(施工手册第四版)第二章常用结构计算2-1 荷载与结构静力计算表

1、Good is good, but better carries it.精益求精，善益求善。(施工手册第四版)第二章常用结构计算2-1 荷载与结构静力计算表施工手册第四版2 常用结构计算2-1 荷载与结构静力计算表2-1-1 荷载1结构上的荷载结构上的荷载分为下列三类：（1）永久荷载 如结构自重、土压力、预应力等。（2）可变荷载 如楼面活荷载、屋面活荷载和积灰荷载、吊车荷载、风荷载、雪活载等。（3）偶然荷载 如爆炸力、撞击力等。建筑结构设计时，对不同荷载应采用不同的代表值。对永久荷载应采用标准值作为代表值。对可变荷载应根据设计要求，采用标准值、组合值、频遇值或准永久值作为代表值。对偶然荷载应按

2、建筑结构使用的特点确定其代表值。2荷载组合建筑结构设计应根据使用过程中在结构上可能同时出现的荷载，按承载能力极限状态和正常使用极限状态分别进行荷载（效应）组合，并应取各自的最不利的效应组合进行设计。对于承载能力极限状态，应按荷载效应的基本组合或偶然组合进行荷载（效应）组合。0SR （2-1）式中 0结构重要性系数；S荷载效应组合的设计值；R结构构件抗力的设计值。对于基本组合，荷载效应组合的设计值S应从下列组合值中取最不利值确定：（1）由可变荷载效应控制的组合 （2-2）式中 G永久荷载的分项系数；Qi第i个可变荷载的分项系数，其中YQ1为可变荷载Q1的分项系数；SGK按永久荷载标准值GK计算的

3、荷载效应值；SQiK按可变荷载标准值Qik计算的荷载效应值，其中SQ1K为诸可变荷载效应中起控制作用者；ci可变荷载Qi的组合值系数；n参与组合的可变荷载数。（2）由永久荷载效应控制的组合 （2-3）（3）基本组合的荷载分项系数1）永久荷载的分项系数当其效应对结构不利时：对由可变荷载效应控制的组合，应取1.2；对由永久荷载效应控制的组合，应取1.35；当其效应对结构有利时：一般情况下应取1.0；对结构的倾覆、滑移或漂浮验算，应取0.9。2）可变荷载的分项系数一般情况下应取1.4；对标准值大于4kN/m2的工业房屋楼面结构活荷载应取1.3。对于偶然组合，荷载效应组合的设计值宜按下列规定确定：偶然

4、荷载的代表值不乘分项系数；与偶然荷载同时出现的其他荷载可根据观测资料和工程经验采用适当的代表值。3民用建筑楼面均布活荷载标准值及其组合值、频遇值和准永久值系数（见表2-1）民用建筑楼面均布活荷载标准值及其组合值、频遇值和准永久值系数 表2-1项次类别标准值（kN/m2）组合值系数c频遇值系数f准永久值系数q1（1）住宅、宿舍、旅馆、办公楼、医院病房、托儿所、幼儿园0.50.4（2）教室、试验室、阅览室、会议室、医院门诊室2.02食堂、餐厅、一般资料档案室0.53（1）礼堂、剧场、影院、有固定座位的看台3.0（2）公共洗衣房3.00.70.6

5、0.54（1）商店、展览厅、车站、港口、机场大厅及其旅客等候室0.5（2）无固定座位的看台0.35（1）健身房、演出舞台4.0（2）舞厅4.06（1）书库、档案库、贮藏室5.0（2）密集柜书库12.07通风机房、电梯机房7.08汽车通道及停车库：（1）单向板楼盖（板跨不小于2m）客车4.0消防车35.0（2）双向板楼盖和无梁楼盖（柱网尺寸不小于6m×6m）客车0.6消防车20.09厨房（1）一般的2.00.

