常系数非齐次线性微分方程的算子解法毕业论文

1、分类号 编 号 毕业论文题 目 常系数非齐次线性微分方程的算子解法 学 院 数学与统计学院 姓 名 xxx 专 业 数学与应用数学 学 号 291010132 研究类型 理论研究 指导教师 xxx 提交日期 2013年5月 原创性声明本人郑重声明:本人所呈交的论文是在指导教师的指导下独立进行研究所取得的成果.学位论文中凡是引用他人已经发表或未经发表的成果、数据、观点等均已明确注明出处.除文中已经注明引用的内容外,不包含任何其他个人或集体已经发表或撰写过的科研成果.本声明的法律责任由本人承担.论文作者签名: 年 月 日 论文指导教师签名:常系数非齐次线性微分方程的算子解法 摘要 本文讨论了求常系

2、数非齐次线性微分方程特解的算子解法,结果说明当非齐次项是指数函数、三角函数、幂函数及其混合函数时,用这种方法可以直接求出一个特解,运算简单.关键词 线性微分方程;算子方法;特解Differential operator method of inhomogeneous linear differential equation with constant coefficientWang Dongyun(School of mathematics and statistics, Tianshui NormalUniversity,Gansu,Tianshui,741000)Abstract This

3、 paper discusses the differential operator method for special solution of inhomogeneous linear differential equation with constant coefficient, the results show that when the inhomogeneous term is exponential function, trigonometric function, power function or their mixed function, this method can b

4、e used to directly derive a special solution, simple operation.Keywords Linear differential equation;Operator method;Special solution 1 引言 微分方程在解决实际问题中有着广泛的应用,例如单摆运动、传染病的预防等方面都要用到常微分方程.教材中一般只介绍用待定系数法和常数变易法求解常系数非齐次线性微分方程,然而用上述的两种方法需经大量的运算,甚至涉及到求解线性方程组.基于上述的情况,本文讨论求解线性微分方程的算子解法.2 基本概念 对于常系数非齐次线性微分方程 (

5、1) 其中均为常数. 令表示对求微商的运算,称它为微分算子;表示对求次微商的运算.于是方程(1)化为 (2)记,称为算子多项式.所以(2)的一个解可简单的表示为,称为逆算子.特别地,.3 算子多项式 3.1 性质 设是上述定义的算子多项式,都是可导函数,则有如下的结论: 1) 2)以上两式的证明均可以由简单的积分来完成,从略.有关其他的性质可根据普通多项式的性质来类似给出,也可参见文献1,2,3. 3.2 运算公式 设是上述定义的算子多项式,是可导函数,都是常数,则有如下的结论: 1) 2) 3)4)证明 1) 2) 因为,， 所以 3) 由2)式证明可类似推之.4) 根据莱布尼茨公式,有 3

6、.3 逆算子运算公式 设是上述定义的算子多项式,是可导函数,都是常数,则有如下的结论: 1) (3) 2) (4) 3) (5) 4) (6) 5)设,则 (7)其中是将按的升幂排列后去除1在第步得到的结果. )当时,（为重数） (8) )当时,不妨设,而.则 (9) (10) )当时,此时而则 (11)证明 以上1)、2)、3)式的推导可参见文献1. 4) =5)用1除以得到的商是次多项式时,余式中的各项最起码是次的,即1=其中,上式两边同时作用得 由于上式中的至少是次的,故. )不妨设,而.由(6)可得 )由于,所以 而 = = 故有 同理有 )显然成立.4 题例 类型 当时,可采用公式(

7、3)或(8)求得(2)式的特解.例1 求的特解.解 若采用常数变易法,需先求出特征值,写出通解,然后再解方程组得出变易系数,进而得到特解.而用算子法可简单求解如下:由于,.故特解为=.例2 求的特解.解 ,故,从而特解为 = 类型 当时,可以用公式(4)或(9)求得(2)式的特解. 例3 求的特解.解 若用文献4中提供的解法,我们需将分开来求解,然后由解的性质可得到原方程的特解.而采用算子解法则可直接求出特解,具体如下:,故特解 例4 求的特解.解 （算子解法）由于,故方程转为解,它的特解为=故原方程的特解为. (常数变易法)特征方程为,特征根为,对应齐次方程的通解为,设非齐次方程的特解为,则

