三大从句语法

1、欧阳音创编欧阳音创编2021.03.112021.03.11从句可分为三类：即名词性从 句、形容词性从句（即定语从 句）和副词性从（即状语从 句）。引导从句的词称作关联 句。时间：2021.03.11创作：欧阳音、名词性从句引导这些名词性从句的关联词包括：从属连词： that, if, whether 连接代词： who, whoeverwhom, whomever, wh i ch, wh i chever, wha t, whatever, whose 连接副词 where, when, why, howo其中，从属连词只起连接作用，在从句中不 充当任何句法成分，而连接代词和连接副词既起连

2、 接作用，在从句中又充当一定的成分.不可省略的连词：介词后的连词2.引导主语从 句和同位语从句的连词不可省略。That she was chosen made us very happy. We欧阳音创编欧阳音创编2021.03.112021.03.11欧阳音创编欧阳音创编2021.03.112021.03.11heard the news that our tearn had won.比较：whether与if均为"是否"的意思。但在下 列情况下,whether不能被if取代：1. whether 引导主语从句并在句首2引导表语从句3. whether从句作介词宾语4.从

3、句后有"or not" 例 : Whether he wi I I come i s not c I ear. The fac t is that he did n't go to the dinner partyI don't know if he wi I I attend the meeting.1. 在含有主语从句的复合句中，为保持句子平衡， 常用it作形式主语，而将真正的主语从句置于句末. That-从句作主语通常用it作先行词，而将that- 从句置于句末，例如：It is quite c I ear that the who I e pro j

4、ec t is doomed to fai lure.很清楚，整个计划注定要失 败。It's a pity that you shouId have to leave. 你 非走不可真是件憾事。用it作形式主语的that-从句有以下四种不同的搭 配关系：欧阳音创编欧阳音创编2021.03.112021.03.11欧阳音创编欧阳音创编2021.03.112021.03.11A 11 + be +形容词+ that-从句例：11 i s necessary that 有必要It is importantthat重要的是 It i s obvious that 很明 显B. It + be

5、+ ed 分词 + that-从句例如：It i sbe I i eved that 人们相信 It i s known to a I I that从所周知It has been decidedthat-已决定C. 11 + be + 名词 + that-从句 例：11 i scommon knowledge that是常识 It is asurpr i se that 令人惊奇的是It i s a factthat-事实是D. It +不及物动词+ that-分句例：11 appearsthat彳以乎 It happens that 召亚巧 It occurred to me that我突然

6、想起2. 为保持句子平衡，that引导的宾语从句也常用 it代替，而将真正的宾语从句置于主句句末。这常 常出现在主句有形容词或分词作宾语补足语的情况 下。He made it quite c I ear that he preferred to欧阳音创编欧阳音创编2021.03.112021.03.11欧阳音创编欧阳音创编2021.03.112021.03.11I i ve here.3. 从属连词whether和if都作“是否”解，但 if不可引导主语从句和表语从句。whether可与 or (not)连用，而 if 不可以。I don't know whether (if) she

7、 i s at home.Whether she comes or not makes no d i fference.4. that和what引导名词性从句的区别：that在 从句中不充当成分，而what在从句中充当一定的成 分，如主语、表语、宾语等。that可省略，what 则不可省。He a I ways means wha t he says.She suggested (that) he do it at once.5. 同位语从句大多由从属连词that引导，常跟在 下列名词后面，如 fact, idea, opinion, news, hope, belief等，that不可省。同

8、位语从句一般 用来解释说明这些名词的具体含义和内容。We are fami I i ar with the idea that a I I matter cons i sts of atoms.The n ews that we are invited to the conference i s very encouraging.欧阳音创编欧阳音创编2021.03.112021.03.11欧阳音创编欧阳音创编2021.03.112021.03.11二、形容词性从句引导定语从句的关联词包括：(1)关系代词:that, which, whose, who, whom, as; (2)关系副词:wh

9、en, where, whyo关系代词和关系副词在定语从句中都充当一定的句 法成分，关系代词在句中充当动词的宾语时，一般 可省去。关系代词的选用比较复杂，它受下列条件 的制约：(1)先行词是指人还是指物关系代词在 从句中的句法功能(3)定语从句是限定性的还是非 限定性的。关系代词的选用情况见下表：先行词在从句中的句法功能用于限定性或非限定性 定语从句只用于限定性定语从句指人或指物指人指物主语whowh i chthat宾语whom wh i chthat定语whose whose (ofwhich)欧阳音创编欧阳音创编2021.03.112021.03.11欧阳音创编欧阳音创编2021.03.

