文本参考墨尔本mb12climbing and descending turnsmfta

1、Effects of ControlsMass BriefMass BriefClimbing and descending turnsAim, Application and OutcomesAIMOUTCOMESAPPLICATIONCLIMBING AND DESCENDING TURNSTo turn the aircraft onto a reference point (heading) whilst climbing or descending whilst maintaining the required aircraft performance- Changing headi

2、ng during a climb or descent while navigating.- Turning after takeoff or during approach.At the completion of this briefing the student will have:- A basic understanding of the principles and forces involved in climbing or descending turns. - A sound understanding of over banking, under banking and

3、balance. W1W2TEL DTE + T = D + W2Total thrust is greater than drag in a climb.Excess thrust enables us to climb.To prevent this we need excess thrust to balance out W2W2 acts in the same direction as drag.D + W2 TAircraft would lose speed.W2CLIMBING AND DESCENDING TURNSRevision - Forces in a ClimbW1

4、W2L T Assuming power is brought back to idle, then Drag Thrust.Aircraft would lose airspeed.To maintain the correct speed we need to lower the nose and accept an AoDW2 acts in the same direction as thrust.W2 balances out drag allowing constant IAS.W2CLIMBING AND DESCENDING TURNSRevision - Forces in

5、a DescentCentripetal Force LHLVCentrifugal ForceApparent WeightApparent Weight also known as LOAD FACTOR (G-Force). The steeper the turn, the higher the RESULTANT LIFT component required, thus a higher LOAD FACTOR.Centrifugal Force is the aircrafts mass attempting to continue on its original straigh

6、t path.LF = LIFT WEIGHTLOAD FACTOR = 1.15 in 30 TurnWe feel 1.15 times our own weight. CLIMBING AND DESCENDING TURNSRevision - Forces in a TurnCLIMBING AND DESCENDING TURNSForces in Climbing TurnsForces in a climbing turn are simply a combination of the climb forces and the bank forces.During a clim

7、bing turn the lift force still acts in the direction of the normal axis and the weight force to the centre of the earth. CLIMBING AND DESCENDING TURNSForces in Climbing Turns.As bank angle increases, the lift required also increases. To produce this extra lift we have to increase our AOA(backpressur

8、e). When we increase our AOA we increase our induced drag, and therefore more thrust is required to overcome it. To maintain a given IAS during a turn thrust must be increased, any excess thrust we use to maintain our level turn, is less we have to contribute to a climb, therefore the angle of climb

9、 achievable decreases. The same goes for our excess power and rate of climb. To ensure there is adequate power for the climb we limit angle of bank during any climb to 15 THRUSTVX 63ktsReduced excess thrust Excess thrust Thrust required for straight and level flight.Lets look at what happens during

10、a level turn.Forces in a Climbing turn Banking and Drag The forces are similar to a straight climb, except the lift force is now tilted with the AoB.There will only be a small increase in Induced drag during a Rate One Climbing Turn This minimal amount of drag may reduce our Airspeed (2-4 KIAS) duri

11、ng a rate one climbing turn. but we can accept this providing the Airspeed doesnt continue reducing. To maintain Vy, we may need to adjust the attitude (small change) Climbing Turns should be limited to Rate One turns AoBInduced Drag Increase %15 AoB7.2%30AoB33%45AoB100%CLIMBING AND DESCENDING TURNS

12、Climbing Turns Limiting the AoBOverbankDuring a Climbing turn the higher speed and greater angle of attack on the outer wing creates a tendency to OVERBANKAileron input will have to be slightly reduced during a climbing turn to maintain the correct attitudeFlight path of inner wingFlight path of out

13、er wingL+L- Low AoAHigh AoAHorizontal distance travelledVertical height gainedCLIMBING AND DESCENDING TURNSClimbing Turns - OverbankingCLIMBING AND DESCENDING TURNSForces in Descending TurnsForces in a descending turn are simply a combination of the descent forces and the bank forces.During a descen

14、ding turn the lift force still acts in the direction of the normal axis and the weight force to the centre of the earth. CLIMBING AND DESCENDING TURNSForces in Descending TurnsIn a descending turn the aircraft will have an increase in RoD due to the tilting of the lift vector which reduces the verti

