英国文学史期末复习笔记

1、英美文学史期末复习笔记英国1 .伊丽莎白时期的文学2 .17世纪和18世纪的文学3.浪漫主义时期4.维多利亚时期5.20世纪的小说与诗歌6 .二战后的诗歌7 .二战后的小说I.DefinitionofepicAnepicisalongnarrativepoem.美国1 .殖民地时期文学2 .浪漫主义文学3 .现实主义文学4 .自然主义文学5.20世纪20年代的诗歌与小说6 .二战后的诗歌与小说7 .美国戏剧梳理8 .少数族裔文学2.GeoffreyChaucer（1340-1400杰弗里。乔叟thefatherofEnglishpoetry（literature）英国文学之父theheroic

2、couplet英雄双韵体：averseunitconsistingoftworhymed6甲韵）linesiniambicpentameter（£步抑扬格）AABBCCDDEE代表作:TheCanterburyTales坎特伯雷的故事（英国文学史的开端）文艺复兴时期TheRenaissance（1500-1660）1.thedefinitionofRenaissanceRenaissancefirstroseinItalyinthe14thcenturyandcametoafloweringinthe15thandtheninthe16thcenturyitspreadtoother

3、countries,notablyFranceandthencetoGermanyandEnglandandSpainandtheothercountries.核心：humanism:admirehumanbeautyandhumanachievement.文艺复兴三杰：达芬奇，米开朗琪罗，拉斐尔2.WilliamShakespeare（1564-1616）Heisactor,playwright;totally37playsFourgreattragedies:Hamlet哈姆雷特）Othello（奥赛罗）KingLear（李尔王）Macbeth位克白）Fourgreatcomedies:T

4、heMerchantofVenice威尼斯商人AMidsummerNightsDream仲夏夜之梦AsYouLikeIt皆大欢喜Twelfthnight第十二夜BenJohsondedicatedapoeminpraiseofhim:“，Souloftheage.Hewasnotofanage,butforalltime”.3.Sonnet"四行诗）Sonnetisalyricpoemcomprising14rhyminglinesofequallength:iambic（抑扬格的）pentameters（五步格诗）inEnglish.TheEnglishsonnet（alsocal

5、ledtheShakespearensonnetafteritsforemostpractitinoner）comprisesthreequatrains（亍诗）andafinalcouplet（对旬）,rhymingababcdcdefef.AnimportantvariantofthisistheSpenseriansonnet（introducedbyElizabethanpoetEdmundSpenser）,whichlinksthethreequatrainsbyrhyme,inthesequenceababbabccdcdee.Ineitherform,theturncomeswi

6、ththefinalcouplet,whichmaysometimesachievetheneatnessofanepigram.4.metaphysicalpoetry学派诗歌）Theterm"metaphysicalpoetry/'iscommonlyusedtonametheworkofthe17thcenturywriterswhowroteundertheinfluenceofJohnDonne.MetaphysicalpoetstriedtobreakawayfromtheconventionalfashionoftheElizabethanlovepoetry.

7、Thenamegiventoadiversegroupof17th-centuryEnglishpoetswhoseworkisnotableforitsingenious（精致的）useofintellectualandtheologicalconceptsinsurprisingconceits幻想），strangeparadoxes,andfar-reachingimagery,argumentativeabruptnessofrhythmandtonedistinguisheshisstylefromtheconventionsofElizabethanlovelyrics.T.SEl

8、iotandothersrevivedtheirreputation,stressingtheirqualityofwit,inthesenseofintellectualstrenuousnessandflexibilityratherthansmarthumor.Itsmainfeatures:thedictionissimpleTheimageryisdrawnfromtheactuallifeTheformisfrequentlythatofanargumentwiththepoetsbeloved,withGod,orwithhimself.5.JohnDonne（1572-1631

9、）Viewofpoetry:Ablendofemotionandintellectualingenuity,characterizedbyconceitor"wit".ThemoststrikingfeatureofDonne'spoetryisitstangofreality,inthesensethatitseemstoreflectlifeinarealratherthanapoeticalworld.Specialfeatures:Conceits;wit;imagery;dramaticandconversationalstyle.代表作：theflea跳

