二轮专题——动词时态和语态（李瑶）

1、二轮复习专题动词的时态和语态一、动词时态和语态在高考中的考查重点：时态和语态题几乎在各省市每套试卷的单选中占2题（完形填空除外）。同时，在书面表达中，也有很多同学出现表达时时态和语态错乱的现象，因此，足见时态与语态题很重要。1. 近年常考的时态：一般过去时，一般将来时，现在进行时，过去进行时，现在完成时，现在完成进行时，过去完成时，将来完成时，将来进行时2. 既考查时态又考查语态；3. 考查动词的及物与不及物；4. 考查主动形式表示被动意义；5. 对被动语态习惯句型的考查。二、近五年安徽和全国高考考查数量：年份20122011200020092008地区安徽全国安徽全国安徽全国安徽全国安徽全国

2、考查数量428330438230226三、专题教学主要内容（一）主要时态用法与注意事项一般现在时（1）表示客观事实或普通真理（不受时态限制）The geography teacher told us the earth moves around the sun.（2）表示性质、状态时多用系动词或状态动词；表示经常性或习惯性的动作，多用动作动词，且常与表频率的时间状语连用。Ice feels cold. We always care for each other and help each other. （3）表示感觉、态度、情感、某种抽象关系或概念的词常用一般现在时：see、hear、smel

3、l、taste、feel、notice、agree、believe、like、hate、want、think、belong to、seem、appear等。All the students here belong to No.6 Senior High School. （4）在时间、让步、条件状语从句中常用一般现在时代替将来时。但要注意由if 引导的条件状语从句中可以用shall或will表“意愿”，不表示时态。 If you will accept my invitation and come to our party, my family will be pleased.（5）少数表示趋向

4、性动作的动词或起止动作的动词如come、go、leave、arrive、fly、take off、return、start、begin、open、close、end、stop等常用一般现在时代替将来时，表示按规定、计划或安排要发生的动作，或事先安排以及肯定会出现的状态。The shop closes at 11:00 p.m. every day.Tomorrow is Wednesday.现在进行时（1）表示现在某一具体时刻正在发生的动作。It is raining now.（2）表示趋向性动作的动词常用进行时态表示将来时态：go，come，leave，start，arrive，return

5、，take off等We are leaving on Friday.（3）表示目前一段时间内经常性、反复性的动作，但说话时间不一定在进行。They are planting trees these days.（4）与频度副词always、continuously、continually或frequently连用，表示说话人语气中包含情感色彩：赞扬或褒奖；不满或厌恶。The girl is always talking loud in public.下面四类动词不宜用现在进行时： （A）表示心理状态、情感的动作：like, love, hate, care, remember, believe

6、, want, mind, wish, agree, mean, need等。（B）表存在的状态的动词：appear, exist, lie, remain, seem, belong to, depend on等。（C）表示暂时性动作的动词：allow, accept, permit, promise, admit, complete等。（D）表示感官的动词：see, hear, notice, feel, smell, sound, taste, look等。系动词中，只有表示变化的系动词可以用于进行时态。一般将来时will+动词原形：（1）临时性的决定。（2）表示不以人的意志为转移将要发

7、生的事情。（3）表示说话人认为、相信、希望、假定在将来将要发生的事情。（4）用在科技用语中，表示事物的倾向性或规律性。Some is knocking at the door.Oh, I will go to answer it.Next month I will be 18 years old.I believe China will become one of the strongest countries in the world.Oil and water will not mix.be going to+动词原形：（1）表示主语的打算或意图。（2）表示根据某种迹象，预测在将来将要发生

8、的事情。（3）可以用在条件句中表示将来的打算。Look at the clouds. There is going to be a storm.If you are going to attend the meeting, youd better leave now.be to+动词原形：（1）表示按程序、计划或安排将要做的事情。（2）表示按命令、指示、约定、要求、职责或义务等将要做的事情，相当于should，ought to，must或have to，可解释为“必须、必要、应该”。（3）表示将来注定会发生的事情。（4）也可用于条件句中，意思为“想要做”。A new bridge is to

9、be built over the river.A meeting is to be held at 3:00 oclock this afternoon. You are to do your homework before watching TV.All you have done are to be answered for.If you are to pass the exams, you will have to study harder from now on.be about to+动词原形：意义等同于“be on the point of doing sth.”，在句中不可与表