15、cal component of lift and increases the airspeed. This can be arrested by applying gentle backpressure which re-establishes the airspeed. UNDERBANKINGOuter Wing will travel fasterInner wing Angle of Attack is HigherL+L-Outer wingTravels fasterLow AoAHigh AoAA slight underbank is possibleVertical hei

16、ght gainedHorizontal distance travelled CLIMBING AND DESCENDING TURNSPractical Application Climbing TurnsPre check Lookout, reference heading and altitudeSmoothly Apply full power and use rudder to balance (PAST)Adopt the best rate of climb attitude TrimGently roll the aircraft to 15 AoBALAPRoll win

17、gs level, and then return to straight and level (ASPT)ALAPWe Will conduct climbing turns left and right to various headings and altitudesCLIMBING AND DESCENDING TURNSPractical Application Climbing TurnsThe attitude needs to be maintained throughout the turn.This will involve small corrections with t

18、he Ailerons to manage the overbanking tendencyThe 15 AoB attitude should remain constantCLIMBING AND DESCENDING TURNSPractical Application Descending TurnsPre checks Lookout reference heading and altitudeEnter a cruise descent (PAST) (RPM 2100 - 5 fingers 500fpm)Use BBB to enter a 30 Descending turn

19、ALAP (Must maintain 500fpm)Roll wings level at nominated headingReturn to Straight and level flight (PAST)ALAPWe Will conduct Descending turns left and right to various headings and altitudesCLIMBING AND DESCENDING TURNSPractical Application Climbing TurnsCLIMBING AND DESCENDING TURNSPractical Appli

20、cation Climbing TurnsCLIMBING AND DESCENDING TURNSEntering a Climb or DescentP Power - Set power Full for climb, 2000-2200 for CRZ descentA Attitude - Set the attitude required.S Speed - Allow the aircrafts airspeed to settle on the desired speed. T Trim - Trim the aircraft as required.Prior to ente

21、ring a climb or descent, we use the following mnemonic, which you will be familiar with from the lesson on Straight and Level Flight.CLIMBING AND DESCENDING TURNSEntering a Climb or DescentA Attitude - Cross check the attitude required and make small adjustments if need be.L Lookout - Keep a good lo

22、okout for other trafficA Attitude - Cross check the attitude required and make small adjustments if need be.P Performance - During climbs this will be an airspeed, during descent this willDuring a climb or descent, we use the following mnemonic, which you will be familiar with from the lesson on Str

23、aight and Level Flight.CLIMBING AND DESCENDING TURNSDuring the TurnWhilst we look at each combination, familiarise yourself with where the horizon cuts through the instrument panel from your perspective as it will make setting the right attitude for each climb and descent become easier.THIS PERSPECT

24、IVE CHANGES FROM PERSON TO PERSON, SO OBSERVE WHERE THE HORIZON REFERENCE IS FOR YOU.B Bank - Roll the aircraft (15for climbing, 30for descent).B Balance - Apply rudder gently in the direction of turn maintaining aircraft balance.B Backpressure - Apply gentle backpressure to arrest the nose down ten

25、dency (same as in any level turn however in a climbing turn, the nose will need to be adjusted to maintain 79kts and in descent the backpressure required will be minimal). During the turn, we use the following mnemonic, which you will be familiar with from the lesson on Straight and Level Flight.CLI

26、MBING AND DESCENDING TURNSAirmanship / Threat and Error ManagementEffective lookout for traffic During Taxi, Circuit Area and Training AreaProcedures Aircraft Checklists, Moorabbin Airport ProceduresPositive Communication - Handover / Takeover Procedure - Traffic Location / Identification “Traffic T

27、hree Oclock, High”. “Traffic Sighted” - Correct Radio Procedures - Radio Calls, Read backs and Acknowledgement of ATC InstructionsSmooth and Positive Control and Engine Inputs WARM ENGINE EVERY 1000ft DURING GLIDE AND EMERGENCY DESCENTSAssess Situations and Make DecisionsMaintain Situational AwarenessAt all times during flight the following will be maintained by the student:CLIMBING AND DESCENDING TURNSReview QuestionsWhat is the tendency during a bank in a climb and why?What is the recommended AOB in a climbing turn?