机械工程材料(双语)复习资料

1、机械工程材料（双语）复习资料1. 词汇（一）绪论introduction 绪论properties 性能materials 材料structures 组织，结构phase 相substance 物质internal structure 内部组织，内部结构convention ceramics 传统陶瓷fined ceramics 精细陶瓷engineering materials 工程材料 polymer 聚合物 ceramic 陶瓷composite 复合材料 ferrous metal 黑色金属nonferrous metal 有色金属 alloy 合金light metals 轻金属 h

2、eavy metals 重金属 noble metals 贵金属 metalloid 类金属, 半导体 rare metals 稀有金属 aluminum 铝magnesium 镁copper 铜nickle 镍polymeric materials 聚合材料，高分子材料molecular 分子strength 强度ductility 延展性conductor 导体insulator 绝缘体density 密度softening 软化decomposition 分解over time 随着时间的推移bronze 青铜earths crust 地壳第1章 Properties of Materi

3、als 材料的性能chapter 章mechanical properties 机械性能plasticity塑性hardness硬度brinell hardness 布氏硬度rockwell hardness 洛氏硬度vickers hardness 维氏硬度impact toughness冲击韧性fatigue ftig 疲劳tensile tensal testing 拉伸试验specimen试样stress应力 strain应变stress-strain curve应力-应变曲线mild steel低碳钢elastic deformation 弹性变形application 应用hook

4、s law 胡克定律elastic modulus 弹性模量，杨氏模量plastic deformation 塑性变形yield 屈服yield strength屈服强度offset 偏移；平移offset yield stress条件屈服应力strain strengthening 应变强化 ultimate tensile strength . 抗拉强度brittle 脆性percent elongation （） 伸长率percent reduction in area （ ） 断面收缩率indenter 硬度计压头 impress 压痕 tungsten 钨carbide 碳化物fra

5、cture 断裂ductile 延展性（塑性）transition 转变ductile-to-brittle transition 韧脆转变，韧性向脆性转变fatigue strength 疲劳强度stiffness刚度第2章 Crystal Structures of Metals and crystal 金属的晶体结构与结晶crystal structures晶体结构defects缺陷imperfection 缺陷 crystal 晶体（结晶）crystalline solids 晶体 amorphous solids 非晶体long-range order长程有序 space latti

6、ce 晶格（空间点阵）interstitial solid solution 间隙固溶体substitutional solid solution置换固溶体unit cells 晶胞lattice constants 晶格常数coordination number 配位数 atomic packing factor (apf) 致密度（原子堆积因数）face-centered cubic 面心立方body-centered cubic 体心立方hexagonal close-packed crystals 密排六方晶体crystal orientation 晶向crystallographic

7、 direction indices 晶向指数coordinate 坐标miller indices 密勒指数（晶面指数）crystallographic planes 晶面crystalline imperfections 晶体缺陷point defects 点缺陷 linear defects 线缺陷planar defects 面缺陷vacancies 空位 interstitial atoms 间隙原子dislocation 位错edge dislocation 刃型位错free surface in crystal 晶体表面grain boundaries of crystals 晶

8、界surface tension 表面张力metallurgy 冶金（学）rare-earthmetals稀土金属precipitation 析出（沉淀）heat treatment 热处理substance 物质ferritic steels 铁素体钢crystal structures 晶体结构categorize 分类atom 原子第3章 Phase Equilibrium and Phase Diagrams 相平衡和相图solidification 凝固phase diagram 相图the iron-iron carbide (fe-fe3c) phase diagram 铁渗碳体

9、相图supercooling 过冷supercooling degree 过冷度homogeneous nucleation 均质形核（自发形核）heterogeneous nucleation 非均质形核（异质形核）critical size 临界尺寸 nucleus 晶核embryo 晶坯grain 晶粒polycrystalline 多晶体allotropy 同素异晶 critical point 临界点liquidus 液相线solidus 固相线binary isomorphous diagram 二元匀晶相图cooling curve 冷却曲线 equiaxed grains 等轴