10、蚤6.FrancisBacon（1561-1626）Heistheprecursorofmaterialism英国唯物主义的始祖（马克思和恩格斯语）；alsothefounderofmodernsciencethefirstBritishessayist.作品：Essays随笔（ofstudiesisthemostfamousoneofthem）7.JohnMiltonDefensefortheEnglishPeopl坳英国人辩护;blankverse素体诗作品：ParadiseLost失乐园ParadiseRegained复乐园18世纪的启蒙主义文学1.thedefinitionofenli

11、ghtenmentAgeneraltermappliedtothemovementofintellectualliberationthatdevelopinWesternEuropefromthelate17thCenturytothelate18thcentury.（theperiodisoftencalledtheAgeofReason）,especiallyinFranceandSwitzerland.Theenlightenmentculminated（使达至U顶峰）withthewritingsofJeans-JacquesRousseauandtheEncyclopedaf科全书）

12、,thephilosophyofImmanuel（以马内利J,基督的另U称）Kant,andthepoliticalideasoftheAmericanandFrenchRevolutionswhiletheforerunnersinscienceandphilosophyincludedBacon,Descartes,Newton,andLocke.Itscentralideawastheneedandthecapacityofhumanreasontoclearawayancientsuperstition,prejudice,dogmaandinjustice.Literaryfeatu

13、res:ClassicismAsacriticalterm,classicismisabodyofdoctrinethoughttobederivedfromortoreflectthequalitiesofancientGreekandRomanculture,particularlyinliterature,philosophy,art,orcriticismClassicismstandsforcertaindefiniteideasandattitudes,mainlydrawnfromthecriticalutterancesoftheGreekandRomansordevelope

14、dthroughanimitationofancientartandliterature.Neoclassicismtemphasizedtheclassicalartisticidealsoforder,logic,proportion,restrainedemotion,accuracy,goodtasteanddecorum.Sentimentalismcameintobeingastheresultofabitterdiscontentamongtheenlightenedpeoplewithsocialreality.4Pre-romanticism:Inthelatterhalfo

15、fthe18thcentury,anewliterarymovementaroseinEurope,calledtheRomanticRevival.ItwasmarkedbyastrongprotestagainstthebondageofClassicism,byarecognitionoftheclaimsofpassionandemotion,andbyarenewedinterestinmedievalliterature.InEnglandthismovementshoweditselfinthetrendofPre-romanticism.Gothicnovelisitsmost

16、manifestexpression.2.JohnLocke(1632-1704)oneofthemostinfluentialofEnlightenmentthinkers;consideredoneofthefirstoftheBritishempiricists经验主义者,followingthetraditionofFrancisBacon;bestknownforhissatiricalverseandforhistranslationofHomer荷马史诗;HeisthethirdmostfrequentlyquotedwriterinTheOxfordDictionaryofQu

17、otations,afterShakespeareandTennyson.3.DanielDefoe(1661-1731)代表作：TheAdventuresoRobinsonCrusoe(英国文学史第一部小说)MollFlanders摩尔.佛兰德斯RobinsonCrusoecelebratesthe18th-centuryWesterncivilization'smaterialtriumphsandthestrengthofhumanrationalwilltoconquerthenaturalenvironment.Robinson,apparently,iscastasatyp

18、ical18th-centurymiddle-classtradesman,theveryprototypeoftheempirebuilder,thepioneercolonist.Theheroispractical,diligent,shrewd,courageousandintelligenttoovercomeallkindsofobstacles.Inanothersense,RobinsonisEverymanstrugglingtomasternature.ThisnovelistherepresentativeoftheEnglishbourgeoisieattheearli

19、erstagesofitsdevelopment.4.JonathanSwift(1667-1745乔纳森.斯威夫特作品：GulliversTravels.格列佛游记ATaleofaTub木桶的故事TheBattleofBooks书战AModestProposal一个小小的建议Hiswritingfeatures:Swiftdefinesagoodstyleas“properwordsinproperplaces.Hislanguageisalwaysprecise,simple,clear,vigorousaswellaseconomicalandconcise.Heisalsoamaste

20、rsatirist.5.HenryFielding(1707-1754)Thefatherofmodernfiction(现代小说之父)代表作：约瑟夫安德鲁JosephAndrews汤姆琼斯TomJones6.OliverGoldsmiths(1730-1774)代表作：TheVicarofWakefield威克菲尔德的牧师TheDesertedVillage荒村浪漫主义时期EnglishRomanticism(1798-1830)1.thedefinitionofRomanticismItisgenerallysaidtohavebeganin1798withthepublicationof

