.C. They enjoyed the highest status.D. They performed well academically.35. What is the bes

10、t title for the text?A. Be Nice -You Won't Finish LastB. The Higher the Status, the BeerC. Be the Best-You Can Make ItD. More Self -Control, Less Aggressiveness【语篇解读】这是一篇说明文。 文章主要讲到研究表明， 对别人好，讨人喜欢对人生活 的各个方面有深远的有益影响。32. C【解析】推理判断题。根据第一段During the rosy years of elementary school, I enjoyed sharing

11、my dolls and jokes, which allowed me to keep my high social status （在美好的小学时光里，我 喜欢分享我的娃娃和笑话，这让我保持了高高的社会地位。 ）由此推断出，作者在小学早期 时，是一个慷慨的女孩。 unkind 不友善的； lonely 寂寞的； generous 慷慨的； cool 冷静的， 故选 C 。33. A【解析】 主旨大意题。 第二段 Mitch Prinstein, a professor of clinical psychology sorts the popular into two categories:

12、 the likable and the status seekers. （临床心理学教授 Mitch Prinstein 将受欢 迎的人分为两类 : 讨人喜欢的人和追求地位的人。 ）是段落主题句， 本段内容分别对 the likable和 the status seekers 做了解释，所以本段主要介绍了两种受欢迎的分类，故选A 。34. B【解析】推理判断题。根据第四段 It clearly showed that while likability can lead to healthy adjustment （它清楚地表明，可爱可以促使健全的调整） ，由此推断出，心理学教授 Mitch

13、Prinstein 的研究表明，最有人望的孩子适应性更强，故选B。35. A【解析】标题归纳题。 通过阅读全文内容， 尤其是最后一段， 可知这篇文章主要讲了受欢迎， 讨人喜欢对人生活的各个方面有深远的有益影响。 与选项 A “对别人好最终， 你的收获 无穷无尽”一致，故选 A 。【母题来源二】【2019 全国卷II , D】Bacteria are an annoying problem for astronauts. The microorganisms（ 微生物 ） from our bodies grow uncontrollably on surfaces of the Interna

14、tional Space Station, so astronauts spend hours cleaning them up each week. How is NASA overcoming this very tiny big problem? It's turningbunch of high school kids. But not just any kids. It depending on NASA HUNCH high school class, like the one science teachers Gene Gordon and Donna Himmelber

15、g lead at Fairport High School inFairport, New York.HUNCH is designed to connect high school classrooms with NASA engineers. For the past two years, Gordon ' s students have been studying ways to kill bacteria in zero gravity, and they think they ' re close to a solution决方案）.“ We don ' t

16、 give the students any breaks. They have to do itjust like NASA engineers,” says Florence Gold, a project manager.“ There are no tests,” Gordon says. “ There is no graded homework. There almost are no grades,other thanAre you working towards your goal?' Basically, it 's I ' vgeot to prod

17、uce this product and then, at the end of year, present it to NASA. ' Engineers come and really do an in-pers on review, an d it 'not a very nice thing at time. It ' ashard bus in ess review of your product. ”Gordon says the HUNCH program has an impact（ 影响 ） on college admissions and prac

18、tical't tlife skills.“ These kids are so absorbed in their studies that I just sit back. I donannoying bacteria? Gordon says his students are emailing daily with NASA engineers about the problem, readying a workable solution to test in space.32. What do we know about the bacteria in the Internat

19、ional Space Station?A. They are hard to get rid of.B. They lead to air pollution.C. They appear different forms.D. They damage the instruments.33. What is the purpose of the HUNCH program?A. To strengthen teacher-student relationships.B. To sharpen students' communicationskills.D. To link space

20、technology with schoolC. To allow students to experience zero cation34. What do the NASA engineers do for the students in the program?A. Check their product. B. Guide project designsC. Adjust work schedules.D. Grade their homework.35. What is the best title for the text?A. NASA: The Home

21、of Astronauts.B. Space: The Final Homework Frontier.C. Nature: An Outdoor Classroom.D. HUNCH:A College Admission Reform.【语篇解读】本文为说明文。本文介绍了 HUNCH 项目就是通过 Gordon 的学生找到如 何杀死空间站的细菌这一技术， 把空间技术与带进课堂， 与学校教育相结合， 从而最终影响 到大学入学。32. A【解析】细节理解题。根据第一段中的“ Bacteria are annoying problem for astronauts. The microorgan