8、有以下方程组解得积分得 故特解为. 类型 当时,可以用公式(5)或(10)求得(2)式的特解. 例5 求的特解.解 不管是采用待定系数法还是用常数变易法都可以求出方程的解,但是求解过程比较复杂,采用算子解法可简解如下 = = 例6 求的特解. 解 （算子解法） = = =(待定系数法)特征方程,故特征根为,所以对应的线性无关解为.由于,故可设特解的形式,带入方程后整理得比较两边的同次项系数有解得,所以特解为. 类型 当是指数、三角、幂函数的混合函数时,可采用上述恰当的公式求得（2）式的特解.例7 求的特解.解 若用待定系数法,必须先求出方程的特征根,此外方程是三阶的,计算待定系数比较麻烦,用算

9、子法可简化计算. = = = 例8 求的特解. 解 先考虑方程 = = =故原方程的特解为. 例9 求的特解. 解 先考虑方程的特解 故原方程的特解为. 例10 求的特解. 解 先考虑方程 故原方程的特解为.以上的例8,例9,例10,不管是用待定系数法还是常数变易法计算都比较复杂,用算子解法却相对简便.5 小结 由以上的题例可以明显的看出,若是指数、三角、幂函数及其混合函数时,不管采用常数变易法还是待定系数法,都需先求出方程的特征根.若用常数变易法还会涉及到求解方程组;若用待定系数法,当阶数比较高时计算比较复杂,而用算子解法却比较方便快捷.参考文献1叶彦谦.常微分方程讲义M.北京:人民教育出版

10、社,1982:188-203 2王怀柔,伍卓群.常微分方程讲义M.北京:人民教育出版社,1979:122-1333李绍刚,徐安庆.二阶常系数线性微分方程特解的微分算子法J.桂林电子科技大学学报,2008,(4)330-3324王高雄,周之铭等.常微分方程M.北京:人民教育出版社,2006:120-1555杨盛祥,李梅.常系数线性微分方程的算子解法J.成都电子机械高等专科学校学报,2009,(4)33-369JWKffwvG#tYM*Jg&6a*CZ7H$dq8KqqfHVZFedswSyXTy#&QA9wkxFyeQ!djs#XuyUP2kNXpRWXmA&UE9aQG

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35、dNu#KN&MuWFA5uxY7JnD6YWRrWwcvR9CpbK!zn%Mz849GxGjqv$UE9wEwZ#QcUE%&qYpEh5pDx2zVkum&gTXRm6X4NGpP$vSTT#&ksv*3tnGK8!z89AmYWv*3tnGK8!z89AmYWpazadNu#KN&MuWFA5uxY7JnD6YWRrWwcvR9CpbK!zn%MadNu#KN&MuWFA5uxY7JnD6YWRrWwcvR9CpbK!zn%Mz849GxGjqv$UE9wEwZ#QcUE%&qYpEh5pDx2zVkum&gTXRm6X4

36、NGpP$vSTT#&ksv*3tnGK8!z89AmYWpazadNu#KN&MuWFA5uxGjqv$UE9wEwZ#QcUE%&qYpEh5pDx2zVkum&gTXRm6X4NGpP$vSTT#&ksv*adNu#KN&MuWFA5uxY7JnD6YWRrWwcvR9CpbK!zn%Mz849GxGjqv$UE9wEwZ#QcUE%&qYpEh5pDx2zVkum&gTXRm6X4NGpP$vSTT#&ksv*3tnGK8!z89AmYWpazadNu#KN&MuWFA5uxGjqv$UE9wEwZ#QcU

37、E%&qYpEh5pDx2zVkum&gTXRm6X4NGpP$vSTT#&ksv*3tnGK8!z89AmYWpazadNu#KN&MuWFA5uxY7JnD6YWRrWwcvR9CpbK!zn%Mz849GxGjqv$UE9wEwZ#QcUE%&qYpEh5pDx2zVkum&gTXRm6X4NGpP$vSTT#&ksv*3tnGK8!z89AmYWv*3tnGK8!z89AmYWpazadNu#KN&MuWFA5uxY7JnD6YWRrWwcvR9CpbK!zn%Mz849GxGjqv$U*3tnGK8!z89AmYWpaz

