新编英美概况

1、Chapterl Geographical Features and Natural Resourcesl.ln area, the United States is the4th largest country in the world.2. The Midwest in the US refers to the regionaround the Great Lakes and the upper Mississippi Valley-3. The Backbone of North America refers to theRocky Mountains4. Death Valley is

2、 on the western edge ofthe Great Bas in.5. The Great Plainsmight have a dust storm in summer.6. The western part of Washington State has the highest rainfall in the US.7. The US primary suppliers of foreign oil are the following countries exceptJapan8. The US largest open-pit copper-mining center is

3、 inUtah.1. The United States is bordered on the north byCanada,on the south by Mexico and the Guff of Mexico, on the east by theAtla ntic Ocea n, and on the west by the Pacific Ocea n.2. The large territory of the continental US is divided into three basic areas:A. the Atla ntic seacoast west to the

4、 Appalachia nsB. the Mississippi River Bas inC. the Rockies west to the Pacific3. The Middle Atlantic States are themost densely populated region in the US, where the land isflat and fertile.4. The Central Valley of California is a highlyoroductive area, which produced enormous amounts offruits and

5、vegetables.5. Most producti on of oil and n atural gas in the US comes from offshore areas ofLouisia na and Texas,a nd from on shore areas of Texas, Oklahomaand California. Her big consumption of energy now has made Americainsufficient in oil supply. The US relia nee of foreig n oil has remin ded co

6、n siste ntly in the 40% ran ges.6. The United States haslittle trouble caused by the shortage of fresh water. Farmlands in the US making up about12% of the arable lands in the world, and they are among therichest and most productive.Chapter 2 America n Populati on1. The over 3 millio n of early Amer

7、ica ns in 1790 were mostly ofBritish an cestry.2. About 700,000 immigrants were legally received by the US each year during the 1980s.3. The official racial segregation continued to be the law of the US until1954.4. American Indians now mainly live in theSouth.5. The majority of American Hispanics a

8、re from the following countries exceptSpain.6. The West now leads in perce ntage in crease in populati on.7. According to the 1994 US census, the second most populous state in the US Taxes.8. The trend in migration from cities to suburbs now prevailed in all regions exceptthe South.1. The United Sta

9、tes is thethird most populous nation in the world.2. Prior to 1875 anyone from any country could enter the US freely and take uppermanent residence there. Later the US Con gress passed laws restrict ing immigrati on on the basis forality, race, and n ati onal origi n. The 1952 Immigrati on and Natio

10、nality Act reaffirmed national origin as the chief criterion for eligibility and established a preferential system for skilled workers and for relatives of the US citizens. For many years the US restricted to total number of immigrants to 270,000 each year, although the real immigrants numbered much

11、 greater than the limit. The 1990 Immigration Act limits the total number of immigra nts to 700,000 from 1992 to 1995 and 675,000 thereafter.3. The first blacks arrived in Jamestown in 1619 asndentured servants, but soon after 1619 they were brought to colonies as slaves. The blacks were formally fr

12、eed in 1863, but continued to suffer the institutionalized segregation for about a century.Today many blacks still live in theSouth, some have en tered the middle class, but on e-third of all black families still live below the poverty line.4. The Chinese-Americans have proved to bndustrious and int

13、elligent. They are now viewed as amodel minority in the US. Accordi ng to the 2010 US cen sus, there were about 3.8 millio n Chi nese-America ns livi ng in the US. The figure was more tha n twice what it was in 1990.Chapter 3 Discovery and Coloni zati on of the New World1. The ancestors of the prese

14、nt American Indians came fromAsia.2. The ambiti on for the vast Ian ds is not correct to expla in the reas ons for the sudde n dari ng explorati on of the unknown in the mid-15th cen tury.3. On his voyage of 1492, Columbus expected to reachndia.4. Vasco da Gamadiscovered the route to India.5. John C

15、abotwas sent by the English King to explore the new way to the east.6. New York was not founded first by the English.7. The breadbasket colonies include the following ones exceptVirginia. (New York, Pennsylvania, Maryland)8. The last one of the 13 colonies wasGeorgia, which was established in 1733.1