21、Wordsworth&Coleridge'sLyricalBallads抒情歌谣集andtohaveendedin1832withSirWalterScottsdeathandthepassageofthefirstReformBill改革法案intheParliament.EnglishRomanticismisarevoltoftheEnglishimaginationagainsttheneoclassicalreason.TheFrenchRevolutionof1789-1794andtheEnglishIndustrialRevolutionexertgreatin

22、fluenceonEnglishRomanticism.Romanticistsshowintheirworkstheirprofounddissatisfactiorwiththesocialrealityandtheirdeephatredforanypoliticaltyranny,economicexploitationandanyformofoppression,feudalorbourgeois.Intherealmofliterature,theyrevoltagainstreason,rules,regulation,objectivity,commonsenses,etc.a

23、ndemphasizethevalueoffeelings,intuition,freedom,nature,subjectivism,individuality,originality,imagination,etc.2.twoschoolsofRomanticismThelakepoets湖畔派诗人(escapistromanticists:WilliamWordsworth华兹华斯,SamuelTaylorColeridge柯勒彳聿治andRobertSouthey骚塞.TheythreewereknownasLakePoetsbecausetheylivedandknewoneanot

24、herinthelastfewyearsofthe18thcenturyinthedistrictofthegreatlakesinNorthwesternEngland.TheSatanicschool撒旦派(activeromanticists):Byron,Shelly,andKeats.3.WilliamBlake(1757-1827)十九世纪英国浪漫派诗人、画家、雕刻家作品：SongsofExperience经验之歌SongsofInnocence天真之歌TheMarriageofHeavenandHell天堂与地狱的蜡姻TheChimneySweeper扫烟囱的孩子TheLamb羊

25、羔4.RobertBurns(1759-1796)(苏格兰著名农民诗人)作品：“ARed,RedRose红红的玫瑰5.WilliamWordsworth(1770-1850)Hefocusedonthenature,children,thepoor,commonpeople,inhispoem,heaimedatsimplicityandpurityofthelanguage,soheusedordinarywordstoexpresshispersonalfeelings.1843年获得桂冠诗人(Laureate游号代表作：TheDaffodils水仙花TheSolitaryReaper孤独

26、的收割者6.GeorgeGordonByron(1788-1824)Influence:(toworld)ByronhasenrichedEuropeanpoetrywithanabundanceofideas,images,artisticforms&innovations.HestandswithShakespeare&ScottamongtheBritishwriterswhoexertthegreatestinfluenceoverthemainlandofEurope.(tochina)Hisrevolutionaryzealanddemocraticideals,a

27、sshowninhisstirringlyricTheIslesofGreeceandChildeHarold,stronglyimpressedtheChineseyouthwhowerethenwagingstrugglestooverthrowtheoldfeudalsystem.代表作DonJuan唐璜，1818-1823Whenwetwoparted当我们分手Shewalksinbeauty她走在美的光彩中Byronichero：aproud,mysteriousrebelfigureofnobleorigin.Withimmensesuperiorityinhispassionsa

28、ndpowers,unconquerablewillsandinexhaustibleenergies.(fierypassionsunbendingwill,idealoffreedom,againsttyranny(专制统治)andinjustice,lonelyfightersindividualisticends)7.PercyByssheShelley1792-1822)代表作：OdeToTheWestWind西风颂QueenMab麦布女王8.JohnKeats(17951821)代表作：OdetoAnNightingale；夜莺颂(“美即是真，真即是美"Beautyist

29、ruth,truthisbeauty.是他的著名诗句。)9.JaneAusten以女性作家特有的敏锐和细腻刻画英国乡村中产阶级的生活和思想。预示现实主义小说的崛起作品：SenseandSensibility理智与感情PrideandPrejudice傲慢与偏见Emma爱玛NorthangerAbbey诺桑觉寺MansfieldPark曼斯菲尔德庄园维多禾亚时期TheVictorianPeriod1.literaryfeaturesofVictorianAgeastrongsenseofthepast;critiqueofthesociety(terriblelivingandworkingco

30、nditionsofworkers);morebroaderbackgroundandmorecomplicatedplot;alotofnovelshavestrongmoralpurpose;mostVictoriannovelswerepublishedinserialforminmagazinesbeforetheyappearedinbookform.2.thedefinitionofrealismRealismisanattempttodescribehumanbehaviorandsurroundingsortorepresentfiguresandobjectsexactlya