6、70.60.5（2）餐厅的4.010浴室、厕所、盟洗室：（1）第1项中的民用建筑2.0（2）其他民用建筑0.511走廊、门厅、楼梯：（1）宿舍、旅馆、医院病房托儿所、幼儿园、住宅2.0（2）办公楼、教室、餐厅、医院门诊部0.5（3）消防疏散楼梯，其他民用建筑0.312阳台：（1）一般情况0.5（2）当人群有可能密集时3.5注：1本表所给各项活荷载适用于一般使用条件，当使用荷载较大或情况特殊时，应按实际情况采用。2第6项书库活荷载当书架高度大于2m时，书库活荷载尚应按每米

7、书架高度不小于2.5kN/m2确定。3第8项中的客车活荷载只适用于停放载人少于9人的客车；消防车活荷载是适用于满载总重为300kN的大型车辆；当不符合本表的要求时，应将车轮的局部荷载按结构效应的等效原则，换算为等效均布荷载。4第11项楼梯活荷载，对预制楼梯踏步平板，尚应按1.5kN集中荷载验算。5本表各项荷载不包括隔墙自重和二次装修荷载。对固定隔墙的自重应按恒荷载考虑，当隔墙位置可灵活自由布置时，非固定隔墙的自重应取每延米长墙重（kN/m）的1/3作为楼面活荷载的附加值（kN/m2）计入，附加值不小于1.0kN/m2。设计楼面梁、墙、柱及基础时，表2-1中的楼面活荷载标准值在下列情况下应乘以规

8、定的折减系数。（1）设计楼面梁时的折减系数1）第1（1）项当楼面梁从属面积超过25m2时，应取0.9；2）第1（2）7项当楼面梁从属面积超过50m2时应取0.9；3）第8项对单向板楼盖的次梁和槽形板的纵肋应取0.8；对单向板楼盖的主梁应取0.6；对双向板楼盖的梁应取0.8；4）第912项应采用与所属房屋类别相同的折减系数。（2）设计墙、柱和基础时的折减系数1）第1（1）项应按表2-2规定采用；2）第1（2）7项应采用与其楼面梁相同的折减系数；3）第8项对单向板楼盖应取0.5；对双向板楼盖和无梁楼盖应取0.8；4）第912项应采用与所属房屋类别相同的折减系数。注：楼面梁的从属面积应按梁两侧各延伸

9、二分之一梁间距的范围内的实际面积确定。活荷载按楼层的折减系数 表2-2墙、柱、基础计算截面以上的层数123456892020计算截面以上各楼层活荷载总和的折减系数1.00（0.90）0.850.700.650.600.55注：当楼面梁的从属面积超过25m2时，应采用括号内的系数。楼面结构上的局部荷载可换算为等效均布活荷载。4屋面活荷载水平投影面上的屋面均布活荷载，按表2-3采用。屋面均布活荷载，不应与雪荷载同时组合。屋面均布活荷载 表2-3项次类别标准值（kN/m2）组合值系数b频遇值系数f准永久值系数q1不上人的屋面02上人的屋面2.03屋顶花园3.00.

10、70.60.5注：1不上人的屋面，当施工或维修荷载较大时，应按实际情况采用；对不同结构应按有关设计规范的规定，将标准值作0.2kN/m2的增减。2上人的屋面，当兼作其他用途时，应按相应楼面活荷载采用。3对于因屋面排水不畅、堵塞等引起的积水荷载，应采取构造措施加以防止；必要时，应按积水的可能深度确定屋面活荷载。4屋顶花园活荷载不包括花圃土石等材料自重。5施工和检修荷载及栏杆水平荷载（1）设计屋面板、檀条、钢筋混凝土挑檐、雨篷和预制小梁时，施工或检修集中荷载（人和小工具的自重）应取1.0kN，并应在最不利位置处进行验算。注：对于轻型构件或较宽构件，当施工荷载超过上述荷载时，应按实际情况验算，或采用

11、加垫板、支撑等临时设施承受。当计算挑檐、雨篷承载力时，应沿板宽每隔1.0m取一个集中荷载；在验算挑檐、雨篷倾覆时，应沿板宽每隔2.53.0m取一个集中荷载。（2）楼梯、看台、阳台和上人屋面等的栏杆顶部水平荷载，应按下列规定采用：1）住宅、宿舍、办公楼、旅馆、医院、托儿所、幼儿园，应取0.5kN/m；2）学校、食堂、剧场、电影院、车站、礼堂、展览馆或体育馆，应取1.0kN/m。当采用荷载准永久组合时，可不考虑施工和检修荷载及栏杆水平荷载。6动力系数建筑结构设计的动力计算，在有充分依据时，可将重物或设备的自重乘以动力系数后按静力计算进行。搬运和装卸重物以及车辆起动和刹车的动力系数，可采用1.11.