22、isms form our bodies grow uncontrollably on surfaces of the International Space Station, so astronauts spend hours cleaning them up each week. ”可知，细菌对宇航员来说是个令人讨 厌的问题。 这种来自我们身体的微生物在国际空间站的表面不受控制地生长， 宇航员每周要 花几个小时来清理它们。也就是说它们很难去掉。其中的“ the microorganisms ”包括"bacteria”。由此可知，A项符合题意。33. D【解析】 推理判断题。 根据

23、第二段的 “ HUNCH is designed to connect high school classrooms with NASA engineers. Gordon' s students have been studying ways to kill bacteria in zero gravity,. ”可知， Hunch 旨在把高中教室和 NASA 的工程师联系起来。 Gordon 的学生一直 在研究如何在零重力下杀死细菌 , . ”。结合最后一段中的“ Gordon students are emailing daily with NASA engineers abou

24、t the problem,. ”可知，学生每天都给 NASA 的工程师发邮件 一起探讨（如何杀死空间站的细菌这一空间技术） 这个问题。 由此可推断出 HUNCH program 的目的把空间技术与学校教育相结合。分析选项可知 D 项符合题意。34. A【解析】 细节理解题。 根据第三段中的“ I' ve got to produce this product and then, at the end of the year ,present it to NASA, ”“Engineers come and really do an in-person review ， and .It

25、's not a very nice thing at times. It ' s a hard business review of your product. ”可知， NASA 的工 程师要检查学生所做的产品。分析选项可知 A 项符合题意，故选 A。35. B主旨大意题。 文章以国际空间站里的微生物很难清除开头， 引出宇航员们解决此问题的途径 借助美国国家航空航天局的 HUNCH 高中班，此计划的目的是把航天技术与学校教育结 合起来。在这项计划里，学生们通过homework （制作供美国国家航空航天局使用的产品）探索无疆的太空，因此“太空：最后的功课疆域”最适合做文章的标

26、题。故选B。【母题来源三】【2019 全国卷III , C】Before the 1830s most newspapers were sold through annual subscriptions in America,usually $8 to $10 a year. Today $8 or $10 seems a small amount of money, but at that time these amounts were forbidding to most citizens. Accordingly, newspapers were read almost only by

27、rich people in politics or the trades. In addition, most newspapers had little in them that would appeal to a mass audience. They were dull and visually forbidding. But the revolution that was taking place in the 1830s would change all that.The trend, then, was toward the "penny paper"-a t

28、erm referring to papers made widely available to the public. It meant any inexpensive newspaper; perhaps more importantly it meant newspapers that could be bought in single copies on the street.This development did not take place overnight. It had been possible(but not easy)to buy single copies of n

29、ewspapers before 1830,but this usually meant the reader had to go down to the printer's office to purchase a copy. Street sales were almost unknown. However, within a few years, street sales of newspapers would be commonplace in eastern cities. At first the price of single copies was seldom a pe

30、nny -usually two or three cents was charged -and some of the older well -known papers charged five or six cents. But the phrase "penny paper " caught the public's fancy, and soon there would be papers that did indeed sell for only a penny.This new trend of newspapers for "the man

31、on the street" did not begin well. Some of the early ven tures(企业)were immediate failures. Publishers already in bus in ess, people who were owners of successful papers, had little desire to change the tradition. It took a few youthful and daring businessmen to get the ball rolling.28. Which of

32、 the following best describes newspapers in America before the 1830s?A. Academic.B. Unattractive.C. Inexpensive.D.Confidential.29. What did street sales mean to newspapers?A. They would be priced higher.B. They would disappear from cities.C. They could have more readers.D. They could regain public t

33、rust.30. Who were the newspapers of the new trend targeted at?A. Local politicians.B. Common people.C. Young publishers.D. Rich businessmen.31. What can we say about the birth of the penny paper?A. It was a difficult process.B. It was a temporary success.C. It was a robbery of the poor.D. It was a d

34、isaster for printers.【语篇解读】本文为说明文。文章叙述了“便士报纸”的诞生历史。28. B【解析】细节理解题。根据第一段中的“Before1830s ， . . . Accordingly newspapers were readalmost only by rich people. In addition ,most newspapers had little in them that would appeal tomass audience. They were dull and visually forbidding. ”可知，在 19 世纪 30 年代之前 ,只有

