说明文阅读理解学案

1、. 阅读理解前置作业：Think about the different ways that people use the wind. You can use it to fly a kite or to sail a boat. Wind is one of our cleanest and richest power sources来源 as well as one of the oldest. Evidence shows that windmills风车began to be used in ancient Iran back in the seventh century BC. Th

2、ey were first introduced to Europe during the 1100s, when armies returned from the Middle East with knowledge of using wind power. For many centuries, people used windmills to grind磨碎wheat into flour or pump water from deep underground. When electricity was discovered in the late 1800s, people livin

3、g in remote areas began to use them to produce electricity. This allowed them to have electric lights and radio. However, by the1940s when electricity was available to people in almost all areas of the United States, windmills were rarely used. During the 1970s,people started becoming concerned abou

4、t the pollution that is created when coal and gas are burned to produce electricity .People also realized that the supply of coal and gas would not last forever .Then, wind was rediscovered ,though it means higher costs. Today, there is a global movement to supply more and more of our electricity th

5、rough the use of wind.1.Find the key words in the following three questions 1. What was a new use for wind power in the late 19th century? 2. Why was the wind rediscovered in the 1970s ？ 3. What would the author probably discuss in the paragraph that follows?2.篇章分析:本文的体裁是一篇 文。What does this passage

6、mainly talk about？The passage is mainly developed in the order顺序 of .3.Find out all the information about the time and events about the wind or windmills.Para. TimeEvents about the wind or windmillsQuestion1Windmills began to be used in ancient Iranduring the 1100s2people used windmills to grind磨碎wh

7、eat into flour or pump water from deep undergroundHowever，3观察：说明文中表达观点态度的词不多，但每一个都非常重要，都与文章主旨亲密相关。说明观点态度的动词及词组有： 观点在逻辑词之后：比照-同： 比照-异： 说明文阅读理解解题思路学案 体裁特点综述：高考英语阅读理解中的说明文主要用来说明情况，说明事理。它通过介绍情况，说明事物的特征，目的是为了 。说明文的说明顺序往往分为三类 ：介绍事物开展或演变的过程 ：从内到外，或从上到下，或从整体到部分全面说明事物各方面的特征 ：按照事物事理的内在逻辑关系来介绍说明Think about the

8、 different ways that people use the wind. You can use it to fly a kite or to sail a boat. Wind is one of our cleanest and richest power sources来源 as well as one of the oldest. Evidence shows that windmills风车began to be used in ancient Iran back in the seventh century BC. They were first introduced t

9、o Europe during the 1100s, when armies returned from the Middle East with knowledge of using wind power. For many centuries, people used windmills to grind磨碎wheat into flour or pump water from deep underground. When electricity was discovered in the late 1800s, people living in remote areas began to

10、 use them to produce electricity. This allowed them to have electric lights and radio. However, by the1940s when electricity was available to people in almost all areas of the United States, windmills were rarely used. During the 1970s,people started becoming concerned about the pollution that is cr

11、eated when coal and gas are burned to produce electricity .People also realized that the supply of coal and gas would not last forever .Then, wind was rediscovered ,though it means higher costs. Today, there is a global movement to supply more and more of our electricity through the use of wind.1. W

12、hat was a new use for wind power in the late 19th century? A. Sailing a boat. B. Producing electricity. C. Grinding wheat into flour. D. Pumping water from underground2. One of the reasons wind was rediscovered in the 1970s is that_.A. wind power is cleanerB. it is one of the oldest power sourcesC.

13、it was cheaper to create energy from windD. the supply of coal and gas failed to meet needs3. What would the author probably discuss in the paragraph that follows? A. The worldwide movement to save energy B. The global trend towards producing power from wind4. From the text we know that windmills .

