马克吐温写作风格鉴赏(An_Analysis_of_the_Writing_Styles_of_Mark_Twain)英文版全文

1、An Analysis of the Writing Styles of Mark Twain His colloquial Language and Satire in the Adventures of Huckleberry Finn 1.2 The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn The best work that Mark Twain ever produced is, as we noted earlier on, The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn. It tells a story about the Unite

2、d States before the Civil War, around 1850, when the great Mississippi Valley was still being settled. Here lies an America, with its great national faults, full of violence and even cruelty, yet still retaining the virtues of some simplicity, some innocence, and some peace. The story takes place al

3、ong the Mississippi River, on both sides of which there was unpopulated wilderness and a dense forest. It relates the story of the escape of Jim from slavery and, more important, how Huck Finn, floating along with him and helping him as best he could, changes his mind, his prejudice about black peop

4、le, and comes to accept Jim as a man and as a close friend as well. At the heart of Twains achievement is his creation of Huck Finn, who embodies that mythic America, midway between the wilderness and the modern super state. II. Analyzing Two Writing Styles of Mark Twain (in the Adventures of Huckle

5、berry Finn) Mark Twain was the first important writer to consistently use the American speech rather than Englands English. His honor, whether it was aimed at pure entertainment or at social satire, was irresistible. His realism, and details influenced many later American novelists. That was why Ern

6、est Hemingway once said “all modern American literatures came from one book written by Mark Twain called The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn.” And it became Twains masterpiece. Mark Twains three years life on that returned to the Mississippi left such a fond memory with him that returned to the theme

7、 more than once in his writing career. Huckleberry Finn is a veritable recreation of living models, and is Hucks book, not Jims. The two major characters, Huck and Jim, represent the two sides of the dilemma: Huck strikes out for an absolute freedom, while Jim requires, in order to gain his own free

8、dom, that Huck qualify his freedom by entering into the pursuit of Jims. It starts out as a comedy , an As You Like It with a hero drawn from the bottom of society rather than the top. Huck and his father, Jim, the swindlers(the Duke and the Dauphin), colonel sherburn and the drunkard Boggy-all thes

9、e characters prototypes in real life. The portrayal of individual incidents and characters achieved intense verisimilitude of detail. Serious problems are being discussed through the narration of a little illiterate boy. The fact that the wilderness juxtaposed with civilization, the people half wild

10、 and half civilized, many of whom are worse, vulgar, are brutal. As for the style of the book, the form is based on the simplest of all novel-forms, the so-called picaresque novel, or novel of the road, which strings its incidents on the line of the heros travels. But, in this novel, rivers are road

11、s that move, and the movement of the road in its own mysterious life transmutes the primitive simplicity of the from: the road itself is the greatest character in this novel of the road, and the heros departures from the river and his returns to it compose a subtle and significant pattern. The Adven

12、tures of Huckleberry Finn shows us the major achievements of his art: the masterful use of dialects; humor and pathos, innocence and evil. This novel demonstrates his ability to capture the enduring, archetypal, mythic images of America and to create the most memorable characters in all of American

13、fiction. 2.1 Use of Colloquial Language The book is written in a colloquial style, in the general standard speech of uneducated Americans. Moreover, the prose of Huckleberry Finn established the prose virtues of American colloquial speech. It has something to do with ease and freedom in the use of l

14、anguage. Most of all, it has to do with the structure of the sentence, which is simple, direct, and fluent, maintaining the rhythm of the words group of speech and the intonations of the speaking voice. Mark Twains colloquial style has influenced a large number of American writers. The Adventures of

15、 Huckleberry Finn displays the major achievements of his art: the carefully controlled point of view, with its implicit ironies expressed through the voice of a semiliterate boy: the masterful use of dialects: the felicitous balancing of nostalgic humorist and realism, humor and pathos, innocence an

16、d evil, all united for a journey down the Mississippi that serves as the mythic center of the novel. This novel demonstrates his ability to capture the enduring, archetypal, mythic images of America and to create the most memorable characters in all of American fiction. 2.1.1 Vernacular Language Mar

17、k Twain wrote in his unpretentious, colloquial, and poetic style. He used vernacular language, dialect with spelling representing pronunciation. Part of this comes from his interest in humor. The directness of the language is a very influential point in Twains style. Ernest Hemingway in the 20th cen

18、tury said that he had learnt his craft from Mark Twain because if the direct speech and the direct narration that Twain was able to achieve. The hoax and tall tale are also part of twains style. Hoax is writing something fantastic and pretending that it were true, much like the tall tale. It tolls a

19、s if it were true, and so the reader would laugh that any body could believe such preposterous things, the burlesque making fun of establishes ways of writing. Mark Twain said, “I amend dialect stuff by talking and talking it till it sounds right.” He wanted his writing to have the sound of easy-goi

20、ng speech. In Huckleberry Finn the fountainhead of the American colloquial prose, he wrote seven different dialects and each can be distinguished. If the reader is a linguist, he can examine the different pronunciations that Twain has shown. In his own time, dialect writing was considered humorous.