31、stheyactorappearinlife.Itwasamovementinthemid-19thcenturyinreactiontothehighlysubjectiveapproachofromanticism.It'snotadirectorsimplereproductionofrealitybutasystemofconventionsproducingalifelike川usionofsome"real"worldoutsidethetext.3.CharlesDickens(1812-1870)thegreatestnovelistoftheVic

32、torianperiod;bythetwentiethcenturyhewaswidelyseenasaliterarygeniusbycriticsandscholars.作品：DavidCopperfield(autobiographical)OliverTwist雾都孤儿BleakHouse荒凉山庄AtaleofTwoCities双城记HardTimes艰难时世GreatExpectations远大前程Features:describingthemiseryandsufferingsofcommonpeople.4 .WilliamMakepeaceThackeray萨克雷(1811-1

33、863)作品：VanityFair名禾场-thistitlewasborrowedbyThackerayfromThePilgrim'sProgressbyBunyan.5 .TheBront?Sisters勃朗特姐妹她们的代表作：Charlotte夏洛特：JaneEyre简爱(fiercelongingforlifeandlove).(三姐妹中最有天赋的)Emily艾米丽(1818-1848):WutheringHeights呼啸山庄Anne安妮：AgnesGrey安格尼斯格雷6 .GeorgeEliot乔治.艾略特(女)(1819-1880)作品：TheMillontheFloss

34、弗罗斯河上的磨房SilasMarner织工马南7.ThomasHardy(1840-1928)Englishpoetandnovelist,famousforhisdepictionsoftheimaginarycountryWesseX'Hardy'sworksreflectedhisstoicalpessimismandsenseoftragedyinhumanlife.Theunderlyingthemeofhisnovelsisthestruggleofmanagainstthemysteriousforcewhichrulestheworld.作品：Farfromth

35、eMaddingCrowd(1874)远离尘嚣TessoftheD'Urbervilles(1891)德伯家的苔丝JudetheObscure(1895)无名的裘德8.AlfredTennyson阿尔疝雷德.丁尼生(1809-1892)(维多利亚时代最具代表性的伟大诗人)作品：ThePrincess公主InMemoriam悼念9.TheBrownings勃朗宁夫妇RobertBrowning(男)(1812-1889)代表作：MyLastDuchess我已故的公爵夫人-dramaticmonologues戏剧独白ElizabethBarrettBrowning(女)(1806-1861

36、)morepopularthanhishusband代表作：“SonnetsfromthePortuguesee葡萄牙十四行诗10.OscarWilde(1854-1900)therepresentativeofaestheticism;putforwardaslogan''artforart'ssake'j(艺术而艺术)代表作：ThePictureofDorianGray道林格雷的画像LadyWindermere'sFan温德密尔夫人的扇子AnIdealHusband理想的丈夫TheImportanceofBeingEarnest认真的重要性11.Ge

37、orgeBernardShawff伯纳(1856-1950)Playwright;HissharpsatireandbitterattackonthesocialsystemconsequentlyupsettheBritishauthority.代表作：Mrs.Warrensprofession华莱夫人的职业现代时期themodernperiod(1914-)1 .D.HLawrence劳伦斯(1885-1930)作品主要描述男女关系代表作：LadyChatterleyslover查泰来夫人的情人TheRainbow彩虹SonsandLovers儿子与情人(恋母情结)WomeninLove恋

38、爱中的女人2 .streamofconsciousnesS识流Streamofconsciousnessisthecontinuousflowofsense-perception,thoughts,feelingsandmemoriesinthehumanmind;oraliterarymethodofrepresentingsuchablendingofmentalprocessinfictionalcharacters,usuallyinanunpunctuatedordisjointedformofinteriormonologue.Itisanimportantdeviceofmode

39、rnistfiction.意识流的两大代表人物：3 .JamesJoyce(1882-1941)爱尔兰诗人代表作：Ulysses(1922)t利J西斯-epicnovelAPortraitOfTheArtistAsAYoungMan一个青年艺术家的肖像4 .VirginiaWoof(1882-1941)Woolfwasmuchconcernedwiththepositionofwomen£常重视妇女的地位代表作：Mrs.Dalloway达罗卫夫人ToTheLighthouse至U灯塔去TheWaves海浪5 .WilliamButlerYeats威廉.巴特勒叶芝(1865-1939)爱尔兰诗人，居【J作家；TheIrishnationalistmovement爱尔兰独立运动作品：TheWindAmongtheReeds产苇中的风Responsi