35、富人才能读报纸，而且大多数报纸中几乎没有能吸引大众的内容，让人感觉无聊， ，视觉上令 人望而却步。由此可得出那时的报纸没有什么吸引力。分析选项，A . Academic学术的；B.Unattractive 没有吸引力， 无魅力的； C. Inexpensive 廉价的，不贵的； D. Confidential 机密 的，保密的。可知 A、C和D是错误的，只有 B符合题意，故选 B。29. C 【解析】推理判断题。根据第二段提到“便士报纸”针对大众，很便宜的。更重要的是，在街上可以 买的到报纸。 结合第三段 中间的“ streets sales of newspapers would be co

36、mmo nplaced in eastern cities ”可知，报纸的街头销售随处可见。由此可推断出，街头销售 意味读报纸的多了。分析选项可知C符合题，故选C。30. B【解析】细节理解题。 根据第二段中的“ The trend, then, was penny paper'a term referring to papers made widely available to the public. perhaps more importantly it meant newspapers that could be bought in single copies on the st

37、reet. ”可知，这种“便士报纸”针对大众的，在街上 可以买的到报纸。分析选项可知，选项 B 符合题意，故选 B。31. A【解析】推理判断题。第二段"The trend, the n, was penny paper'”及最后一段"The newtrend of newspapers for the man on the street' did not begin well. Some of the early ventures were immediately failures. Publishers already in business, peop

38、le who owners of successful papers, had little desires to change the tradition. It took a few youthful and daring businessmen to get the ball rolling. ”可知，“便士报纸”新趋势一开始并不好，一些早期的尝试立即失败了。已经 进入商业领域的成功的出版商， 并不想改变这一传统。 后来一些年轻而大胆的商人才推动了 这件事。由此可推断出“便士报纸”的诞生是一个困难而曲折的过程。分析选项可知，A项符合题意，故选 A。【命题意图】 阅读理解从能力的角度来讲，

39、 考查学生运用英语的能力， 具体地说， 就是通过阅读有关文章提取有用信息的能力。【考试方向】所谓说明文， 就是指研究自然科学与技术的文章。 说明文是对事物或事理进行客观说明 的一种文体， 它以说明为主要表达方式， 通过解说事物或阐明事理， 达到教人以知识的目的， 在结构上往往采用总分、递进等方式按一定的顺序（如时间、空间、从现象到本质）进行说 明。说明文的特点是客观、简练、语言准确、明了，文章很少表达作者的感情倾向。阅读说 明文的重点在于读懂它说明的事物或事理，了解事物的性质、构造、成因、功能等，了解事 理的含意、特点等。最近五年，说明文的出现变化不大，一直很稳定，选材通常是各学科的 前沿问题

40、； 高科技领域的科研成果； 人们比较关心的社会问题；人文方面的经典。 由于阅读 理解题的设置采用渐进式， 即由简到难的方式， 因此说明文是高考试卷中阅读理解题中相对 比较难的， 通常后置。 阅读理解试题的中要考点之一是考查学生对词汇和句式的掌握。 说明 文的词汇和句式的运用较别的体裁的文章难度更大。 词汇运用灵活， 同一词的不同词性的用 法交替出现，未列入考纲的生词较多，通常达到了4-5%。不过考生可以通过说明文的语言特点来帮助理解语篇，例如，同位语、下定义、解释、举例、同义词、反义词、上下义词以 及标点符号（如破折号、冒号都有表示解释和说明）等。【得分要点】高考阅读理解中， 说明文为主要体裁

41、之一。 高考阅读理解题的设问主要围绕以下四方面： 细节事实题、主旨大意题、推理判断题、猜测词义题。其中，说明文主要以细节事实、主旨 大意和猜测词义三方面问题为主。一、词义猜测类题型 阅读理解题中常要求学生猜测某些单词或短语的意思。 历年英语高考题中均有此类题目， 有 的文章尽管没有专门设题， 但由于文章中常常出现生词，因此， 词义的猜测还是贯穿在文章的阅读理解之中。 解这类题目一般是通过上下文去理解或根据构词法去猜测。 判断一个单词 的意思不但离不开句子， 而且还需要把句子放在上下文中， 根据上下文提供的线索加以猜测。 运用构词法 ,语境等推测关键词义，可以根据以下几种方法猜测：（一）内在逻辑

