主要文学流派及其代表作

1、主要文学流派及其代表作Classicism古典主义Asacriticalterm,abodyofdoctrinethoughttobederivedfromortoreflectthequalitiesofancientGreekandRomancultureparticularlyinliterature,philosophy,artorcriticism.Classicismstandsforcertaindefiniteideasandattitudes,mainlydrawnfromthecriticalutterancesoftheGreeksandRomansordeveloped

2、throughanimitationofancientartandliterature.Theseincluderestraint,restrictedscope,dominanceofreason,senseofform,unityofdesignandaim,clarity,simplicity,balance,attentiontostructureandlogicalorganization,chastenessinstyle,severityofoutline,moderation,self-control,intellectualism,decorum,respectfortrad

3、ition,imitation,conservatismand"goodsense".Itsrepresentativesandtheirmajorworksinclude:JohnBunyan:ThePilgrim'sProgress(1678).Neoclassicism新古典主义Itmainlyappliestotheclassicaltendencywhichdominatedtheliteratureofthe17thcenturyand18thcentury.Itwas,atleast,theresultofareactionagainstthefire

4、sofpassionwhichhadblazedinthelateRenaissance,especiallyinthemetaphysical(十七世纪诗体的)poetry.AndNeoclassicismesteemedobjectivity,harmony,rationality,dignity,proportion,andmoderation,stressedartisticsystemsandtechnicalcorrelationofstylisticcomponents,admiredconciseness,elegance,goodtasteandwit,combinedple

5、asurewithinstructionandmatchedcontenttostyle.Itsrepresentativesandtheirmajorworksare:JohnDryden(1631-1700):TheWorldWellLost(1678);AlexanderPope(1688-1744):TheRapeoftheLock(1714),TheDunciad(1742).EarlyRomanticism浪漫主义Romanticism,asaliterarytrend,occurredanddevelopedinEuropeandAmericaattheturnofthe18th

6、and19thcenturiesunderthehistoricalbackgroundoftheIndustrialRevolution.Romanticismstressesindividualandcreativefunctionofimagination.Itplacesindividualattheverycenterofalllifeandallexperienceandatthecenterofart.Itscharacteristicsare:(1) Romanticismisarebellionagainsttheobjectivityofrationalism.(2) Fo

7、rromantics,thefeelings,intuitionsandemotionsaremoreimportantthanreasonandcommonsense.(3) RomanticsdonotthinkoftheworldasatickingwatchmadebyGodTheyemphasizeindividualism,placingtheindividualagainsttheagainstthegroup,againstauthority.(4) Theyaffirmtheinnerlifeoftheself,andwanteachpersontobefreetodevel

8、opandexpresshisowninnerthoughtsTheycherishstronginterestinthepast,especiallythemedieval.(5) Theyareinterestedinvarietyandattractedbythewild,theirregular,theindefinite,remote,themysterious,andthestrange.(6) AmericanRomanticismpresentsanentirelynewexperiencealientoEuropeanculture,andproduceafeelingof&

9、quot;newness"whichhasinspiredtheromanticimagination.Itsrepresentativesandtheirmajorworksare:WordsworthandColeridge:LyricalBallads(1798);WashingtonIrving:TheSketchBook(1820)HighRomanticsAmericanromanticismreachesitspeakwiththeappearanceofthemajorauthorsofthe19thCentury,suchasEdgarAllanPoe,WaltWh

10、itmanandEmilyDickinsoninpoetry,andNathanielHawthorneandHermanMelvilleinfiction.Theytooktheirdeparturefromthecomplacentromanticimpulseoftheearly19thcenturyandcreatedforthemselvesnewliterarypersonalities.Theyestablishedfirmgroundfortheirartinwell-conceivedliterarytheoriesandwell-structuredliteraryform

11、s.ItsrepresentativesandtheirmajorworksEdgarAllanPoe:TheRaven(1845);WaltWhitman:LeavesofGrass(1855);NathanielHawthorne:TheScarletLetterHermanMelville:MobyDick(1851).RealismRealismisbasedontheaccurate,unromanticizedobservationofhumanexperiences.Itinsistseverydayscenesarerepresentedinastraightforwardor

12、matter-of-factmanneronprecisedescription,authenticactionanddialogue,moralhonestyandademocraticopennessinsubjectmatterandstyle.Asaliterarymovement,realismreferstotheapproachofrealistfictionoccuredatthelatterpartofthe19thcentury.Itsmajorfeaturesare:(1) Realismisthetheoryofwritinginwhichfamiliaraspects

13、ofcontemporarylifeandeverydaysensesarerepresentedinastraightforwardormatter-of-factmanner.(2) Inrealistfictioncharactersfromallsociallevelsareexaminedindepth.(3) Openendingisalsoagoodexampleofthetruthfultreatmentofmaterial.(4) Realismfocusesoncommonnessofthelivesofthecommonpeoplewhoarecustomarilyign