10、112021.03.11I know that he i s a man who (that) means what be says.The gent I eman whom (that) she met addressed her with courtesy (礼貌)。The watch wh i ch (that) was I ost has been foundHere i s the meterial which (that) you need You' re the on I y one whose adv i ce he mi ght I i sten to.关系副词的选用

11、相对来说较简单。如先行词为表示 时间的名词，如time, day等，则用when;如先行 词为表示地点的名词，如place, house, area等, 则用where;如先行词为reason,则用why。例： I'll never forget the mountain vi I I age where (in which) I spent my chi Idhood.I dor/t know the reason why (for wh i ch) he d i d that.1.当先行词是all, something, nothing等不定 代词时；或先行词前有first, la

12、st, only, few, much, some, any, no等修饰时；或先行词前有形容欧阳音创编欧阳音创编2021.03.112021.03.11欧阳音创编欧阳音创编2021.03.112021.03.11词最高级修时，一般只用that而不用which来引 导定语从句。例：I 1 ve exp I a ined every thing (that) I can to you.Th i s i s the most beautiful compus (that)I 1ve ever been to.2. 定语从句分为限定性定语从句和非限定性定语 从句，限定性定语从句与主句关系紧密，为句中

13、不 可缺少的部分，如去掉，主句意思不完整。非限定 性定语从句与主句关系松散，如去掉，主句内容仍 完整。在书面语中，非限定性定语从句一般被逗句 隔开。非限定性定语从句一般不用that引导。引 导非限定性定语从句的关系词不可省略。H i s speech, wh i ch bored everyone, went on and on.The gen era I ' s daugh ter. whose name i s Ann. gave me a sweet smile3. 先行词也可以是整个句子。这时，一般用which 或as来引导定语从句。which在从句中可充当主 语、宾语等，as

14、在从句中一般只充当主语。which 与as引导此类定语从句的区别在于：which只能置欧阳音创编欧阳音创编2021.03.112021.03.11欧阳音创编欧阳音创编2021.03.112021.03.11于句中或句末，而as的位置比较灵活，可置于句 中、句末，又可置于句首。Water cons i sts of hydrogen and oxygen, which (as) i s known to all.As had bee n expec ted. he fin ished f i rs t in decath I on (十项全能)at that 01 ymp i c Games.4

15、.关系代词在定语从句中有时也做介词的宾语。 如果介词被置于关系代词前，一般只用介词+which 或介词+whom,而不用介词+that来此导定语从句。 如果介词被置于从句句末，则可用that代替which 或whom,且that这时可省去。This i s the ring on which she spe nt 11000 do I I ars.One of my co I I eagues whom (that) you are fami Iiar with wi I I come today.区分关系代词与关系副词方法一：用关系代词， 还是关系副词完全取决于从句中的谓语动词。及物 动词后

16、面无宾语，就必须要求用关系代词；而不及 物动词则要求用关系副词。例如：This is the mountain v i I I age where I stayed I ast year.欧阳音创编欧阳音创编2021.03.112021.03.11欧阳音创编欧阳音创编2021.03.112021.03.11I'll never forget the days when I worked together with you.方法二：准确判断先行词在定语从句中的成分 (主、谓、宾、定、状)，也能正确选择出关系代词 /关系副词。例 1. Is this museum _D you v i s

17、 i ted a few days age?A. whereB. thatC. on whichD. the one 例 2. I s t h i s the museum _A_ the exh i b i tion was he Id. A whereB. thatC. on whichD. the one三、副词性从句在复合句中，起状语作用的从句称作状语从句。状语从句分为：时间状语从句、地点状语从句、条 件状误从句、原因状语从句、让步状语从句、比较 状语从句、目的状语从句、结果状语从句、方式状 语从句。状语从句可放在句首或句末。如状语从句位于主语 前，一般用逗号将其与主句隔开。(-)时间