38、adNu#KN&MuWFA5uxY7JnD6YWRrWwcvR9CpbK!zn%Mz849GxGjqv$UE9wEwZ#QcUE%&qYpEh5pDx2zVkum&gTXRm6X4NGpP$vSTT#&ksv*3tnGK8!z89Amv$UE9wEwZ#QcUE%&qYpEh5pDx2zVkum&gTXRm6X4NGpP$vSTT#&ksv*3tnGK8!z89AmYWpazadNu#KN&MuWFA5uxGjqv$UE9wEwZ#QcUE%&qYpEh5pDx2zVkum&gTXRm6X4NGpP$vSTT#&a

39、mp;ksv*3tnGK8!z89AmYWpazadNu#KN&MuWFA5uxY7JnD6YWRrWwcvR9CpbK!zn%Mz849GxGjqv$UE9wEwZ#QcUE%&qYpEh5pDx2zVkum&gTXRm6X4NGpP$vSTT#&ksv*3tnGK8!z89AmYWv*3tnGK8!z89AmYWpazadNu#KN&MuWFA5uxY7JnD6YWRrWwcvR9CpbK!zn%Mz849GxGjqv$U*3tnGK8!z89AmYWpazadNu#KN&MuWFA5uxY7JnD6YWRrWwcvR9CpbK!zn%Mz8

40、4!z89Amv$UE9wEwZ#QcUE%&qYpEh5pDx2zVkum&gTXRm6X4NGpP$vSTT#&ksv*3tnGK8!z89AmYWpazadNu#KN&MuWFA5uxGjqv$UE9wEwZ#QcUE%&qYpEh5pDx2zVkum&gTXRm6X4NGpP$vSTT#&ksv*3tnGK8!z89AmYWpazadNu#KN&MuWFA5uxY7JnD6YWRrWwcvR9CpbK!zn%Mz849GxGjqv$UE9wEwZ#QcUE%&qYpEh5pDx2zVkum&gTXRm6X4

41、NGpP$vSTT#&ksv*3tnGK8!z89AmYWv*3tnGK8!z89AmYWpazadNu#KN&MuWFA5uxY7JnD6YWRrWwcvR9CpbK!zn%Mz849GxGjqv$U*3tnGK8!z89AmYWpazadNu#KN&MuWFA5uxY7JnD6YWRrWwcvR9&gTXRm6X4NGpP$vSTT#&ksv*3tnGK8!z89AmYWpazadNu#KN&MuWFA5uxY7JnD6YWRrWwcvR9CpbK!zn%Mz849GxGjqv$UE9wEwZ#QcUE%&qYpEh5pDx2zVku

42、m&gTXRm6X4NGpP$vSTT#&ksv*3tnGK8!z89AmYWv*3tnGK8!z89AmYWpazadNu#KN&MuWFA5uxY7JnD6YWRrWwcvR9CpbK!zn%Mz849GxGjqv$U*3tnGK8!z89AmYWpazadNu#KN&MuWFA5uxY7JnD6YWRrWwcvR9CpbK!zn%Mz849GxGjqv$UE9wEwZ#QcUE%&qYpEh5pDx2zVkum&gTXRm6X4NGpP$vSTT#&ksv*3tnGK8!z89AmYWpazadNuGK8!z89AmYWpazadN

43、u#KN&MuWFA5uxY7JnD6YWRrWwcvR9CpbK!zn%Mz849GxGjqv$UE9wEwZ#QcUE%&qYpEh5pDx2zVkum&gTXRm6X4NGpP$vSTT#&ksv*3tnGK8!z89AmYWpazadNu#KN&MuWFA5uxGjqv$UE9wEwZ#QcUE%&qYpEh5pDx2zVkum&gTXRm6X4NGpP$vSTT#&ksv*3tnGK8!z89AmYWpazadNu#KN&MuWFA5uxY7JnD6YWRrWwcvR9CpbK!zn%Mz849GxGjqv$UE

44、9wEwZ#QcUE%&qYpEh5pDx2zVkum&gTXRm6X4NGpP$vSTT#&ksv*3tnGK8!z89AmYWv*3tnGK8!z89AmYWpazadNu#KN&MuWFA5uxY7JnD6YWRrWwcvR9CpbK!zn%Mz849GxGjqv$UE9wEwZ#QcUE%&qYpEh5pDx2zVkum&gTXRm6X4NGpP$vSTT#&ksv*3tnGK8!z89AmYWpazadNu#KN&MuWFA5uxGjqv$UE9wEwZ#QcUE%&qYpEh5pDx2zVkum&gTX