10、示将来的时间状语连用。I was about to go to bed when the phone rang.现在完成时（1）表示过去某一时间发生过的动作对现在产生影响与结果；（2）表示从过去某一时间开始的动作一直延续到现在，常与表示一段时间的时间状语连用，短暂性动词不可用于这种用法肯定句中，但可用于此种用法的否定句中。温馨提示：A. 当句中含有以下时间状语时，谓语动词常用现在完成时态：recently, lately, so far, up to now, till now, since, the last week/month/year, in/during the last 10 ye

11、ars()B. 句型“It/This is the first/second time +that从句”中，that从句中可以使用现在完成时或一般将来时。现在完成进行时表示从过去某一时间起开始的动作一直持续到现在，并且还会持续下去。Im sure you will do better in the test because you have been studying so hard this year. Weve spent too much money recently. Well, it isnt surprising. Our friends and relatives have be

12、en coming around all the time.一般过去时（1）一般过去时的基本用法：表示过去的事情、动作或状态常与表示过去具体的时间状语连用（或有上下文语境暗示）；用于表达过去的习惯；表示说话人原来没有料到、想到或希望的事通常用过去式。（2）如果从句中有一个过去的时间状语，尽管从句中的动作先于主句发生，但从句中的谓语动词用过去式。（3）表示两个紧接着发生的动作，常由以下词语连接，用一般过去时。如：but, and, when, as soon as, immediately, the moment, the minute。（4）在before或after引导的时间状语从句中，用一

13、般过去时代替过去完成时。I met her in the street yesterday. I once saw the famous star here. They never drank wine. I thought the film would be interesting, but it isnt. He told me he read an interesting novel last night. The moment she came in, she told me what had happened to her. He bought a watch but lost it

14、. After he left the room, the boss came in. We arrived home before it snowed.过去完成时（1）表示“过去的过去”。以及当“时间名词+ before”在句子中作状语时，谓语动词用过去完成时。The train had left before we reached the station. He said his first teacher had died at least 10 years before.（2）表示主语过去原持有的打算、愿望、计划或想法等与过去事实相反，常用此结构的动词有：think，hope，want

15、，expect，mean， intend suppose等；或用上述动词过去式接不定式完成式表示即：“hoped/ planned + to have done”。（3）用在“hardly /rarely /scarcely when”或“no soonerthan”句型的第一个分句中。The train had left before we reached the station. He said his first teacher had died at least 10 years before. We had no sooner been seated than the bus sta

16、rted. = No sooner had we been seated than the bus started.过去完成进行时表示过去某一时间之前已开始的动作一直持续到过去那一时间，且还会持续进行。When I entered her room, she had been doing her homework for three hours.（二）几种容易混淆的时态辨析：一般过去时与过去进行时的区别一般过去时表示过去某一时间发生过的事情，过去进行时可以表示过去一段时间内经常性反复性的动作Its said that he was writing a novel last year, but

17、I dont know whether he has finished it.过去进行时可与频度副词always、continuously、continually或frequently连用，表示说话人语气中包含情感色彩：赞扬、褒奖或厌恶；一般过去时只表示客观陈述。Last term, the boy was always talking in class.一般过去时与现在完成时的区别一般过去时态只表示动作在过去的时间已经结束了；而现在完成时表示在过去某一时间结束的动作对现在产生影响或结果或表示过去某一时间开始的动作一直持续到现在，常与表示一段时间的短语连用。Bob has gone to Ca

18、lifornia.Oh, can you tell me when he left?Excuse me, I didnt realize I was blocking your way. （三）被动语态被动语态的构成方式：be + 过去分词，口语只也有用get / become + 过去分词表示。被动语态用来强调或突出动作的承受者（by短语有时可以省略）。（四）被动语态用法与注意事项不能用被动语态的几种情况（1）所有的不及物动词或不及物动词词组不能用于被动语态之中；（2）系动词不可用于被动语态中；（3）表示状态的谓语动词，如：last、hold、benefit、contain、equal、fi

19、t、join、mean、look like、consist of等；（4）表归属动词，如have、own、belong to等；（5）表示“希望、意图”的动词，如：wish、want、hope、like、love、hate等； （6）宾语是反身代词或相互代词时，谓语动词用主动语态，不能用被动语态；（7）宾语是同源宾语，不定式、动名词等非谓语动词不用被动语态。注意几种主动语态表示被动意义（1）当主语具备某种特征或功能使得谓语动词表示的动作能够顺利实现时，或主语不具备某种功能或特征使得谓语动词表示的动作无法顺利实现时，都使用主动语态表示被动意义。This kind of book sells we