10、晶columnar grains 柱状晶ferrite 铁素体 austenite 奥氏体 cementite 渗碳体equilibrium diagram 平衡相图pure iron 纯铁eutectoid steel 共析钢hypoeutectoid steel 亚共析钢hypereutectoid steel 过共析钢pearlite 珠光体ledeburite 高温莱氏体transformed ledeburite 变态莱氏体，低温莱氏体liquidus line 液相线solidus line 固相线peritectic line 包晶线eutectoid line 共析线carbo

11、n steels 碳钢cast iron 铸铁hypoeutectic cast irons 亚共晶白口铸铁eutectic cast iron 共晶白口铸铁hypereutectic cast irons 过共晶白口铸铁surface fine grain zone 表面细晶区chill zone 激冷区equiaxed grains 等轴晶columnar zone 柱状晶区columnar grains 柱状晶central equiaxed zone 中心等轴晶区 cast ingot 铸锭第4章 Plastic Deformation and Recrystallization of

12、 Metals金属的塑性变形与再结晶plastic deformation 塑性变形recrystallization 再结晶recovery 回复deformation 变形plastic deformation 塑性变形slip 滑移twinning 孪生slip plane 滑移面shear band 剪切带slip system 滑移系close packed plane 密排面close packed direction 密排方向fine-grain strengthening 细晶强化rolling 轧制deformation texture 变形织构preferred orien

13、tations 择优取向stress-relief annealing 去应力退火cold working 冷加工hot working 热加工flow lines 轧制流线、锻造流线、流纹nonmetal inclusion 非金属夹杂物 第5章 Heat Treatment of Plain-Carbon steel 碳钢的热处理isothermal等温的continuous-cooling transformation 连续冷却转变annealing 退火normalizing 正火quenching 淬火tempering 回火heat treatment 热处理overall hea

14、t treatment 整体热处理surface heat treatment 表面热处理surface quench 表面淬火flame quench 火焰淬火sensing quench 感应淬火chemical heat treatment 化学热处理cementation 渗碳nitriding 渗氮nitrocarburizing 碳氮共渗luminium 铝 chromium krumim铬, molybdenum mlibdinm钼, vanadium vneidim钒 tungsten 钨. low-alloy steels 低合金钢austenitizing :stntaiz

15、i 奥氏体化supercooled austenite 过冷奥氏体isothermal transformation diagram (it) 等温转变曲线 pearlite 珠光体sorbite s:bait 索氏体troostite tru:stait 托氏体bainite beinait 贝氏体upper bainite 上贝氏体lower bainite 下贝氏体 continuous-cooling transformation 连续冷却转变cct diagram连续冷却曲线ttt diagram 等温冷却曲线martensite 马氏体secondary troostite 回火托

16、氏体（二次托氏体氏体）solid solution固溶体 solute溶质solvent溶剂melting-point 熔点interstitial solid solution间隙固溶体diffusion扩散vacancies空位interstitial atoms间隙原子sub-grain boundary亚晶界binary alloy二元合金grain refiment晶粒细化solidus固相线solvus固溶线Stress Relief Anneal 去应力退火第7章 Cast Irons 铸 铁white cast iron白口铸铁gray cast iron 灰口铸铁Ductil

17、e Cast Irons 球墨铸铁 Malleable iron 可锻铸铁 blackheart cast irons 黑心铸铁carbon steel碳素钢mild steel低碳钢medium carbon steel中碳钢sulphor硫phosphor磷第8章 Nonferrous Metal Material有色金属材料nonferrous metal material 有色金属wrought alloys形变合金 cast alloys铸造合金 sand casting 砂型铸造permanent-mold casting 金属型铸造 die casting 压力铸造precipi

18、tation strengthening (hardening) 析出强化，沉淀强化natural aging 自然时效 artificial aging 人工时效2. Multiple choice（单项选择） 1. The ratio of stress to strain, /, in the linear elastic region is called a .(a) Youngs Modulus (b) tensile strength (c) hardness (d) elastic2. Atomic arrangements in crystalline solids can h