14、oredbythearts.(5) Realismemphasizesobjectivityandoffersanobjectiveratherthananidealisticviewofhumannatureandhumanexperience.(6) Romanticismpresentsmoralvisions.Itsrepresentativesandtheirmajorworksare:WilliamDeanHowell:AModernInstance(1882)MarkTwain:TheAdventuresofHuckleberryFinn(1884)GeorgeEliot:Ada

15、mBede(1859)TheMillontheFloss(1860)NaturalismNaturalismappliestheprinciplesofscientificdeterminismtofiction.Itviewshumanbeingsanimalsinthenaturalworldrespondingtoenvironmentalforcesandinternalstressesanddrives,overnoneofwhichtheyhavecontrolandnoneofwhichtheyfullyunderstand.Herearethreemajorconceptsof

16、literarynaturalisminthebroadabstractway:(1) Humansarecontrolledbylawsofheredityandenvironment.(2) Theuniverseiscold,godless,indifferentandhostiletohumandesires.(3) Theliterarynaturalistshaveamajordifferencefromtherealists:thedifferenceisrestraint,notactionitself;naturalistcharactersactoutofasimilars

17、etofmotivesanddesires,andtheydifferfromtheirrealistcounterpartsonlyinbeingunabletoresisttheconditionsthatpressuponthem.Itsrepresentativesandtheirmajorworksare:StephenCrane:Maggie,aGirloftheStreets(1893),TheRedBadgeofCourage(1895);TheodoreDreiser:SisterCarrie(1899),AnAmericanTragedy(1925)ModernismFro

18、m1890stoearly1940s,modernismbecameaninternationaltendencyagainstpositivismandrepresentationalartandliterature.Theessenceofmodernismisabreakwiththepastanditalsofosteresabeliefinartandliteratureasanavenuetoself-fulfillment.Modernismtakesshapeinaconvergenceoftendenciesinmodernculture,accidentalcircumst

19、ancesandconcertseffortsonthepastofinfluentialwriters,somepoliticallyconservativeandsomeradical.Itincludesawiderangeofartisticexpressionssuchassymbolism,impressionism,post-impressionism,futurism,imagism,vorticism,expressionism,dada,andsurrealism.Itsmajorfeaturesare:(1) Modernismdramatizesdiscontinuit

20、yandimminentseverancefromthepastwhilemakingdeterminedeffortstousethepast,itsvaluesandartisticforms,layemphasisonincorporatingtheminnewliteraryproduction.(2) Modernistshaveasenseoffragmentationinsocialcommunitiesandthefragmentationwithintheindividualhimself.(3) Thedistinctivefeatureofliterarymodernis

21、misitsstrongandconsciousbreakwithtraditionalperceptionsandtechniquesofexpression,anditsgreatconcernwithlanguageallaspectsofitsmedium.Itsrepresentativesandtheirmajorworksare:ThomasStearnsEliot:TheHollowMen(1922)AshWednesday(1930);ErnestHemingway:AFarewelltoArms(1929),TheOldManandtheSea(1952)PostwarRe

22、alismPostwarrealismisdifferentfromthenormativerealismofthe19thcentury.Ithasbeensearchforvisionthatcanrelateanoppressedresponsetosocietyandhistorytoanawarenessofindividuallonelinessandmoralandtranscendentalhungerbothtodifferentiateandreunitetheselfandthesocietyanditisnotmerelyareturntotheoldtradition

23、ofrealism.Postwarrealismembodiesgreatchangesinliteraturealongwiththegreatchangesinsociety.Postwarrealistwritersfocusmoreonspiritualaspectsofhumanlifewhilerevealingdenouncingthedarkforcesinsociety.Itsrepresentativesandtheirmajorworksare:JamesThurber:NewYorker(1925-1933);Updike:TheCentaur(1964)Postmod

24、ernism1963isidentifiedasthebeginningofPostmodernism.Itischaracterizedbyamultiplicityofindividualvoices.Andpostmodernfictionsharesacommonsensethatacrisisisathandforsocietyandforliteratureandthatallformsofdogma,convention,ideologyneedtobereexaminedandreplacedifnecessarybyfreshersystemsmoresuitabletoth

25、etimes.Itsmajorfeaturesare:(1) Postmodernwritersbroodoverwhattheyperceivetobeabsenceofanswersandcontinuitybyemphasizingrandomnessanddiscontinuityandbyblurringthedistinctionbetweenauthorandfictionalcharacter.Theyinsistondrawingthereaderintotheconfidencethatthetextistheonlyreality.(2) Postmodernfictio

26、nseekstoshowtheformratherthanthecontentofAmericanreality.(3) Thefundamentalruleofthepostmodernfictionistheabsurdandthearbitrary.(4) PostmodernwritersholdthattherealityofmodernlifeistooelusiveanduncertainforpeopletorationalizeandidealizeThedistrustoftraditionalmimeticgenres,alliedtothephilosophicalclimateofstructuralismanddeconstruction,hasencouragedpostmodernismtoembracepopularforms,suchasdetectivefiction,sciencefiction,andfairytale.Itsrepresentativesandtheirmajorworksare:KurtVonnegut:TheSirensofTitan(1959),Cat'sCradle(1963)RaymondFeder