20、ll. This kind of cloth washes easily. My pen writes smoothly. Kites made of paper tear easily in strong wind.These novels wont sell well. The door wont lock. （2）当不定式短语作定语，与所修饰的名词或代词之间是被动关系时，如果句中有另外某一名词或代词发出不定式动作，则必须使用不定式的主动语态表示被动意义。I have a lot of things to do today.Yang Liwei had several tasks to c

21、omplete during the flight.（3）在“主语+系动词+形容词+不定式”句型中，如果作表语的形容词表示主语给人的心理感觉或感受时，则即使不定式与主语之间为被动关系，但必须使用主动语态。The novel is interesting to read.The car is expensive to buy.In many peoples opinion, that company, though relatively small, is pleasant to deal with.在“主语+think/find+宾语+形容词+不定式”句型中，如果作宾补的形容词表示宾语给人的心

22、里感觉或感受时，则即使不定式与宾语之间为被动关系，但必须使用主动语态。 We think English easy to learn.（4）某些表示出租、责备、解雇之类的不定式短语作表语使用，常用主动语态表示被动意义。如：let，rent，hire，blame等。The house is to let/rent. 这房屋出租。He is not to blame. 他不该受责备。3. 动名词的主动语态表示被动意义（1）“need，want，require，deserve”等词跟动名词的主动形式作宾语表示与主语之间为被动关系，也可以使用不定式的被动语态作宾语。The matter require

23、s looking into (to be looked into).He deserves punishment /punishing/to be punished.4. 被动形式表示主动意义的几种情况：（1）be seated坐着（2）be hidden躲藏（3）be lost迷路 （4）be drunk喝醉 （5）be dressed穿着He is seated on a bench.（He seats himself on a bench.）He was hidden behind the door. (He hid himself behind the door.) The girl

24、 was dressed in a red short skirt. 四、精讲例题1.【2012江西卷】 Look! Somebody _ the sofa. Well, it wasnt me. I didnt do it.A. is cleaning B. was cleaning C. has cleaned D. had cleaned【答案】C。【解析】句意为“看，有人已经打扫了沙发。是的，不是我，我没有做。”根据句意得知，本句考察过去发生的动作对现在造成的影响或结果，所以用现在完成时。2.【2012湖南卷】I remember you were a talented pianist

25、 at college. Can you play the piano for me? Sorry, I _ the piano for years.A. dont play B. wasnt playing C. havent played D. hadnt played【答案】C。 【解析】根据“remember”和“can”可知语境为现在，有“for years”得知动作“不弹钢琴”从过去持续到现在，所以为现在完成时。3.【2012湖南卷】Close the door of fear behind you, and you _ the door of faith open before

26、you.A. saw B. have seen C. will see D. are seeing【答案】C。【解析】从前以分句为祈使句可知此语境为将来的情况，而且这是一常见句型“祈使句+and引导的一般将来时态陈述句”。4.【2012湖南卷】Dont worry. The hard work that you do now _ later in life. A. will be repaidB. was being repaidC. has been repaidD. was repaid【答案】A。【解析】从“dont”可知语境为现在，排除B、D；而later in life可知为将来的动

27、作，故选A。应使用一般将来时态。5.【2012重庆卷】Food supplies in the flood-stricken area _. We must act immediately before theres none left.A. have run out B. are running out C. have been run out D. are being run out【答案】B。【解析】分析题干语境可知，食品供应即将耗尽。run out为不及物动词短语，不能使用被动语态，由此可排除C和D两个选项。B选项为现在进行时态，可以表示将来，符合题意。 6.【2012重庆卷】Kevi

28、n, you look worried. Anything wrong? Well, I _ a test and Im waiting for the result. A. will take B. took C. had taken D. take【答案】B。【解析】根据答语的后半句可知，现在Kevin正在等待测试的成绩，参加测试为一个过去的动作，应该使用一般过去时态。7.【2012辽宁卷】 Mum, I was wondering if you could lend me a few dollars until I _ on Friday. A. get paid B. got paid

29、 C. have paid D. had been paid【答案】A。【解析】在时间状语从句中用一般现在时表将来，且I与pay之间是被动关系，所以选A。8.【2012辽宁卷】Jack is a great talker. Its high time that he _ something instead of just talking. A. will do B. has done C. do D. did 【答案】D。【解析】在句型“Its high/very time that ”中，从句中的谓语动词用“did”或“should do”9.【2012辽宁卷】I feel so excit

30、ed! At this time tomorrow morning I _ to Shanghai.A. will be flying B. will fly C. have been flying D. have flown【答案】A。【解析】因为“At this time tomorrow morning”作时间状语，所以主句使用将来进行时。10.【2012四川卷】Did you catch what I said? Sorry. I _ a text message just now.A. had answering B. have answered C. would answer D.