19、e described by referring the atoms to the points of intersection of a network of lines in three dimensions. Such a network is called b .(a) Youngs Modulus (b) Space Lattice (c) Unit Cells (d) Lattice Constants 3. An atom lies at each corner of the cube and one in the center. This is the a .(a) body-

20、centered cubic structure (b) face-centered cubic structure (c) Hexagonal Close-Packed Crystals 4. This structure has an atom at each corner plus an addition atom at the center of each face. This is b .(a) body-centered cubic structure (b) face-centered cubic structure (c) Hexagonal Close-Packed Crys

21、tals5. There are six atoms at the corners of the top and bottom planes, each shared by six unit cells; one atom in the center of the upper and lower basal planes, each shared by two cells. This is the c .(a) body-centered cubic structure (b) face-centered cubic structure (c) Hexagonal Close-Packed C

22、rystals6. The a are the vector components of the direction resolved along each of the coordinate axes and reduced to the smallest integers.(a) crystallographic direction indices (b) Lattice Constants (c) Space Lattice（d）surface tension 7. A certain positions, there are missing atoms ( a normally occ

23、upied position is vacant ) while in other places atoms are in “wrong” positions (atoms are located in normally unoccupied positions). The former are called b and the latter are termed a .(a) interstitials (b) vacancies (c) dislocation (d) imperfection8. Why are free surface considered to be defects?

24、 Surface atoms have fewer nearest neighbors, and therefore higher energy, than atoms inside the crystal. The extra energy associated with the free surface is called d (a) interstitials (b) grain boundary (c) dislocation (d) surface tension9. Most techniques for the production of crystalline material

25、s result in the formation of large numbers of small, randomly oriented crystals, called b . The boundary between adjacent crystals is called a c (a) phase (b) grain (c) grain boundary (d) phase boundary10. c in a liquid melt occurs when the metal itself provides the atoms needed to form a nuclei.(a)

26、 phase boundary (b) nucleation (c) homogeneous nucleation (d) phase boundary11. Solidified metal containing many crystals is said to be a , .(a) polycrystalline (b) polymer (c) grain (d) grain boundary12. If the nucleation and growth conditions in the liquid metal during solidification are such that

27、 the crystals can grow about equally in all directions, b will be produced.(a) columnar grains (b) equiaxed grains (c) grain (d) grain boundary13. The eutectoid mixture of fine plate-like lamellar mixture of ferrite and cementite is called b .(a) cementite (b) pearlite (c) ledeburite (d) austenite14

28、. The eutectic mixture of austenite and cementite is called d .(a) cementite (b) pearlite (c) ferrite (d) ledeburite15. In the Fe-Fe3C system, there is a eutectoid point at approximately 0.77wt% C, 727C. The phase just above the eutectoid temperature for plain carbon steels is known as d . (a) cemen

29、tite (b) pearlite (c) ledeburite (d) austenite16. When a sufficient load is applied to a metal or other structural material, it will cause the material to change shape. This change in shape is called b . (a) slip (b) deformation (c) twinning (d) plastic deformation 17. When the stress is sufficient

30、to permanently deform the metal, it is called d . (a) slip (b) deformation (c) twinning (d) plastic deformation 18Process which an metal material is heated to a suitable temperature and held at this temperature for a sufficient length of time, finally cooled in a particular manner to alter its inter

31、nal structure for obtaining desired degree of physical and mechanical properties. It is called b (a) quenching (b) heat treatment (c) Continuous-Cooling Transformation (d) Isothermal Transformation19. If a sample of a 0.8% plain carbon steel is heated to about 750 and held for a sufficient time, its

32、 structure will become homogeneous austenite. This process is called d .(a) quenching (b) heat treatment (c) Annealing (d) austenitizing20. The reheating treatment that softens a cold-worked metal is called b (a) quenching (b) Annealing (c) Normalizing (d) Tempering 21. C is a heat treatment in whic