21、People got a big laugh out of reading these misspell words. Another feature of the book, which helps to make it famous is its language. The book is written in the colloquial style in the general standard speech of uneducated Americans. Mark Twains introductory note on accents is an indication of his

22、 conscious attempt to achieve accurate detail. “In this book,” he says, “a number of dialects are used, to wit: the Missouri Negro dialect; the extreme forms of the backwoods southwestern dialect; the ordinary pike country dialect; and four modified varieties of this last. The shadings have not been

23、 done in a haphazard fashion, or by guesswork; but painstakingly, and with the trustworthy guidance and support of personal familiarity, with these several forms of speech.” “Painstaking ” and “not haphazard,” though they possess a humorous ring, denote the conscientious effort on the part of the au

24、thor, and trustworthiness and familiarity and the authors awareness of dialects in using which reveal his attempt to reproduce actual daily speech with a degree of accuracy. A recent and very influential recasting of Hucks vernacular voice has identified. We may quote a passage from this masterpiece

25、 as an illustration: “I took the sack of corn meal and took it to where the canoe was hid, and shoved the vines and branches apart and put it in; then I done the same with the side of bacon; then the whisky-jug. I took all the coffee and sugar there was, and all the ammunition; I took the wadding; I

26、 took the bucket and gourd; took a dipper and a tin cup, and my old son and two blankets, and the skillet and the coffee-pot/ I took fish lines and matches and other things- everything that was worth a cent. I cleaned out the place I wanted an ax, but there wasnt any, only the one out at woodpile, a

27、nd I know why I was going to leave that. I fetched out the gun, and now I was done.” The words used here are, perhaps “ammunition” which is etymologically French, mostly Anglo-Saxon in origin, and are short, concrete and direct in effect. Sentence structures are most of them simple or compound, with

28、 a series of “then” and “ands” and semi-colons serving as connectives. The repetition of the word “took” and the stringing together of things leave the impression that Mark Twain depend solely on the concrete object and action for the body and movement of his prose. What is more, there is an ungramm

29、atical element, which gives the final finish to his style. The whole book approximates the actual speech habit of an uneducated boy from south American of the mid-nineteenth century. The vernacular language in the Adventures of Huckleberry Finn initiated the new style of language in American novels,

30、 and has had significant influence upon American writers of later generations. 2.1.2 Local Color Local color as a trend first made its presence in the late 1860s and early seventies. The vogue of local color fiction was, the logical combination of a long, progressive development. It was the outgrowt

31、h of historical and aesthetic forces that been gathering energy since early nineteenth century. Twain refers to the elements, which characterize a local culture, elements such as speech, customs, and also a particular place. Local colorists concerned themselves with presenting and interpreting the l

32、ocal character of their regions. They tended to identify and glorify, but they never forgot to keep an eye on the truthful color of local life. Twain depicted social life through descriptions of local places and people he knew best and believed that “the most valuable capital, or culture, or educati

33、on usable in the building of novels is personal experience.” Yet, sometimes Twain wrote a sentimental story, not because he was sentimental, but because he wanted to show the reader how stupid such a story really was. The reader has to be very careful when he or she reads Mark Twain. Twain often pla

34、yed trick on the reader. He often said things when he meant just the opposite. This is the irony that he got the humor from the Far West. He would do things that he did just to make fun , but the reader might think that he really meant it. Then the reader was the tender-foot who taken in . Mark twai

35、n preferred to respect social life through portraits of local places which he knew best and drew heavily from his own rich fund of knowledge of people and places. The Adventures of huckleberry Finn is one such example. Finn is living breathing personality. It is through his use of language and his a

36、ctivities that Twain creates character and sets down objective truth: Finn is uneducated; he dislikes civilized ways because they are restrictive and hypocritical he likes. Meanwhile, local color mixed romantic plots with realistic descriptions of things which were readily observed, with the customs

37、 , dialects, sights, smell and sounds of regional America. After the Civil war, local color had further developed, In this book, this kind of literature mainly describes the local life, the keynote was optimistic, and the language was narrative humorous. The characters he created were humorous and f

38、ull of wittiness. Mark Twins work was regarded the witness of Americas pure local life. According to Calkins, “Few American writers have written the same after reading telling.” From my point of view, American literature is so charming for this kind of works. Local color became dominate in American

39、Literature(1860-1870). One of the most important writing features of Mark Twain is the use of Local colorism. It is also impossible in the Mississippi River towns through which Huck and Jim journey to imagine being a hero .This in turn makes Sherborn a cold-blooded killer and Huck a saint (and Tom a

