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1、资格笔试-学科知识与教学能力语言学篇粉笔教师招考粉笔教师1语言学概述 (P115)2微观语言学3语言学跨学科分支第一节 语言学( linguistics )概述1. 概念:通过研究语言的各方面,揭示其本质及存在和发展的规律。第一节 语言学( linguistics )概述2. 分类:微观语言学宏观语言学语音学(phonetics) 音系学(phonology) 形态学(morphology) 句法学(syntax)语义学(semantics)语用学(pragmatics)语言学 (socio-linguistics) 心理语言学 (psycho-linguistics) 应用语言学 (appl

2、ied linguistics)语音学音音系学形态学语言学形句法学义语义学语用学3. 语言的本质特征 (P117)(1) 任意性 Arbitrariness:叫什么都可以(2) 二重性 Duality:两种结构组成(语音+意义)(3) 能产性/创造性 Productivity:组成无数句子(4) 移位性 Displacement:站在草原望北京(5)Cultural transmission:的通过语言4. 语言的主要功能(functions of language)(1)信息功能 Informative function(2)人际功能 Interalfunction(3) 施为功能 Perf

3、ormative function(4) 情感功能 Emotive function(5) 寒暄功能 Phatic function(6)功能 Recreational function(7)元语言功能 Mingal function练Linguistics is the scientific study of.A. a particular languageC.human languages in generalB.the English languageD.the system of a country练习2_makes it possible for language users to

4、overcome thelimitations of time and space in communication.A. ArbitrarinessB. Duality CProductivity DDisplacement练习3That a wolf-child could never speak or think like a normalindicatesof human language.A. dualityB. cultural transmission Carbitrariness Dcognitive creativity4. 几对重要概念(1) Prescriptive &

5、Descriptive(规定性和描述性)(2) Synchronic & Diachronic(共时性和历史性)(3) Langue & Parole(语言和言语)语言:成员共有的语言系统。“人”言语:这些语言系统的具体表现。“张三李四王二麻子”(4)Compentence & Performance(语言能力和语言表现)语言能力:识别并理解句子的能力 (know)语言表现:应用语言能力的行为 (do)练习Which of the following may illustrate the difference between “competence” and “performance”?A.

6、What aB. What aC. What aD. What a“knows” and what he/she “ does”. “can do” and what he/she “does”. “does” and what he/she “knows”.“does” and what he/she “can do”.英语语言学概述微观语言学(P120)语言学跨学科分支语音学音音系学形态学语言学形句法学义语义学语用学一、语音学 (Phonetics)1.概念:研究语言声音媒介的语言学分支学科。语音如何产生、转化以及被感知。2. 语音分类(1)音素(phone/phoneme)的概念语音的最

7、小。(2)音素的分类 vowels(元音)单元音(Pure vowel/monophthong)/:/ /:/ / :/ /i:/ /u:/ / / / / / / /e/ /双元音(diphthong)/a/ /e/ /a/ / / / /e/ /单元音的分类方式(1)舌头最高部分的位置(position of the highest part of the tongue)前元音(front vowel) /i:/ / /e/ /中元音(central vowel) / :/ / /后元音(back vowel) /:/ /:/ / /u:/ /(2)舌头抬起的高度(the highest

8、tongue rising)高元音(high vowel) /i:/ / /u:/ /半高/半低元音(middle vowel) /:/ / /e/ /:/ /低元音(low vowel) /:/ / /(3)元音的长度(length)或紧度(tenseness)长元音(long vowel)短元音(short vowel)(4)嘴唇的圆展度(Roundness)圆唇音(rounded vowel) /u:/ / /:/ /非圆唇音(unrounded vowel) 辅音(Consonant)分类:a. 发音方式(Manner of articulation)b. 发音部位(Place of

9、articulation)c. 带声性(Voicing; vibration of the vocal cords)若两个辅音的发音方式和发音部位都一样,可用带声性区分。清辅音(Voiceless sound)/p/ /t/ /k/ /f/ / /s/ / /h/ /tr/ /ts/ /t/浊辅音(Voicing sound)发音部位(Place of articulation)发音方式(Manner of articulation)双唇音Bilabial唇齿音Labiodental齿间音Dental齿龈音Alveolar硬腭音Palatal软腭音Velar声门音Glottal音Stops/P

10、losivesptkbdgfsh摩擦音Fricativesvztr tst塞擦音Affricatesdr dzd鼻音Nasalsmn流音Liquids/Laterall r滑音Glideswj练In terms of the place of articulation, /t/ /d/ /s/ /z/ /n/ are all.A. palatalB. alveolarC. bilabialD. dental练习2/s/ and / can be distinguished by.A.B.C.D.manner of articulation place of articulation vibra