14、A. were invented by European armies B. have a history of more than 2,800 years C. used to supply power to radio in remote areas D. have rarely been used since electricity was discovered举一反三 12019新课标1卷 Passenger pigeons 旅鸽once flew over much of the United States in unbelievable numbers. Written accou

15、nts from the 18th and 19th centuries described flocks 群so large that theydarkenedthe sky for hours.It was calculated that when its population reached its highest point, there were more than 3billlion passenger pigeonsa number equal to 24 to 40 percent of the total bird population in the United State

16、s, making it perhaps the most abundant bird in the world. Even as late as 1870 when their numbers had already become smaller, a flock believed to be 1 mile wide and 320 miles about 515 kilometers long was seen near Cincinnati.Sadly the abundance of passenger pigeons may have been theirundoing. Where

17、 the birds were most abundant, people believed there was an ever-lasting supply and killed them by the thousands, Commercial hunters attracted them to small clearings with grain, waited until pigeons had settled to feed, then threw large nets over them, taking hundreds at a time. The birds were ship

18、ped to large cities and sold in restaurants. By the closing decades of the 19th century ,the hardwood forests where passenger pigeons nested had been damaged by Americans need for wood, which scattered 驱散 the flocks and forced the birds to go farther north, where cold temperatures and storms contrib

19、uted to their decline. Soon the great flocks were gone, never to be seen again.In 1897, the state ofMichiganpassed a law prohibiting the killing of passenger pigeons but by then, no sizable flocks had been seen in the state for 10 years. The last confirmed wild pigeon in theUnited Stateswas shot by

20、a boy inPike County,Ohio, in 1900. For a time, a few birds survived under human care. The last of them, known affectionately as Martha, died at theCincinnatiZoological Gardenon September 1, 1914.1. In the 18th and early 19th centuries, passenger pigeons_.2. The underlined word “ undoing probably ref

21、ers to the pigeons _.3. What was the main reason for people to kill passenger pigeons?4. What can we infer about the law passed inMichigan? Find out all the information about the time and events about the wind or windmills.Para. TimeEvents about the Passenger pigeonsQuestions1from the 18th and 19th

22、centuriesflocks 群so large that 2its population reached its highest point as late as 1870smaller，a flock to be was seen3Sadly，？4By the closing decades of the 19th centuryThe great flocks 5In 1897 in 1900in 1914passed a law no sizable flocks had been seenThe last wild pigeon was shotThe last of them 1

23、. In the 18th and early 19teh centuries, passenger pigeons_.A. were the biggest bird in the worldB. lived mainly in the south ofAmericaC. did great harm to the natural environmentD. were the largest bird population in the US2. The underlined word “ undoing probably refers to the pigeons _.A. escapeB

24、. ruinC. liberationD. evolution3. What was the main reason for people to kill passenger pigeons?A. To seek pleasure.B. To save other birds.C. To make money.D. To protect crops.4. What can we infer about the law passed inMichigan?A. It was ignored by the public.B.It was declared too late.C. It was un

25、fair.举一反三：2019年高考英语江苏卷Chimps黑猩猩 will cooperate in certain ways, like gathering in war parties to protect their territory. But beyond the minimum requirements as social beings, they have little instinct 本能 to help one another. Chimps in the wild seek food for themselves. Even chimp mothers regularly

26、decline to share food with their children, who are able from a young age to gather their own food.In the laboratory, chimps dont naturally share food either. If a chimp is put in a cage where he can pull in one plate of food for himself or, with no great effort, a plate that also provides food for a

27、 neighbor to the next cage, he will pull at random -he just doesnt care whether his neighbor gets fed or not. Chimps are truly selfish.Human children, on the other hand are extremely cooperative. From the earliest ages, they decide to help others, to share information and to participate a achieving

28、common goals. The psychologist Michael Tomasello has studied this cooperativeness in a series of expensive with very young children. He finds that if babies aged 18 months see a worried adult with hands full trying to open a door, almost all will immediately try to help.There are several reasons to

29、believe that the urges to help, inform and share are not taught，but naturally possessed in young children. One is that these instincts appear at a very young age before most parents have started to train children to behave socially. Another is that the helping behaviors are not improved if the child

30、ren are rewarded. A third reason is that social intelligence.Developsinchildrenbeforetheirgeneralcognitive认知的skills, atleastwhencomparedwithchimps.IntestsconductedbyTomtasello,thechildrendidnobetterthanthechimpsonthephysicalworldtests,butwereconsiderablybetteratunderstandingthesocial world.The core

31、of what childrens minds have and chimps dont is what Tomasello calls shared intentionality. Part of this ability is that they can infer what others know or are thinking. But beyond that, even very young children want to be part of a shared purpose. They actively seek to be part of a “we, a group tha

32、t intends to work toward a shared goal.1. What can we learn from the experiment with chimps？A. Chimps seldom care about others interests.B. Chimps tend to provide food for their children.C. Chimps like to take in their neighbors food.D. Chimps naturally share food with each other.2. Michael Tomasell

33、os tests on young children indicate that they_.A. have the instinct to help othersB. know how to offer help to adultsC. know the world better than chimpsD. trust adults with their hands full3. The passage is mainly about _.A. the helping behaviors of young childrenB. ways to train childrens shared i

34、ntentionalityC. cooperation as a distinctive human natureD. the development of intelligence in children2019-2019全国卷说明文真题2019 1卷DA buld-it-yourself solar still蒸馏器 is one of the best ways to obtain drinking water in areas where the liquid is not readily available. Developed by two doctors in the U.S.