40、 good). Let me repeat it as a saint，however, Huck is no more bent on social reform, no more optimistic about it, than is sherburn. So local colorism is a variation of American realism, and also a description of a small refined region. Twain, breaking out of the narrow limits of local-color fiction,

41、described the breadth of American experience as no one had ever done before, or since, and he created The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn, a masterpiece of American realism that proverbs to be one of the great books of world literature. 2.1.3 Pun In English paronomasia called pun, means call by a dif

42、ferent name. The exact definition is: Humorous use of word to suggest different meanings, or of words of same or similar sound has different meanings. There are five forms of pun: homophonic pun, paranomasic, antalaclasis, sylletic pun, asteismus. In a certain context, pun has several pragmatic func

43、tions. Throughout all of Twains writing, we see the conflict between the ideals of Americans and their desire for money. But Twain never tried to solve the conflict. He is like a newspaperman who reports what he sees. In this situation, his humor was often rather childish. This may bespeak why the c

44、ritic P. Abel said:” Twain was a boy and an old man, but never was he a man.” In The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn, we can find many words and phrases that were used vividly to describe the things that happened, such as I went along slow then, and I wasnt right down certain whether I was glad I sta

45、rted or whether I wasnt. This sentence is very interesting; pun is used to express the authors mood at that moment. We can also use another kind of language to replace the original, but the effect is so different. So we can conclude that pun played an important role in this novel. 2.2 Satire in The

46、Adventures of Huckleberry Finn Satire is a way of criticizing people or ideas in a humorous way to show that they have faults or are wrong, or a piece of writing or play, which uses this style. In The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn, Twain shows satire on southern culture before the civil war, when t

47、he Mississippi valley was still being settled. Twain blended two different subjects, the experience of westward expansion and the experience of southern slavery. And he wrote about both regains of the country. His attitudes toward the south were much less pleasant than his attitudes toward the west,

48、 because he confronted the south problem of slave of mistreatment of humans by humans. Through the change of the white boy Hucks attitude toward Jim, a runaway black slave, Twain condemned racial discrimination. Twain made fun of typical American values, yet underneath he felt a brooding pessimism n

49、ot only about American valuable but also about life itself. It was a dreadful thing to see Human beings be awful cruel to one another. Due to Twains own experience, satire is successfully used in this novel. Theres one significant scene which should be remembered, Huck Finn witnesses many instances

50、of cruelty, brutality and hypocrisy in the township along the river Here are four points about his satire in this novel. 2.2.1 Vanity Vanity in The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn has a perfect embodiment. Twain viewed the poor whites and showed the reader how these no-count whites thought they were

51、better than black slaves. Many share-coppers just able to make enough money to live for these sorts of illusions. Vanity was the only thing that kept them above the slaves. Their standard of living in many cases was beneath that of slaves. The only thing that made them feel good about themselves was

52、 that they were white. And Twain made the reader laugh at the ludicrous idea that they were held. For Huck Finn, the journey on the raft with Jim was a voyage of moral discovery. At the early stage, Huck Finn looks upon Jim as a Negro slave with a common attitude. However, as they progress down the

53、river, he changes his mind and no longer has prejudice against black people. He gradually comes to see Jim as a human being and begins to accept him as his friend. Yet Huck Finn never fully succeeds in breaking free from the prevailing attitude towards Negroes. As for this part, its a large contrast

54、 to the other people. Huck Finn rebels against the atrocious king and duke. He is disgusted with their trifling with human beings. It is because that Huck Finn is such a good and noble person that his moral dilemma in helping a Negro slave to escape constitutes a profound condemnation of the way of

55、life and moral values of American south. His conscience has been formed by the morality of St. Petersburg and he never quite succeeds in freeing himself from that societys corrupt standards. Huck Finns formed conscience is the measure of the moral corruption of the community that shaped. So he sinks

56、 into an inner struggle. He becomes increasingly caught between his friendship with Jim and the common social standards. Compare with others, Huck Finns goodness is always unconscious and spontaneous, arising out of the deepest recesses of his nature. He abuse cares about the welfare of others and c

57、annot bear to see anyone suffer. He shows sympathy for the nicest of Peter Wilks and saves money for them. So the opposite character embodies vanity has come into the stage. However, humor could no more be found in Twains biter works. On the contrary, it was replaced by bitter satire, and vanity is

58、an embodiment of Twains satire. 2.2.2 Unquestioning Acceptance of Violence The second object of satire is the genteel upper-class southerner. The genteel upper-class southerners dont understand themselves, either. They lived a aristocratic life. In the novel, Granger fords are violent and hateful to

59、ward other people. Out of senseless perversion of a code of “honor”, they are involved in a feud, one that has been going on for generations with the shepherd sons. Its cause has been forgotten. Every Sunday, the shepherd sons and the Grange fords go to the same church. The shepherd sons sit on one side of their guns against the wall. And they listen to the preacher talk about brotherly love. When the sermon is over, they pick up their guns and