42、关系 根据内在逻辑关系推测词义是指运用语言知识分析和判断相关信息之间存在的逻辑关系， 然 后根据逻辑关系推断生词词义。1. 通过同义词和反义词的关系猜词通过同义词猜词，一是要看由and或or连接的同义词词组，如happy and gay，即使我们不认识gay这个词，也可以知道它是愉快的意思这是高三册第八单元阅读第五段的句子：The word secure in paragraph 5 line is closest in meaning to.A. freefromanxiety B.anxiousC.nervousD.happy根据上下文和同义词，可以选出答案 A。二是看在进一步解释的过程中

43、使用的同义词，如 Man has known something about the planets Venus, Mars, and Jupiter with the help of spaceships. 此句中的 Venus （金星），Mars （火 星）,Jupiter （木星）均为生词，但只要知道planets就可猜出这几个词都属于"行星"这一义域通过反义词猜词，一是看表转折关系的连词或副词，如but，while，however等；二是看与 not搭配的或表示否定意义的词语，如：He is so homely， not at all as handsome as

44、hisbrother.根据not at all.handsome我们不难推测出 homely的意思，即不英俊，不漂亮的意思。2. 根据因果关系猜测词义通过因果关系猜词， 首先是找出生词与上下文之间的逻辑关系， 然后才能猜词。 有时文章借 助关联词（如 because， as， since， for， so， thus， as a result， of course， therefore 等等）表 示前因后果。例如：You shouldn ' t have blamed him for thafor it wasn ' t his通过t.for 引出的句子所表示的原 因（那不是他

45、的错） ，可猜出 blame 的词义是责备。3. 通过定义或释义关系来推测词义例如： But sometimes， no rain falls for a long ， long time. Then there is a dry period ， or drought. 从drought所在句子的上文我们得知很久不下雨，于是便有一段干旱的时期，即drought，由此可见 drought 意思为久旱，旱灾。而 a dry period 和 drought 是同义语。这种同义 或释义关系常由 is， or， that is， in other words ， be called 或破折号等来表示

46、。4. 通过句法功能来推测词义例如： Bananas， oranges， pineapples， coconuts and some other kind of fruit grow in warm areas. 假如 pineapples 和 coconuts 是生词， 我们可以从这两个词在句中所处的位置来判断它们大致 的意思。从句中不难看出 pineapples， coconuts 和 bananas， oranges 是同类关系，同属 fruit 类，因此它们是两样水果，准确地说，是菠萝和椰子。5. 通过描述猜词 描述即作者为帮助读者更感性地了解某人或某物而对该人或该物作出的外在相貌或内

47、在特 征的描写。例如 The penguin is a kind of sea bird living in the South Pole. It is fat and walks in a funny way. Although it cannot fly ， it can swim in the icy water to catch the fish. 从例句的描述中 可以得知 penguin 是一种生活在南极的鸟类 .后面更详尽地描述了该鸟类的生活习性。（二）外部相关因素外部相关因素是指篇章 （句子或段落） 以外的其他知识， 有时仅靠分析篇章内在逻辑关系无 法猜出词义。这时，就需要运用生

48、活经验和普通常识确定词义。例如：The snakes litheredthrough the grass根据有关蛇的生活习性的知识，我们可以推断出slither词义为"爬行"。（三）构词法在阅读文章时， 我们总会遇上一些新词汇， 有时很难根据上下文来推断其词意， 而它们对文 章的理解又有着举足轻重的作用，此时，如掌握了一些常用的词根,前缀 ,后缀,合成等构词法知识，这些问题便不难解决了。1. 根据前缀猜测词义例如： He fell into a ditch and lay there ，semi-conscious，for a few minutes. 根据词根 consc

49、ious （清醒的， 有意识的），结合前缀 sem（i 半，部分的， 不完全的），我们便可猜出 semiconscious 词义"半清醒的，半昏迷的。"I ' m illiterate about such things词根lit-erate意为"有文化修养的，通晓的，前缀 il 表示否定，因此 illiterate 指一窍不通，不知道的。2. 根据后缀猜测词义例如：Insecticide is即plied where it is needed.后缀cide表示"杀者，杀灭剂"，结合大家熟 悉的词根 insec（t 昆虫），不难猜出 i