16、. In 1488 Bartholomew Diaz, sailing under thePortuguese flag, went to the Cape of Good Hopeat the southern Africa. In 1492 Christopher Columbus, finan ced by rulers ofSpa in sailed west across theAtla ntic Ocea n and discovered the isla nds othe Caribbean. He was convinced that he had found the cont

17、inent of Asia.2. The South Africa was discovered bymerigo Vespucci who showed the land he arrived in was a new continent. Before long the land was n amedAmerica after his n ame.3. Jamestown, the first permanent English settlement, was founded in 1607. In 1620, Pilgrims and others arrived in Plymouth

18、, Massachusetts. They drew upMayflower Compact4. By 1775, the 13 colonies in North America could be classified as the followi ng three kin ds. Specify how the gover nors were chose n in each.a. Royal: appo in ted by the En glish Kingb. Proprietary: chosen by proprietorsc. Self-governing:elected by r

19、esidents5. Because the New England colonies were difficult of farming, they become a center foifishing and shipbuilding. The middle colonies were known as thebreadbasket, which produced wheat and potatoes as the major staple. The souther n colonies developed a plantation system. The main crop in the

20、 South wastobacco. Much later, cotton became important crop.Chapter 4 America n Revoluti on1. There was a great change in policy towards the 13 colonies afte1763.2. The Stamp Act of 1765 first set a large scale of opposition in the colonies.3. The Tea Act of 1773 was passed by the British Parliament

21、 in order tbelp the British East India Company.4. The First Continental Congress was attended by the representatives from all the colonies excepGeorgia.5. The first shot of the America n War of In depe ndence was fired in Lex ington.6. Thomas Pai nes Comm on Sense urged the America n col on ists tat

22、eclare their in depe nden ce.7. The prin cipal author of the Declarati on of In depe ndence wasThomas Jeffers on.8. The victory at Saratoga was considered as the turning point of the War of Independence.1. During the colo nial days the En glish ruli ng class did everythi ng they could tocon trol the

23、 developme nt of the col on ial economy. The colonies in North America were supposed tocompleme nt and not compete with En glish in dustry.2. Within the five years from 1763 to 1767 after the war with France,the British government adopted several measures to extract more money from colonies. The Sug

24、arAct of 1764 and the Stamp Act of 1765, for example, laid taxes on certain imports and numerous articles in America to help pay for the costs of British government in the colonies.3. The Sons of Liberty was formed in1765 to organize the opposition to the Stamp Act. They favored to takeviolent actio

25、n to the stamp collectors.4. The first Continental Congress was held in Philadelphia iSep.1774.The majority of the representatives still favor to take peaceful means to settle the quarrel with the British. They agreed to refuse to buy English goods, hoping in this way to force the British gover nmen

26、t to give in to their dema nds. This un ited acti on could be calledboycott.5. The Declaration of Independence was signed on July 4|776. Karl Marx once called itthe first declaration of the rights of the in dividual.6. The American War of Independence lasted7 years. The fighting was actually ended i

27、n1781, but the final treaty between Britain and the United States was signed in Paris ir1783. The boundaries of the United States were fixed roughly from the Atla ntic Ocea n to the Mississippi River on the west and from the Great Lakes on the north to Spa nish Florida on the south. The direct socia

28、l cha nge brought about by the America n Revoluti on was the ema ncipati on ofslaves who fought aga inst the British.Chapter 5 the Con federati on and the Con stituti on1. The confederation created in 1781 wasa very loose union of states.2. James Madison was called the Father of the US Constitution.