33、h the steel is heated in the austenitic region and then cooled in still air. (a) quenching (b) annealing (c) normalizing (d) tempering 22. D is the process below the eutectoid transformation of heating a martensitic steel temperature to make it softer and more ductile.(a) quenching (b) Annealing (c)

34、 Normalizing (d) Tempering23. Aging the alloy at room temperature is called a .a) natural aging b) artificial aging 24. Aging at elevated temperatures is called b .a) natural aging b) artificial aging 3. 短句翻译1. Solids may be categorized broadly into crystalline and amorphous solids. 2. The formation

35、 of stable nuclei in the melt (nucleation) 3. The growth of nuclei into crystals 4. The formation of a grain structure 5. The solidification of metals and alloys is an important industrial process since most metals are melted and then cast into a semifinished or finished shape.6. Columnar grains are

36、 long, thin, coarse grains created when a metal solidifies rather slowly in the presence of a steep temperature gradient.7. Ferrite is the interstitial solid solution of carbon in iron. 8. Austenite is the interstitial solid solution of carbon in iron.9. Plastic deformation is due to the motion of a

37、 large number of dislocations.10. Dislocations allow deformation at much lower stress than in a perfect crystal.11. Each heat treatment process needs heating, preserving and cooling. 12. The heating speed, highest heating temperature, preserving time and cooling speed are the four factors of heat tr

38、eatment process.13. Flame hardening consists of hardening the surface of the component by heating it above the transformation temperature using a high temperature flame or high velocity combustion products and then quenching it in water or oil.14. Plain-carbon steels have low corrosion and oxidation

39、 resistance.15. Medium-carbon plain-carbon steels must be quenched rapidly to obtain a fully martensitic structure. 16. Plain-carbon steels have poor impact resistance at low temperatures.17. In this book low-alloy steels containing from about 1 to 4 percent of alloying elements will be considered a

40、lloy steels. 18. The way in which alloy elements distribute themselves in carbon steels depends primarily on the compound- and carbide-forming tendencies of each element. 19. The carbide-forming elements such as tungsten, molybdenum, and titanium raise the eutectoid temperature of the Fe-Fe3C phase

41、diagram to higher values and reduce the austenitic phase field. These elements are called ferrite-stabilizing elements.20. Cast irons have often significant amounts of silicon, as well as smaller amounts of other elements.21. The range of carbon content gives cast irons a high fluidity. Also the mat

42、erials when solidifying show no significant volume contraction.22. However, if there is very slow cooling, the Cm is not stable and graphite flakes can form.23. Moderate and slow cooling rate favor the formation of graphite. The solidification rate also affects the type of matrix formed in gray cast

43、 iron. 24. Moderate cooling rates favor the formation of a pearlitic matrix, whereas slow cooling rates favor a ferritic matrix.25. Gray cast iron is formed when the carbon in the alloy exceeds the amount that can dissolve in the austenite and precipitates as graphite flakes.26. Since silicon is a g

44、raphite stabilizing element in cast irons, a relatively high silicon content is used to promote the formation of graphite.27. Cast irons have relatively low impact resistance and ductility, and this limits their use for some applications. 28. The wide industrial use of cast irons is due mainly to th

45、eir comparatively low cost and versatile engineering properties. 29. Annealing is used with grey cast iron to provide optimum machinability and remove stresses. 30. To produce a fully ferritic matrix in a gray iron, the iron is usually annealed to allow the carbon remaining in the matrix to deposit

46、on the graphite flakes, leaving the matrix completely ferritic.31. In the blackheart process, white iron casting in a non-oxidising atmosphere to 900 and soaked at that temperature for two days or more. 32. In permanent-mold casting the molten metal is poured into a permanent metal mold under gravity, low pressure, or centrifugal (sentrifjugl离心力)pressure only. 4. 分析题（1） 根据Fe-Fe3C相图，图中可以分为若干单项区和双向区，根据下面要求分别写出相组成。（注：liquid为液相、austenite为奥氏体相、ferrite 为铁素体相、cementite为渗碳体区