50、nsecticide 意为杀虫剂。 Then the vapor may change into droplets后缀let表示"小的"，词根 drop指"滴，滴状物"。将两个意思结合起来，便可 推断出 droplet 词义小滴，微滴。3. 根据复合词的各部分猜测词义例如： Growing economic problems were high -lighted by a slowdown in oil output. Hightlight 或 许是一个生词，但是分析该词结构后，就能推测出其含义。它是由high （高的，强的）和light （光线）两部分

51、组成，合在一起便是"以强光照射，使突出"的意思。Bullfight is verypopular in Spain. Bull （公牛）和 fight （打，搏斗）结合在一起，指一种在西班牙颇为流行的 体育运动 斗牛。二、主旨大意类题型主旨大意类题型主要测试学生对文章全面理解和概括的能力，提问的内容可能是全文的大意，也可能是某段的段落大意， 一般不易在文中直接找到答案。 怎样把握主旨大意题呢？通常有 以下几种方法：（一）阅读文章的标题或副标题 文章的标题是一篇文章的题眼，通过阅读标题或副标题可以迅速把握文章的主旨大意。（二）寻找文章的主题句分析篇章结构， 找出文章主题。 在

52、许多情况下，尤其在阅读说明文和议论文时，根据其篇章 特点我们可以通过仔细阅读短文的第一句或第二句,即文章的主题句来归纳出文章的主题.若短文由若干段组成， 除仔细阅读第一段的首句外， 还须仔细阅读每一段的第一句， 即段落中 心.通常文章的中心思想包含在文章的首句，有时也在文章的末句，其他句子都是用来说明 和阐述主题句。 因此，在确定文章的中心思想时， 要求学生重视阅读文章的首句和末句。但 也有一些文章， 中心思想常常贯穿在全文中， 因此要求学生综观全文， 对段落的内容要融会贯通，对文章透彻理解后归纳总结。主题句的特点是：1相对于其他句子，它表达的意思比较概括；2主题句一般结构简单；3段落中其他句

53、子必定是用来解释，支撑或发展主题句所表 达的思想的。总之，为提高阅读理解能力，在阅读时应抓中心思想，作者意图及关键词语，运用联想 比较,归纳,推测等方法，得出最佳结论，选择最佳答案，不能主观臆测，把自己的观点强加进去， 与文章的观点混为一谈。经过长时间有计划，有目的的系统训练，使学生加快阅读速度，提高阅读的正确性，使两者有机地统一起来，以提高学生阅读英语和运用英语进行交际的能力， 为继续学习和运用英语切实打好基础 阅读是一种综合性很强的语言实际活动。我们只有进 行大量的课内外阅读， 掌握一定的阅读技巧， 正确运用阅读方法， 才能有效地提高阅读理解 能力。【母题1】【天津市红桥区2019届高三下

54、学期第一次模拟考试】Your next Saturday night takeaway could be brought to you by a robot after a major fooddelivery company announced plans to use automated vehicles to transport meals. Europe' s bon li ne takeaway food compa ny Just Eat has part nered with Starship Tech no logies to deliver foodwith robo

55、ts on the streets of London later this mon th. “ Nobodyhas ever done deliveries withIan d-based robots,” said Alla n Martinson, the chief operati ng officer of Starship.The robot courier can travel up to 4 miles per hour for about 10 miles. It uses a GPS sig nal andnine cameras to n avigate （确定方向）.I

56、n stead of a pers on arrivi ng at their door, customers couldfind themselves receiving a notification on their phone that says a robot is on its way and a code touni ock the automated courier.“ Put the code in, the robot ope ns up, and there' s your food,David Buttress, chief man ager of Just Ea

57、t.The robot, which has so far bee n tested in Gree nwich, Milt on Keynes and Glast on bury, costs£ 1 to transport within 3 miles, compared with the£ 3 to £ 6 it costs for a human courier. To date :robots have driven nearly 5,000 miles without getting into an accident or finding themse

58、lves pickedon by passers-by. They have driven in more than 40 cities around the world, including London andTalli nn, Est onia.An initial worry was how the public would react to robots. But Martinson said the public hasbee n calm whe n pass ing the delivery mach ine on the streets.“ The most surpris

59、ing react ion has beethe lack of reaction,” said Martinson.Another significant fear was that people would disrupt （ 扰乱 ） the robots, or try to steal themand their contents. To prevent this, the robot is fitted with nine cameras, two way audio, and movement sensors that send a warning if it is lifted off the ground. And it