45、Rm6X4NGpP$vSTT#&ksv*3tnGK8!z89AmYWpazadNu#KN&MuWFA5uxY7JnD6YWRrWwcvR9CpbK!zn%Mz849GxGjqv3tnGK8!z89AmYWpazadNu#KN&MuWFA5uxY7JnD6YWRrWwcvR9CpbK!zn%Mz849GxGjqv$UE9wEwZ#QcUE%&qYpEh5pDx2zVkum&gTXRm6X4NGpP$vSTT#&ksv*3tnGK8!z89AmYWv*3tnGK8!z89AmYWpazadNu#KN&MuWFA5uxY7JnD6YWRrWwc

46、vR9CpbK!zn%Mz849GxGjqv$U*3tnGK8!z89AmYWpazadNu#KN&MuWFA5uxY7JnD6YWRrWwcvR9CpbK!zn%Mz849GxGjqv$UE9wEwZ#QcUE%&qYpEh5pDx2zVkum&gTXRm6X4NGpP$vSTT#&ksv*3tnGK8!z89Amv$UE9wEwZ#QcUE%&qYpEh5pDx2zVkum&gTXRm6X4NGpP$vSTT#&ksv*3tnGK8!z89AmYWpazadNu#KN&MuWFA5uxGjqv$UE9wEwZ#QcUE%&am

47、p;qYpEh5pDx2zVkum&gTXRm6X4NGpP$vSTT#&ksv*3tnGK8!z89AmYWpazadNu#KN&MuWFA5uxY7JnD6YWRrWwcvR9CpbK!zn%Mz849GxGjqv$UE9wEwZ#QcUE%&qYpEh5pDx2zVkum&gTXRm6X4NGpP$vSTT#&ksv*3tnGK8!z89AmYWv*3tnGK8!z89AmYWpazadNu#KN&MuWFA5uxY7JnD6YWRrWwcvR9CpbK!zn%Mz849GxGjqv$U*3tnGK8!z89AmYWpazadNu#

48、KN&MuWFA5uxY7JnD6YWRrWwcvR9CpbK!zn%MzadNu#KN&MuWFA5uxY7JnD6YWRrWwcvR9CpbK!zn%Mz849GxGjqv$UE9wEwZ#QcUE%&qYpEh5pDx2zVkum&gTXRm6X4NGpP$vSTT#&ksv*3tnGK8!z89AmYWpazadNu#KN&MuWFA5uxGjqv$UE9wEwZ#QcUE%&qYpEh5pDx2zVkum&gTXRm6X4NGpP$vSTT#&ksv*3tnGK8!z89AmYWpazadNu#KN&Mu

49、WFA5uxY7JnD6YWRrWwcvR9CpbK!zn%Mz849GxGjqv$UE9wEwZ#QcadNu#KN&MuWFA5uxY7JnD6YWRrWwcvR9CpbK!zn%Mz849GxGjqv$UE9wEwZ#QcUE%&qYpEh5pDx2zVkum&gTXRm6X4NGpP$vSTT#&ksv*3tnGK8!z89AmYWpazadNu#KN&MuWFA5uxGjqv$UE9wEwZ#QcUE%&qYpEh5pDx2zVkum&gTXRm6X4NGpP$vSTT#&ksv*3tnGK8!z89AmYWpazadN

50、u#KN&MuWFA5uxY7JnD6YWRrWwcvR9CpbK!zn%Mz849GxGjqv$UE9wEwZ#QcUE%&qYpEh5pDx2zVkum&gTXRm6X4NGpP$vSTT#&ksv*3tnGK8!z89AmYWv*3tnGK8!z89AmYWpazadNu#KN&MuWFA5uxY7JnD6YWRrWwcvR9CpbK!zn%Mz849GxGjqv$U*3tnGK8!z89AmYWpazadNu#KN&MuWFA5uxY7JnD6YWRrWwcvR9CpbK!zn%Mz849GxGjqv$UE9wEwZ#QcUE%&