18、状语从句When you cross a ma i n road, you must be very carefuI.欧阳音创编欧阳音创编2021.03.112021.03.11欧阳音创编欧阳音创编2021.03.112021.03.11Until we I earn the facts, we can't do anyth i ng about it注1. when, as, while引导时间状语从句时都可 以表示主句的动作与从句的动作同时发生，即同时 性。它们的区别在于：when和as引导的状语从句 中的动作既可以是延续性的，也可以是非延续性的, 即瞬时性的；while引导的状语

19、从句中的动作只能 是延续的动作或状态。当主句和从句中的动作均为延续动作时，一般用 while,而不用when或as。当表示两个同时发展、 变化的情况时，一般用as,作“随着”解。When she comes, I shaI I teI I her to wa i t for you. As she got older, she got wi ser.While Peter was reading,hi s wife wascook i ng.2.有些副词和一些表示时间的名词词组也可用作 从属连词，引导时间状语从句。如instantly, i mmed i ately, d i rectly,

20、the day, every ti me, the mi nute, the second, the moment 等。Immed i ately he arr i ved, he started欧阳音创编欧阳音创编2021.03.112021.03.11欧阳音创编欧阳音创编2021.03.112021.03.11descr i b ing us what had happenedThe day he returned home, h i s grandpa was a Irady dead(二)条件状语从句引导条件状语从句的从属连词有:if, unless, as(so) long as,

21、only if (只要)。If you don't come on time. we1 I I start out without you.As (so) long as you keep on trying, you1 I I certainly succeed.注：除了以上提到的从属连词外，还有其它的一些 词或词组也可引导条件状语从句。女 口 ： prov i d ing that, prov i ded, , suppos i ng that. , suppose that, , on condition that. , in case 等。I wi I I go prov i

22、d i ng that my experises are paid.要是我的费用有人代付我就去Suppos i ng he i s not at home, what then?假女口 他不在家，那怎么办？You can use the bicycle on condition that欧阳音创编欧阳音创编2021.03.112021.03.11欧阳音创编欧阳音创编2021.03.112021.03.11在于；因为。now (that)表示既然。Theory i s va I uabIe i n that it can provi de a d i rect ion for practice.

23、理论所以有价值，就在于 它能给实践指出方向。Now (that) the we a ther has improved, let's go out for a picnic.既然天气已转好，我们就出 去野餐吧。(四) 让步状语从句引导让步状语从句的从属连词有：though, alt hough, even i f (eve n t hough), as, no matt er despi te the fac t that, in sp i te of the fact that, whi leoT i red as he was, he sat up I ate.他虽然疲倦， 可仍然

24、很晚才睡。No matter how they sIander us, we wiI I never give in.不管他们怎样诽谤我们，我们决不让步。While I Iike the color of the hat, I do not I ike its shape.虽然我喜欢这顶帽子的颜色，但我 不喜欢它的形状。注：一些疑问词在词尾加上ever后，也可引导让欧阳音创编欧阳音创编2021.03.112021.03.11欧阳音创编欧阳音创编2021.03.112021.03.11步状语从句，相当于no matter+疑问词。这些词包 括 ： whatever, wherever, when

25、ever, whoever, howeveroWhatever he says, don't be I eve him 不管他说 什么都不要想相信他。Whoever you are, you must obey the traffic reguI at i ons.（五）目的状语从句引导目的状语从句的从属连词有：SO that, in order that, Iest, i n case, for fear thatoThey cI imbed to the top of the bui Iding in order that t hey cou Id get a bird's

26、-eye v i ew of the city.Ask her to hurry up with these letters so that I can s i gn them.Take an umbrella in case it ra i ns.We dare not pI ay jokes on him Iest he shouId become angry.我们不敢开他玩笑生怕他动气。注：so that 和 in order that 的区别：so that 更常用，in order that更正式。so that引导的欧阳音创编欧阳音创编2021.03.112021.03.11欧阳音创编欧阳音创编2021.03.112021.03.11从句一般置于句末，而in order that引导的从句 既可置于句首，又可置于句末。In order that the grass and fIowers could b I oom aga i n, it was n ecessary that the rocks shouId be removed.She got up early so that she could catch the f i rst bus.(六) 结果状语从句结果状语从句一般由下列连词引导：SO