12、3，其动力作用只考虑传至楼板和梁。直升飞机在屋面上的荷载，也应乘以动力系数，对具有液压轮胎起落架的直升飞机可取1.4；其动力荷载只传至楼板和梁。7雪荷载屋面水平投影面上的雪荷载标准值，按下式计算：skrs0 （2-4）式中 sk雪荷载标准值（kN/m2）；r屋面积雪分布系数（表2-4）；s0基本雪压（kN/m2）。基本雪压可按全国基本雪压图（图2-1）近似确定。63shall assign a person in custody; Acceptance can be carried out operations, acceptance or unqualified acceptance not

13、 made the next processes work; 10, the construction site . Construction construction construction organization name project name 4-2-7 content security technology to give the low-down the content to the hopper cars, against a measure, not too much force and withdrawal, on the feet may not be in the

14、hopper, rises below shall not stand. When cleaning the hopper of concrete stone, two bucket chain must be fastened; When running in a blender, tools may not be inserted into the drum; Derrick transport, car steering wheel shall not be extended outside the cage, wheel wedge before and after; Water fr

15、ame beams and concrete, to observe the formwork, formwork systems, unusual in reporting in a timely manner, no operations directly on the template or support; Irrigation structures when the edge of the concrete columns, beams, external platforms necessary security measures; Water in deep Foundation

16、pit base during construction before, you should check whether the pit slope soil collapse collapse danger, if found, should be reported immediately and to take measures; Should wear protective equipment when using vibration, with leakage protection switch move switch box; Acceptance before for work,

17、 not to unqualified acceptance or acceptance not made the next processes work; Pumping concrete should be independent and reliable support; 10, site specific security cards; 11, the other. Disclosure signatures to accept cards deliver the signature time Japan form in duplicate, teams from the deposi

18、t of an instrument, and filed a report. Assembly and disassembly of tower crane safety technology gives the low-down (reference tables) construction construction construction organization name project name 4-2-8 content security technology to give the low-down the content strictly according to the t

19、ower crane, remove programme implementation operations, operating personnel must have professional training and with valid ID to work; Special command, coordination, and ensure safety in production; Working at height strictly comply with the safety specifications; The erection and removal of prohibi

20、ted people who stay within the operating area; Carefully check the lifting wire and clasps, strictly according to the updated standards update; Carefully check all bolts, lock shaft damage, fatigue, cracking to update in a timely manner; Solid hydraulic jacking system of ministries in charge of the

21、joint; Removal affect the safe operation of wires, check the insulation of cables and wires are good, motor connection is correct, the switch movement is sensitive and reliable; Must have a good grounding facilities, grounding resistance value shall not be more than 4 ohm; 10, to ensure that effecti

22、ve safety devices, such as lifting the limiters, torque limiters, height restrictions, stroke and hooks insurance, reel safety devices; 11, acceptance may belu, kdy se setkávají osoby v nouzi by mla dodrovat zásady záchranu "il ped smrtí, zrann ped mení zranní

23、, snadné obtíné". 7, sluba pro nouzovou správu nouzové záchranné orgány shromaovány archiv informací. 36 a nouzové záchranné plány pezkoumat systém zmny, cílem specifikace bezpenostní havárie havarijní

24、; plány managementu, perfektní havarijní plány systém, rozíené nouzové plány vdecké a cílené, a úinnost pohlaví, podle lidová republika íny praskla události mly metody a lidová republika íny bezpenostn

25、7; metody a výroby bezpenostní havárie havarijní plány ízení pístupu (národní Ann vzení generál iní 17,), právních pedpis a naízeních, vyvinutý tento systém. Druhé, rozsah tato zásada platí