29、3. The Constitution was frames on the following ideals except thatthe new government should impose its authority on the people through states.4. Those who supported the Constitution and preferred a strong national government were called Federalists*6.5. Nine States were needed to ratify the Constitu

30、tion.They spell out the peoples rightls in correct to comme nt on the Federalist Papers.7. The amendment of the Constitution requires the approval of at least three-fourths of the states.8. Whe n the Sec ond War of In depe ndence broke out in 1812, the US preside nt wadames Madis on.1. Under the Art

31、icles of Confederation the national government consisted of only a legislature; it had no separate executive and judicial divisio ns. The state gover nment was left the exclusive powers to regulate commerce ando tax their citize ns.2. The Constitutional Convention was held in Philadelphia in1787. Fi

32、fty-five delegates from all states exceptRhode Island atte nded the ope ning sessi on. The preside nt of the conven ti on wasGeorge Wash ington.3. The Antifederalists opposed the constitution and preferred a more decentralized federal system of government.4. George Wash ington was elected unani mous

33、ly as the first US Preside nt in788. The first Vice-Preside nt wasJoh n Adams,a nd the first Secretary of Treasury wasAlexa nder Hamilt on, and the first Secretary of State wasThomas Jeffers on.5. the most glorious achieveme nt of Jeffers on as Preside nt was the_ouisia na Purchase,which was about 8

34、28,000 square miles. This Purchasedoubled the area of the then United States.6. The War of 1812 is also called theSecond War of Independence. This war lastedthree years and ended in another American victory. An important result of the war was the strengthening of national unity and patriotism. And i

35、t was after this war that the US was able to make the cha nge of emi-co lonial economy into a really in depe ndent n ati onal econo my.Chapter 6 America n Expa nsion and the Civil War1. The Monroe Doctri ne had the followi ng features or ideas exceptLati n America for Europea ns.2. The US continenta

36、l expansion was almost complete byi848.3. Cott on became the most profitable crop in the South mai nly because of theWhit neys cott on gin.4. In 1854, the Republican Party was founded by someibolitionists.5. In his in augural address in 1861, Lincoln showed clearly that hevould not abolish slavery i

37、mmediately but to preserve the Union.6. It immediately freed all slaves living in the United States about the Emancipation Proclamation is not accurate.7. the most important advantage the North had over the South in the Civil War was itsindustrial superiority.8. An advantage the South had over the N

38、orth was itssuperior military leadership.1. The esse nee of the Monroe Doctri ne wasJAmerica for America ns which later became the corn erst one of the US foreig n policy.2. The US expansion to the west may be treated in three stages;A. the settlement of the region between seaboard states and the Mi

39、ssissippi RiverB. the settlement of the Louisiana Territoryc. the occupati on of the far Southwest.3. The great majority of dwellers in Louisiana Territory were the descendants of theFrench pioneers. They settled mainly in two cities: St. Louisa nd New Orlea ns.4. Oregon Territory was settled betwee

40、n Britain and the United States in 1846. Its boundary on the north was fixed at the forty- nin th parallel of north latitude.5. Under Missouri Compromise, Missouri was admitted as aslave state, but the balance of political power maintained by admission of Maine as afree state. In addition, slavery w

41、as to be prohibited in the rest of Louisiana Territory north of the line 36 0 parallel.6. In 1862, the federal government took two revolutionary measures: (1) Homestead Act and (2) Emancipation proclamation.7. In July 1863 came the turni ng point of the war at Gettysburg. Here the Con federate army

42、un der the gen eralRobert E. Leewas defeated. The battlefield was made a n ati on alcemetery, where Li neol n gave his famous speech, theSettysburg Address, on November 19,1863.8. In 1865, the Thirteenth Amendment to the US Constitution was adopted, which abolished slavery throughout the United Stat

43、es.Chapter 7 Rec on structio n and the Birth of US Imperialism1. The first US preside nt who faced impeachme nt proceedi ngs wasA ndrew Joh nson.2. The radical Reconstruction was ended under the PresidenRutherford B. Hays3. Gold was discovered in California in1848.4. The first transcontinental railr

44、oad in the US was completed in 1869.5. Telepho ne was inven ted in 1876 byAlexa nder D. Bell.6. The value of manufactured goods in the US was worth twice as that of her agricultural products by1900.7. The first imperialist war, the USSpanish War, broke out in 1898.8. After the USSpanish War, the US