11、tion of the vocal cordsaspiration of articulation练习3The pair of English phonemesdiffer in the place of articulation.A. / and /B. / and /C. /d/ and /z/D. /m/ and /n/3. 语音变化(Vocal Variety)(1)连读(Liaison)相邻的两个词朗读时连起来读。 前一个词以辅音结尾,后一个词以元音开头例:pick up; check it out/pikp/tekitaut/ 前一个词以r结尾,后一个词以元音开头例:for exa

12、mple; remember it/frgzmpl/ /rmembrt/ 前一个词以元音结尾,后一个词以元音开头例:who else; go away/huels/ /gwei/练In which of the following sentences does liaison ofsound appear most?A. Ms Black worked in an office last yesterday.B. I kissed it half an hour ago.C. Will you help us?D. Can you see the building?练习2How many li

13、aisons of sound are there in the sentence “Hebought an interesting book”?A. 0C. 2B. 1D. 3(2)失去(Loss of Plosive)/(incomplete plosive)全两个音相连时,第一个“引而不发”,第二个。 六个音中任意两个相邻时,前一个音失去。例:doctor; blackboard 六个音后出现摩擦音或塞擦音时,音失去。/f/ /v/ /s/ /z/ / / / / /t/ /d/ /h/例:a big chance; good friend音/t/ /d/ 后面是/m/ /n/时,要改为

14、鼻腔。例:written; good morning音/t/ /d/后面是/l/时,失去。例:little; handle(3)同化(Assimilation)一个音受到的音影响变成了第三个音 /j/ 受到/s/ /z/ /t/ /d/ 的影响/d/+/j/=/d/t/+/j/=/t/s/+/j/=/z/+/j/=/例:would you; meet you; miss you; heres your book /n/ 受到/k/ /g/ /b/ /m/ /p/的影响/n/+/k/=/k/n/+/g/=/g/n/+/b/=/mb/n/+/m/=/mm/n/+/p/=/mp/例:pancake

15、; can go; ten men; ten people /z/ 受到/k/ /p/ /t/ 的影响/z/+/k/=/sk/z/+/p/=/sp/z/+/t/=/st/例:as can be seen; has to; newspaper /v/ 受到/k/ /p/ /t/ /g/的影响/v/+/k/=/fk/v/+/p/=/fp/v/+/t/=/ft/v/+/g/=/fg/例:have to; five past ten; I love girls练Which of the following is the proper pronunciation of “have to” as a re

16、sult of assimilation?A. /hef tu/B. /hev tu/C. /hf tu/D. /hv tu/练习2Thephoneme/ n/inthefirstwordofallthefollowing phrases changes to /m/ except.A. Open bookB. Open marketC. Brown paperD. Brown hat练习3The phrase “in bed” is pronounced asin real speech.A. /nbed/B. /mbed/C. /nbd/D. /mbd/语音学音音系学形态学语言学形句法学意

17、语义学语用学二、音系学 Phonology1. 概念:研究语音模式和语音系统,并发现支配语音组合方式的规律并解释语言变化的学科。2. 相关术语(1)音位(phoneme)语言中能辨别意义的最小的语音。(2) 最小对立体(minimal pairs):当两个单词除了出现在同一位置上的同一个音之外,其它的音都相同,这两个单词就是最小对立体。例:bag与beg, bag与back(3) 音位对立(phonemic contrast):最小对立体中的两个音位出现在同一位置并能够区别意义,这两个音位例:wet与vet中的/w/与/v/即为音位对立。对立。练Sip and zip, tip and dip

18、, map and nap are all.A. minimal pairs B. diphthongsC. allophonesD. phonemes练习2Which of the following is NOT a minimal pair?A. cat/batB. put/butC. jig/pigD. sit/bit(4)音位变体(Allophone)同一个音位在不同语音环节中的实现方式。存在变体的典型音位:/p/ /t/ /k/ /l/例:peak /p/speak /p/team /t/steam/t/can /k/scan/k/ 互补分布(complementary distr

19、ibution):同一个音位的两个不同读音不能出现在一个语音环境中,并且不具有区别意义的作用,这两个不同的读音叫做互补分布。例如:lake milk 自由变体 (Free variation)相同的语音环境中出现了两个音素,读音不同,但不影响意义。例:either的英音/i:/ 美音/ai(r)/以及:pass, data, tomato,last, water3. 音系规则(phonological rules)(1) 序列规则(Sequential rule):支配音素组合顺序的音系规则。例:如果一个单词以/l/或/r/开头,后面的一定是元音。(2) 同化规则(Assimilation r