26、pro nouzové pípravy, revize a revizní práce. Zatetí, vypracování pohotovostních plán na 1, píprav pohotovostních plán by mly splovat tyto základní poadavky: 1.1 v souladu s ustanoveními písluných zákon, pedpis,

27、 pravidel a norem; 1.2 v kombinaci s skutené situace organizace bezpenost produkce; 1.3 obsahují analýzu rizik podniku; 1.4 odpovdnost havarijní personál a organizace jasné a konkrétní opatení 1.5 má jasnou a konkrétní havarijní preven

28、ci a nouzové postupy a odpovídající jeho schopnosti nouzové reakce; 1.6 jasné nouzových ochranných opatení a me splnit mimoádné poadavky projektu; 1.7 plán pro základní prvky je úplný, kompletní plán píloh

29、y poskytnuté informace jsou pesné 1.8 plány a související nouzové vzájemný vztah. 2, projekt v souladu s píslunými zákony a pedpisy a výrobu a provoz výroby bezpenostní nehody havarijní píprav smrnice (dále jen prav

30、idla), v kombinaci s nebezpeími, analýzy rizik a moností charakteristik nehod a vypracovat písluné pohotovostní plány. 3, projektového oddlení nouzový systém pro komplexní havarijní plány, speciální havarijní pl

31、5;ny a vlastní eení. 3.1 vechny druhy rizika pro firmu, komplexní havarijní plán formulované manaery spolenosti. Komplexní popis aktivaního signálu patí organizace spolenosti a její odpovdnost za havarijní, pipravenost na systém a post

32、upy pro reakci, prevenci nehod a nouzovou podporu, havarijní plány a cviení jako hlavní obsah. 3.2 u uritých druh rizik, poádané editelem Zhi rozvíjet konkrétní pohotovostních plán. Speciální pohotovostní plány, vetn ana

33、lýzy rizik, moné nehody charakteristiky a nouzových organizace a odpovdnost, nouzové postupy a preventivní opatení, v pípad nouze a tak dále. 3.3 pro nebezpenjí klíové posty klíové pozice a klíových oblastí (vetn hlavn&#

34、237;ch rizik), poádanéstreamlining. Four are standard visits, except as required to participate in training, no other activity. Five is to improve news reporting, for propaganda work strictly according to the regulations. Six is strictly your presentation published strictly according to th

35、e regulations. Seven is strictly thrift, required the use of vehicles and office space and corporate hospitality. 3, change the style. Propaganda and ideological work of the new situation and new requirements of the new tasks, had done a lot of fruitful work, has made many achievements, but further

36、closer to the grass roots, close to reality, close to the masses and also inadequate innovation must continue to improve. Second, the "four winds" some outstanding issues 1, oppose formalism. One theory is that he didn't, with less close contact. Theoretical study of consciousness is n

37、ot high enough, system performance is not strong enough; more passive learning, active learning few generalities and learn more, delving into less. Especially based on rational thinking on major issues, applying theory to guide the work done is not good enough, not really understand and grasp the sp

38、irit and essence of the scientific Outlook on development, did not truly achieve mastery, to apply, to a certain extent, affect the development and implementation of ideas and initiatives. Second, work arrangements, and less supervision. Propaganda and ideological work is the objective, which needs

39、to keep the continuity efforts deployed, but stressed in the work time, less supervision. For example, color weekends in the summer theatrical activities, city square performances, urging townships, communities and rural areas shows the implementation is inadequate, insufficient cultural an educatio

40、nal role to play. Third base enough, master grass-less real. Propaganda and ideological work in the new situation of characteristics and regularity of enough, deep enough for grass-roots public opinion Dynamics survey, for grass-roots typically drive less. For example, rural culture team active, . I

41、'm not actively take the initiative to take up, the lack of spirit of daring to, resulting in some job had a lot of power, but no tangible results. Third, innovation, lack of motivation. Emancipation did not end, innovation does not exist. In practical work, not your head, previous work experien

42、ce, lack of innovation initiatives, study on the characteristics of propaganda and ideological work under the new situation through, grip on grassroots ideological trends and changes are not deep, to promote new initiatives and explore new methods of ideological and cultural work is not much, and so