45、acquired all the following areas excepCuba (Puerto Rico, Guam, the Philippines)1. The Rec on structio n Acts divided all the formerC on federate states, except Tenn essee,i nto five military districts and each was put under the control of a Northern army officer. The officer had the power to keep or

46、der and to enforce martial law ifn ecessary.2. During the Rec on structio n period many Northerners moved to the south .Whatever their motives, these Northerners came to be called carpetbaggers because they were said to have brought all theirbel ongings to the South in a small, cheap suitcase made o

47、ut of a carpet like material.3. During the Rec on structio n the Souther n whites who supported the radical recon structio n and joined the Republica n Party were called scalawags.They were con sideredas traitors by the Souther n Democrats.4. The KKK, founded in Tennessee in 1866, was a secret socie

48、ty for restoring whitejpremacy and driving blacks out of politics.5. During Theodore Roosevelts preside ncy the US got con trol ofPa nama Can al.Chapter 8 World War I and the Depressi on1. By the beginning of the 20h century the country that took the first place in economy in Europe was Germany.2. W

49、he n the First World War bega n, Preside nt Wils on immediately called upon the America n people toobserve strict n eutrality.3. The US joined the First World War in 1917.4. Wilso ns Fourtee n Poi nts did not in clude the point of creati on of an in ter nati onal peacekeep ing force.5. Only the rich

50、 could afford new consumer goods about the US in 1920s is not true.6. In resp onding to the Depressi on, Preside nt Hoover thought that the basic role of the Gover nment was tocreate con diti onsfavorable to the developme nt of private en terprises”.7. The agricultural Adjustment Act was an attempt

51、to deal with the farmers problem of overproduction.8. It reduced the commodity prices by limiting production and devaluing the dollar is not right to comment on the New Deal.1. The First World War was waged between two groups of imperialist powers:the Allies and the Central European Power.2. The dir

52、ect cause that made the US declare war on Germany M917 was the Germanysunlimited campaign.3. The major triumph for Wils on at the Paris Peace Conference was the formatio n of theLeague of Nati ons.4. The Un ited States did nt joi n the League of Nati ons because the USen ate refused to approve the T

53、reaty of Versailles.5. Three major treaties were concluded at the Washington Conference:(1) The Four-Power Treaty, respecting thestatus quo in the Pacific.(2) The Five-Power Treaty, on naval armsapportionment.(3) The Nine-Power Treaty, guaranteeing the independence and integrity ofChina in appearane

54、e, but actually a public international affirmation of the Open Door policy.6. The Nin etee nth Amen dme nt to the US Con stituti on was adopted in 1920, which gran ted wome n the right to vote.7. The Great Depression started with the sudden collapse of theStock Market in New York in October,1929. Th

55、is economic distress exte nded to Europe, Asia, Africa, Australia and South America.Chapter 9 America n During and After World War II1. Between 1935 and 1939, American foreign policy included all of the following exceptactive intervention to prevent aggressi on.2. The US formally en tered the Seco n

56、d World War in1941.3. Normandy Landing took place onJune 6,1944.4. At Yalta Conference, in Feb. 1945 did Roosevelt, Churchill and Stalin agree to call a conference of all the United Nations in San Fran cisco in April 1945.5. The post-World War II program of economic assistanee to Western Europe was

57、known aMarshall Plan.6. Dr. Mart in Luther King, Jr., advocated the philosophy ofnon viole nee.7. Thousands of American soldiers were sent to Vietnam under the PresidenLyndon B? Johnson.8. The formal diplomatic relati on at the ambassadorial rank betwee n Chi na and the US was established un der the

58、 Preside nt Carter.1. The cash-and-carry policy allowed US citizens tsell certain no prohibited goods to belligerent nations as long as those goods were not tran sported on America n ships.2. Len d-LeaseAct en abled any country whosedefe nse the Preside nt con sidered vital to that of the US to receivearms and other equipment and supplies by sale, transfer, exchange, or lease. ED. Roosevelt explained the Act would make the US thsenal of world democracy.3. Civil rights in volve gover nment protecti on of in dividuals aga inst discrim in ati on based on their race, rel