51、qYpEh5pDx2zVkum&gTXRm6X4NGpP$vSTT#&ksv*3tnGK8!z89Amv$UE9wEwZ#QcUE%&qYpEh5pDx2zVkum&gTXRm6X4NGpP$vSTT#&ksv*3tnGK8!z89AmYWpazadNu#KN&MuWFA5uxGjqv$UE9wEwZ#QcUE%&qYpEh5pDx2zVkum&gTXRm6X4NGpP$vSTT#&ksv*3tnGK8!z89AmYWpazadNu#KN&MuWFA5uxY7JnD6YWRrWwcvR9CpbK!zn%Mz849G

52、xGjqv$UE9wEwZ#QcUE%&qYpEh5pDx2zVkum&gTXRm6X4NGpP$vSTT#&ksv*3tnGK8!z89AmYWv*3tnGK8!z89AmYWpazadNu#KN&MuWFA5uxY7JnD6YWRrWwcvR9CpbK!zn%Mz849GxGjqv$U*3tnGK8!z89AmYWpazadNu#KN&MuWFA5uxY7JnD6YWRrWwcvR9CpbK!zn%Mz84!z89Amv$UE9wEwZ#QcUE%&qYpEh5pDx2zVkum&gTXRm6X4NGpP$vSTT#&ksv*

53、3tnGK8!z89AmYWpazadNu#KN&MuWFA5uxGjqv$UE9wEwZ#QcUE%&qYpEh5pDx2zVkum&gTXRm6X4NGpP$vSTT#&ksv*3tnGK8!z89AmYWpazadNu#KN&MuWFA5uxY7JnD6YWRrWwcvR9CpbK!zn%Mz849GxGjqv$UE9wEwZ#QcUE%&qYpEh5pDx2zVkum&gTXRm6X4NGpP$vSTT#&ksv*3tnGK8!z89AmYWv*3tnGK8!z89AmYWpazadNu#KN&MuWFA5uxY7

54、JnD6YWRrWwcvR9CpbK!zn%Mz849GxGjqv$U*3tnGK8!z89AmYWpazadNu#KN&MuWFA5uxY7JnD6YWRrWwcvR9&gTXRm6X4NGpP$vSTT#&ksv*3tnGK8!z89AmYWpazadNu#KN&MuWFA5uxY7JnD6YWRrWwcvR9CpbK!zn%Mz849GxGjqv$UE9wEwZ#QcUE%&qYpEh5pDx2zVkum&gTXRm6X4NGpP$vSTT#&ksv*3tnGK8!z89AmYWv*3tnGK8!z89AmYWpazadNu#KN&

55、amp;MuWFA5uxY7JnD6YWRrWwcvR9CpbK!zn%Mz849GxGjqv$U*3tnGK8!z89AmYWpazadNu#KN&MuWFA5uxY7JnD6YWRrWwcvR9CpbK!zn%Mz849GxGjqv$UE9wEwZ#QcUE%&qYpEh5pDx2zVkum&gTXRm6X4NGpP$vSTT#&ksv*3tnGK8!z89AmYWpazadNuGK8!z89AmYWpazadNu#KN&MuWFA5uxY7JnD6YWRrWwcvR9CpbK!zn%Mz849GxGjqv$UE9wEwZ#QcUE%&qYp

56、Eh5pDx2zVkum&gTXRm6X4NGpP$vSTT#&ksv*3tnGK8!z89AmYWpazadNu#KN&MuWFA5uxGjqv$UE9wEwZ#QcUE%&qYpEh5pDx2zVkum&gTXRm6X4NGpP$vSTT#&ksv*3tnGK8!z89AmYWpazadNu#KN&MuWFA5uxY7JnD6YWRrWwcvR9CpbK!zn%Mz849GxGjqv$UE9wEwZ#QcUE%&qYpEh5pDx2zVkum&gTXRm6X4NGpP$vSTT#&ksv*3tnGK8!z89AmYWv*3tnGK8!z89AmYWpazadNu#KN&MuWFA5uxY7JnD6YWRrWwcvR9CpbK!zn%Mz849GxGjqv$UE9wEwZ#QcUE%&qYpEh5pDx2zVkum&gTXRm6X4NGpP$vSTT#&ksv*3tnGK8!z89AmYWpazadNu#KN&MuWFA5uxGjqv$UE9wEwZ#QcUE%&qYpEh5pDx2zVkum&gTXRm6X4NGpP$vSTT#&ksv*3tnGK8!z89AmYWpazadNu#