20、ule)(3) 省略规则(Deletion rule):某个音拼写存在但并不发音。例:knife; design4. 超音段特征(1)音节(syllable) 音节的划分: 每个音节中必须有一个元音音素。tea, Chi-na, im-pos-si-ble 如果两个元音字母之间只有一个辅音字母,辅音字母划给al onset principle)。后面的音节。即节首最大化原则(例:la-ter; stu-dent 两个元音字母中间有两个辅音字母,第一个辅音归前,第二个归后。例:let-ter; cor-ner 两个元音字母并列且无固定发音,各自划为前后两个音节。例:flu-ent; cre-at

21、e练习:划分下列单词的音节teacher professorcongratulation(2)重音(Stress) 单词重音(word stress) 句子重音(sentence stress)a. 一般规律:实词重读,虚词弱读。实词:名词、实义动词、形容词、副词、部分代词、数次、感叹词等虚词:冠词、介词、连词、大部分代词和非实义动词b. 特殊情况:重读想要强调的部分。例:Mary kissed Jim in the teachers office!练In teaching pronunciation, the teacher should tell the students that_can

22、 be used to convey more important messages.Arhyme Bstress Cdevoicing Drhythm练习2Which of the following shows the proper rhythmic pattern of the sentence?A. This is a question for Doctor Carrington.B. This is a question for Doctor Carrington.C. This is a question for Doctor Carrington.D. This is a que

23、stion for Doctor Carrington.练习3When a lady customer intends to buy a coat with white stripes, what is she supposed to place an emphasis on if she says to theshop assistant?A.B.C.D.Id like a red coat with white stripes. Id like a red coat with white stripes. Id like a red coat with white stripes.Id l

24、ike a red coat with white stripes. 语调(intonation)英语语调:升调(rising tone)、降调(falling tone)、降升调(falling- rising tone)、升降调(rising-falling tone)、平调一般规律:a. 一般疑问句读升调;( ) 例:Are they playing tennis?b. 陈述句、特殊疑问句、祈使句和感叹句读降调;( ) 例:Tom went to school.How old are you? Give me the hat.How beautiful she is!c. 选择疑问句和并

25、列句读升降调;()例:Is that a bus ( ) or a car ( )?She bought an apple ( ) , two bananas ( )and ten eggs( ).d. 反义疑问句读降升调。()例:Youre Tom ( ), arent you ( ) ?练习Which of the following words in bold is pronounced with a falling tone?A. Do you have any ideas?B. Therere few apples in the basket, are there?C. How ma

26、ny people, two or three?D. The flat has a kitchen, a living room, two bedrooms, and a bath.语音学音音系学形态学语言学形句法学意语义学语用学三、形态学 Morphology1. 概念:研究语素和构词过程。2.词素(Morpheme)(1)含义最小的有意义的语言,不能再分。词素的功能就是单词。(2)分类自由词素和黏着词素自由词素(free morphemes) 可以单独出现,能够例如:dog, mooncake单词。粘着词素(bound morphemes)无法单独出现,必须依赖于其它词素,只能成为词的一部

27、分。 词根、词缀和词干词根(root)是一个单词去掉所有词缀之后剩余的部分。不能在不破坏意义的前提下继续拆分。例如:friendships,词根为friend词缀(affix)是只能附加在另一个词素上单词的词素。分为前缀(prefix)、后缀(suffix)和中缀(infix)词干(stem)是某个单词去掉所有的曲折词缀后剩下的部分。词干词根例: friendships ,词干可以为friend, 也可以为friendship 屈折词缀和派生词缀屈折词缀(inflectional affix):在词干后添加,形成该词干不同形式的词缀,改变该词的语法属性,不例:-s, -ing, -ed, -e

28、r, -est。新词汇。apple-apples; work-works; do-doing; work-worked; fast-faster- fastest屈折词缀只有后缀形式。派生词缀(derivational affix):在词干前后添加的词缀,通常能够改变原词干的意义和词性。例:in-, dis-, un-, -ness, -ful, -able direct-indirectable-disable happy-unhappy happy-happiness use-usefulsound-soundable练Whichofthefollowingwordscontainsani

29、nflectionalmorpheme?ADisappear.BBlacken. COxen.DAnti-pollution.练习2In which of the following words does the affix “un-” play a different role?A. unlikeB. unbalance Cunearth Dunluckily练习3Whichofthefollowing sentences does NOT containderivational affix? AShe is a good teacher.BHer bravery is admirable.