43、me lack of relevance and timeliness. 4, discipline, lowering, and hard work are lacking. While working and enterprising spirit down. No real solution to treat yourself right, correctly treat past honors, their complacency, and work to see their scores more, less checking his own shortcomings, like t

44、o listen to the praise, satisfied face, online promotion, there are typical, and lack of high standards and strict requirements, the effect is real. Second hard drive less. On hard andstreamlining. Four are standard visits, except as required to participate in training, no other activity. Five is to

45、 improve news reporting, for propaganda work strictly according to the regulations. Six is strictly your presentation published strictly according to the regulations. Seven is strictly thrift, required the use of vehicles and office space and corporate hospitality. 3, change the style. Propaganda an

46、d ideological work of the new situation and new requirements of the new tasks, had done a lot of fruitful work, has made many achievements, but further closer to the grass roots, close to reality, close to the masses and also inadequate innovation must continue to improve. Second, the "four win

47、ds" some outstanding issues 1, oppose formalism. One theory is that he didn't, with less close contact. Theoretical study of consciousness is not high enough, system performance is not strong enough; more passive learning, active learning few generalities and learn more, delving into less.

48、Especially based on rational thinking on major issues, applying theory to guide the work done is not good enough, not really understand and grasp the spirit and essence of the scientific Outlook on development, did not truly achieve mastery, to apply, to a certain extent, affect the development and

49、implementation of ideas and initiatives. Second, work arrangements, and less supervision. Propaganda and ideological work is the objective, which needs to keep the continuity efforts deployed, but stressed in the work time, less supervision. For example, color weekends in the summer theatrical activ

50、ities, city square performances, urging townships, communities and rural areas shows the implementation is inadequate, insufficient cultural an educational role to play. Third base enough, master grass-less real. Propaganda and ideological work in the new situation of characteristics and regularity

51、of enough, deep enough for grass-roots public opinion Dynamics survey, for grass-roots typically drive less. For example, rural culture team active, . I'm not actively take the initiative to take up, the lack of spirit of daring to, resulting in some job had a lot of power, but no tangible resul

52、ts. Third, innovation, lack of motivation. Emancipation did not end, innovation does not exist. In practical work, not your head, previous work experience, lack of innovation initiatives, study on the characteristics of propaganda and ideological work under the new situation through, grip on grassro

53、ots ideological trends and changes are not deep, to promote new initiatives and explore new methods of ideological and cultural work is not much, and some lack of relevance and timeliness. 4, discipline, lowering, and hard work are lacking. While working and enterprising spirit down. No real solutio

54、n to treat yourself right, correctly treat past honors, their complacency, and work to see their scores more, less checking his own shortcomings, like to listen to the praise, satisfied face, online promotion, there are typical, and lack of high standards and strict requirements, the effect is real.

55、 Second hard drive less. On hard andplay levels cadres in enterprise development in the of backbone backbone role; to full strengthening members youth work, full play youth employees in company development in the of force role; to improve independent Commission against corruption work level, strengt

56、hening on enterprise business key link of effectiveness monitored. , And maintain stability. To further strengthen publicity and education, improve the overall legal system. We must strengthen safety management, establish and improve the education, supervision, and evaluation as one of the traffic s

57、afety management mechanism. To conscientiously sum up the Olympic security controls, promoting integrated management to a higher level, higher standards, a higher level of development. Employees, today is lunar calendar on December 24, the ox Bell is about to ring, at this time of year, we clearly f

58、eel the pulse of the XX power generation company to flourish, to more clearly hear XX power generation companies mature and symmetry breathing. Recalling past one another across a railing, we are enthusiastic and full of confidence. Future development opportunities, we more exciting fight more spiri

59、ted. Employees, let us together across 2013 full of challenges and opportunities, to create a green, low-cost operation, full of humane care of a world-class power generation company and work hard! The occasion of the Spring Festival, my sincere wish that you and the families of the staff in the new year, good health, happy, happy!图2-1 全国基本雪压分布图（单位：kN/m2）屋面积雪分布系数 表2-4注：1第2项单跨双坡屋面仅当20°30°时，可采用不均匀分布情况。2第4、5项只适用于坡度25°的一般工业厂房屋面。3第