31、 was answering【答案】 D。 【解析】根据句意及时间状语“just now”可知，回短信的动作正好是发生在问话人说话的那一时间点，即表示过去某一时间点正在发生的动作，故用过去进行时态。11.【2012四川卷】They are living with their parents for the moment because their own house _.A. is being rebuilt B. has been rebuilt C. is rebuilt D. has rebuilt【答案】A。 【解析】根据句意可知，应使用被动语态，且house与动词rebuilt之间为

32、被动关系，所以使用现在进行时态的被动语态。12.【2012陕西卷】Can I call you back at two oclock this afternoon? Im sorry, but by then I _ to Beijing. How about five?A. fly B. will fly C. will be flying D. am flying 【答案】C。 【解析】根据问句中的“two oclock”和应答句中的“by then”可知，所填词表示的动作在当时正在进行，用将来进行时。13.【2012北京卷】By the time you have finished th

33、is book, your meal _ cold.A. gets B. has got C. will get D. is getting【答案】C。【解析】by the time 后接现在时，表示将来之前发生的动作，故用将来时。14.【2012北京卷】Our friendship _ quickly over the weeks that followed.A. had developed B. was developing C. would develop D. developed【答案】D。【解析】根据时间状语“over the weeks that followed”得知，本句描述在

34、过去阶段发生的动作，所以用一般过去式。15.【2012全国II】The manager _ the workers how to improve the program since 9 am.A. has told B. is telling C. has been telling D. will have told【答案】C。【解析】根据时间状语“since 9 am.”得知，所填的“tell”这一动作从过去开始一直延续到现在，且有可能还在进行。16.【2012全国II】Did you ask Sophia for help?I _ need to I managed perfectly w

35、ell on my own.A. wouldnt B. dont C. didnt D. wont【答案】C。【解析】根据语境得知，对话的内容谈论是过去的事情，故用一般过去时。17. 【2012全国新课程】I had been working on math for the whole afternoon and the numbers _ before my eyes.A. swim B. swum C. swam D. had swum【答案】C。【解析】主句用过去完成进行时，所以后面的并列句用一般过去时，只有这样才具备“过去的过去”这一条件。18.【2012全国新课程】“Life is

36、like walking in the snow”, Granny used to say, “because every step _.”A. has shown B. is showing C. shows D. showed【答案】C。【解析】此处是奶奶过去常常说的一句话，这里是直接引语，句子的内容是生活哲理。所以用一般现在时。19.【2012山东卷】The manager was concerned to hear that two of his trusted workers _. A. will leave B. are leaving C. have left D. were l

37、eaving 【答案】D。【解析】此处用过去进行时表示过去将来时。这里“were leaving”表示“过去将要离职”。20.【2012山东卷】After Jack had sent some e-mails, he _ working on his project. A. had started B. has started C. started D. starts 【答案】C。【解析】根据前面的时间状语从句中的谓语动词用了过去完成时，可知后面的主句用一般过去时，这样才能符合“过去的过去”这一条件。21.【2012福建卷】一When did the computer crash?一This

38、morning, while I _ the reading materials downloaded from some websites.A. have sorted B. was sorting C. am sorting D. had sorted【答案】B。【解析】首先根据时间状语this morning知道是发生过的事情，排除A、C两项其次，过去完成时的使用前提是有动作的先后顺序，然而本句指的是“今天早晨我正把从网上下载的阅读材料分类时电脑坏了。”指的是过去正在进行的动作用过去进行时，B项正确。22.【2012浙江卷】 Alvin, are you coming with us?