30、CI value the brotherhood between us.DI loved him when I was young.(3)词的形成(word formation):复合词和派生词 复合法 (compounding)。两个或两个以上自由词素组合而成。a.向心复合词(endocentric compound)的部分中,有一个词是,其它部分用来修饰该词汇。例:steamboat, foot-warmer, self-controlb.离心复合词(exocentric compound)没有词汇。例:egghead, breakthrough, take-home 派生法 (deriv

31、ation)。在词干加上词缀得到新词a. 加前缀 (Prefixation)前缀一般改变单词意义,不改变词性。例:agreedisagree;fairunfair;writerewriteb. 加后缀 (Suffixation)后缀一般改变词性,少数改变词义。例:differdifference; nationnational; teachteacher练习Which of the following is NOT a compound word?A. rainbowB. devalueC. withoutD. tablecloth(4)词汇变化 创新词 (invention)例: nylon

32、bokchoi 混成词(blending):由两个单词各取一部分混合而成例:smoke + foog; modulator + demodulatormodem 截断词(clipping/abbreviation):截取旧单词例:advertisementad; aeroplaneplane; influenzaflu 首字母连写词(initialism): 例:WTO; GRE读 首字母拼写词(acronym):连读例:APEC; PETS 逆构词法 (back-formation)改造已有词语。例:editoredit; emotionemote 类推构词(analogical creat

33、ion)以一个或几个形式为模型构词的形式。例:white collarblue collar; gold collar; open collar; bright collar 借词法(borrowing/loanword)可分为直接借词、混合借词、转移借词、翻译借词等。练习Which of the following is NOT an acronym word?A. SIMB. SARSC. GPSD. TOEFL语音学音音系学形态学语言学形句法学意语义学语用学四、句法学(Syntax)1. 概念:研究句子构造,解释句子的内在规则。2. 句法范畴 (syntactic categories)

34、名词/名词短语(noun/noun phrase) 动词/动词短语(verb/verb phrase) 限定词(determiner)形容词(adjective) 副词(adverb)代词(pronoun)助动词(auxiliary verb)介词短语(prepositional phrase)语音学音音系学形态学语言学形句法学意语义学语用学五、语义学(Semantics)1.概念:研究语言的意义。2. 单词间涵义关系(sense relations between words)(1)同义关系(synonymy):词语意义上的相同或相近。尽管属于同义词(synonym),也会有一定的差别。 文

35、体(stylistic)差别。如buy和purchase 地域(dialectal)差别。如fall和autumn 搭配(collocational)差别。如accuse (of)和charge (with) 情感(emotive)差别。如thrifty和stingy语义(semantic)差别。如enough和ample练习Which of the following pairs is semantic synonym?A. statesman and politicianB. blow up and explodeC. lift and elevatorD. position and lo

36、cation(2)反义关系(Antonymy)反义词(antonym)的关系: 等级反义(gradable antonymy)两个词之间存在中间状态,如 long-short; bi 互补反义(complementary antonymy)all肯定一方的同时是对另一方的。如boy-girl; absent-present 反向反义(converse antonymy)从两个不同角度看同一种关系。如buy-sell; employer-employee练习The words “male” or “female” areantonyms.A. gradableB. complementaryC.

37、 converseD. complete(3)上下位关系(Hyponymy):种类和成员的关系。 上位词( hypernym):vegetable; flower 下位词(hyponym):carrot, cabbage; rose, violet(4)一词多义(Polysemy)例: credit:学分;信用miss:丢失;错过;想念date:日期;枣(5)Homonymy(同音/同形异义)同音异义(homophone)读音相同,拼写和意义不同。例:night & knight同形异义(homograph) 拼写相同,读音和意义不同。例:lead; research; bow; tear同形

38、同音异义(complete homonym) 拼写和读音相同,意义不同。例:bark; date3. 句子间涵义关系(Sense relations between sentences)(1) X is synonymous with Y (X与Y同义)X与Y在意义上是等同关系。若X为真,则Y为真;若X为假,Y也为假。“同真同假” 例:X: He was a bachelor all his life.Y: He never got married all his life.(2)X is inconsistent with Y (X与Y不一致)X与Y在意义上相互则X为假。“真-假,假-真”,

39、若X为真,则Y为假;若Y为真,X: I live in.Y: I have never been to.(3)X entails Y/ Y is an entailment of X (X蕴含Y)当X为真,Y一定为真;当X为假,Y可真可假。“真-真,假-真假”例:X: Sue and Fred went to the party. Y: Sue went to the party.X: Leo has been toNew York.Y: Leo has been to the US.4.X presupposes Y/ Y is a prerequisite of X(预设关系)Y是X的前提

40、条件。说话者假设听者已经知道的信息。“真-真,假-真”例:X: Johns girlfriend is angry to him. Y: John has a girlfriend.另一种情况是出现在问句或祈使句中,话里有潜台词。例:“说!你什么时候偷的东西?”Dont step on my blanket!练X: John is married. Y: John is a bachelor.Whats the relation between these two sentences?A.B.C.D.X is synonymous with Y Y presupposes XX is inco

41、nsistent with YY is an entailment of X练习2X: My father is in the kitchen.Y: My father is at home.Whats the relation between these two sentences?A.B.C.D.X entails YX is a presupposition of Y X is an entailment of YX presupposes Y练习3X: My father is at home.Y: I have a father.Whats the relation between

42、these two sentences?A.B.C.D.Y entails XX is a presupposition of Y Y is an entailment of XX presupposes Y练习4“Can I borrow your car?”“You have a car.”A. is synonymous withB. is inconsistent withC. entailsD. presupposes语音学音音系学形态学语言学形句法学意语义学语用学六、语用学 (Pragmatics) (P136)1. 概念:研究语言符号与使用者之间的关系。2. 言语行为(speec

43、h acts)(1)言内行为/发话行为(locutionary act)身。如:Today is Double 11.指说话这一行(2) 言外行为/行事行为(Illocutionary act)指话语之外的潜台词。如:Today is Double 11. (潜台词:我要买买买了)(3) 言后行为/取效行为(Perlocutionary act) 指说话后相应产生的影响或效果。例:Today is Double 11. (影响:老公清空了购物车)(4)直接言语行为(direct speech act)话语与使用语言完成目的之间有直接关系。如:Close the door, please.(5)

44、间接言语行为(indirect speech act)不直接说出间接完成。要表达的含义,而是通过另外的语言行为如:Im hungry.练习On hearing the utterance “ Its noisy outside”, the listener closed the door. It is a(n).A. locutionary actB. illocutionary actC. direct speech actD. perlocutionary act3. 会话含义理论 (Conversational implicature)(1)合作原则 (Cooperative princ

45、iple)。参与交谈者必须遵循该原则,否则(2)合作原则的准则 数量准则( The将无法进行。of quantity):所提供信息的量。a. 所说的话应包含交谈所需要的信息;b. 所说的话不应包含多于需要的信息。质量准则 (Theof quality)所说的话应力求真实,尤其是:a. 说话者要说真话,不要说假话;b. 不要说缺乏证据的话。例如: Were already working 25 hours a day, eight days a week.关系准则( Theof relevance)所说的话是相关的,不能答非所问。例:How old are you?Im fine, thank

46、you. 方式准则( Theof Manner):清楚明白地说出要说的话,尤其要:a. 避免晦涩;b. 避免歧义;c. 简明扼要;d. 语言有序。总结数量准则:少说话质量准则:说真话关系准则:沾边话方式准则:说人话练Which of the following might be Janes primary concern when she sincerely asks her friend “Does your farm contain 500 acres?”A. QuantityB. Quality.C.Relevance.DManner.练习2The expression “As far

47、as I know” suggested that peopleusually observe conversations.A. quantityB. qualityC. relevanceD. mannertheof_intheirdaily练习3A: Where does C live ?B: Somewhere in the south of France .If A wants to pay a visit to C, What to Bs reply?is flouted accordingA. TheB. Theof quantity. of quality.of relevanc

48、e.of manner.C.TheDThe4. 修辞学(Rhetoric)(P138)(1)明喻(Si)表达两种不同事物之间的相似关系,一般用as或like连接。例:The snow was like a white blanket drawn over the field.(2)暗喻(Metaphor)两种不同事物的对比是隐含的。He has a heart of stone.(3)转喻/换喻/借代(Metonymy)一个词或词组被另一个与之有紧密辞方法。例如:一群红领巾跑过来了。Only a knife could save him.的词或词组替换的修(4)提喻(Synecdoche)用局部代替整体或反之;以抽象代替具体或反之。例:They share the same roof.China beat Korea in a soccer game yesterday.转喻主要借助于密切的关系与联想,而提喻则是借助于部分相似。(5)隐喻/ 典故( Allusion)含义:

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