39、Id love to, but something unexpected _.A. has come up B. was coming up C. had come up D. would come up【答案】A。【解析】 根据句意，现在完成时表示过去发生的动作或事情到现在为止，且对现在造成了一定的影响或结果，符合语境，故答案选。为过去进行时，表示过去某段时间正在进行的的动作或所处的状态；为过去完成时，表示过去的过去；为过去将来时，表示过去将来要发生的事情，均不符合语境。23.【2012浙江卷】Peter had intended to take a job in business, but

40、 _ that plan after the unpleasant experience in Canada in 2010.A. had abandoned B. abandoned C. abandon D. will abandon【答案】B。【解析】根据but提示，本句是并列句，故前后时态一致。根据第一个分句中的谓语动词用了过去完成时，可知第二个分句中应用一般过去时，这样才能符合“过去的过去”这一条件。24. 【2012江苏卷】The president hopes that the people will be better off when he quits than when h

41、e _.A. has started B. starts C. started D. will start【答案】C。【解析】句意为：这位总统希望人民在他离任时比他刚上任时更富有。根据句意，总统开始上任是过去发生的动作，所以用一般过去时。 25.【2012江苏卷】The manager is said to have arrived back from Paris where he _ some European partners.A. would meet B. is meeting C. meets D. had met【答案】D。【解析】根据“is said to have arrive

42、d”可知，“arrive”这个动作发生在过去，而定语从句中的谓语动作“meet”则在之前发生，即为过去的过去所发生的动作，所以使用过去完成时。26.【2012安徽卷】After school we went to the reading-room to do some reading, only to be told that it _.A. was decorated B. had decorated C. had been decorating D. was being decorated 【答案】D。【解析】It 指代 the reading-room，所以只能用被动，又因为“only

43、to be told ”表示结果，所以选择D。27. 【2012安徽卷】Walmart, which is one of the largest American supermarket chains, _ some of its store open 24 hours on Mondays through Saturdays.A. keeps B. keep C. have kept D. had kept【答案】A。【解析】which 引导的是非限制性定语从句。主句的主语“Walmart”为单数第三人称，同时本句表示Walmart一般性的营业状态，所以应用一般现在时态，选A。28.【201

44、2安徽卷】 In order to find the missing child , villagers _ all they can over the past five hours.A. did B. do C. had done D. have been doing【答案】D。【解析】句中的时间状语“over the past five hours”意味着主句中须用现在完成时，所以选择D（现在完成进行时）。五、反馈试卷1.【2011全国卷,23】Planning so far ahead _ no senseso many things will have changed by next

45、 year.A. made B. is making C. makes D. has made2.【2011全国卷,24】I wasnt sure if he was really interested or if he _ polite.A. was just being B. will just be C. had just been D. would just be3.【2011全国卷,29】When Alice came to, she did not know how long she _ there.A. had been lying B. has been lying C. wa

46、s lying D. has lain4.【2011全国卷II,9】If you dont like the drink you _ just leave it and try a different one.A. ordered B. are ordering C. will order D. had ordered5.【2011北京卷,21】Experiments of this kind _ in both the U.S. and Europe well before the Second World War.A. have conducted B. have been conduct

47、ed C. had conducted D. had been conducted6.【2011北京卷,23】Tom _ in the library every night over the last three months.A. works B. worked C. has been working D. had been working7.【2011北京卷,27】That must have been a long trip.Yeah, it _ us a whole week to get there.A. takes B. has taken C. took D. was taki

48、ng8.【2011北京卷,32】Bob has gone to California.Oh, can you tell me when he _?A. has left B. left C. is leaving D. would leave9.【2011天津卷,3】In the last few years thousands of films _ all over the world.A. have produced B. have been produced C. are producing D. are being produced10.【2011天津卷,4】On her next b

49、irthday, Ann _ married for twenty years.A. is B. has been C. will be D. will have been11.【2011上海春招,29】Im sure you will do better in the test because you _ so hard this year. A. studied B. had studied C. will study D. have been studying12.【2011上海春招,32】A lot of people often forget that oral exams _ to

50、 test our communicative ability. A. design B. are designed C. are designing D. are being designed13.【2011山东卷,31】When I got on the bus, I _ I had left my wallet at home.A. was realizingB. realizedC. have realizedD. would realize14.【2011山东卷,35】She was surprised to find the fridge empty; the child _ ev

51、erything!A. had been eating B. had eaten C. have eaten D. have been eating15.【2011江苏卷,21】I hear you _ in a pub. Whats it like?Well, its very hard work and Im always tired, but I dont mind.A. are working B. will work C. were working D. will be working16.【2011江苏卷,23】Tommy is planning to buy a car.I kn

52、ow. By next month, he _ enough for a used one. A. saves B. savedC. will save D. will have saved17.【2011福建卷,32】Last month, the Japanese government expressed their thanks for the aid they _ from China.A. receive B. are receiving C. have received D. had received18.【2011安徽卷, 32】I didnt ask for the name list. Why _on my desk? I put it there just now in case you needed it.A. does it