35、Department of Agriculture, its an excellent water collector. Unfortunately, you must carry the necessary equipment with you, since its all but impossible to find natural substitutes. The only components required, though, are a 5 5 sheet of clear or slightly milky plastic, six feet of plastic tube, a

36、nd a container perhaps just a drinking cup to catch the water. These pieces can be folded into a neat little pack and fastened on your belt. To construct a working still, use a sharp stick or rock to dig a hole four feet across and three feet deep. Try to make the hole in a damp area to increase the

37、 water catchers productivity. Place your cup in the deepest part of the hole. Then lay the tube in place so that one end rests all the way in the cup and the rest of the line runs up and out the side of the hole. Next, cover the hole with the plastic sheet, securing the edges of the plastic with dir

38、t and weighting the sheets center down with a rock. The plastic should now form a cone圆锥体 with 45-degree-angled sides. The low point of the sheet must be centered directly over, and no more than three inches above, the cup. The solar still works by creating a greenhouse under the plastic. Ground wat

39、er evaporates 蒸发 and collects on the sheet until small drops of water form, run down the material and fall off into the cup. When the container is full, you can suck the refreshment out through the tube, and wont have to break down the still every time you need a drink. 32. What do we know about the

40、 solar still equipment from the first paragraph?A. Its delicate. B. Its expensive.C. Its complex. D. Its portable.33. What does the underlined phrase “the water catcher in paragraph 2 refer to?A. The tube. B. The still.C. The hole. D. The cup.34. Whats the last step of constructing a working solar s

41、till?A. Dig a hole of a certain size. B. Put the cup in place.C. Weight the sheets center down. D. Cover the hole with the plastic sheet.35. When a solar still works, drops of water come into the cup form .A. the plastic tube B. outside the holeC. the open air D. beneath the sheet2019 2卷DWhen a leaf

42、y plant is under attack ，it doesnt sit quietly. Back in 1983, two scientists, Jack Schultz and Ian Baldwin, reported that young maple trees getting bitten by insects send out a particular smell that neighboring plants can get. These chemicals come from the injured parts of the plant and seem to be a

43、n alarm. What the plants pump through the air is a mixture of chemicals known as volatile organic compounds, VOCs for short. Scientists have found that all kinds of plants give out VOCs when being attacked .Its a plants way of crying out. But is anyone listening? Apparently. Because we can watch the

44、 neighbors react. Some plants pump out smelly chemicals to keep insects away. But others do double duty .They pump out perfumes designed to attract different insects who are natural enemies to the attackers. Once they arrive, the tables are turned .The attacker who was lunching now becomes lunch. In

45、 study after study, it appears that these chemical conversations help the neighbors .The damage is usually more serious on the first plant, but the neighbors ,relatively speaking ,stay safer because they heard the alarm and knew what to do. Does this mean that plants talk to each other? Scientists d

46、ont know. Maybe the first plant just made a cry of pain or was sending a message to its own branches, and so, in effect, was talking to itself. Perhaps the neighbors just happened to “overhear the cry. So information was exchanged, but it wasnt a true, intentional back and forth.Charles Darwin, over

47、 150 years ago, imagined a world far busier, noisier and more intimate亲密的 than the world we can see and hear. Our senses are weak. Theres a whole lot going on.32. What does a plant do when it is under attack?A. It makes noises. B. It gets help from other plants.C. It stands quietly D. It sends out c

48、ertain chemicals.33. What does the author mean by “the tables are turned in paragraph 3?A. The attackers get attacked.B. The insects gather under the table.C. The plants get ready to fight back.D. The perfumes attract natural enemies.34. Scientists find from their studies that plants can .A. predict

49、 natural disasters B. protect themselves against insectsC. talk to one another intentionally D. help their neighbors when necessary35. What can we infer from the last paragraph?A. The word is changing faster than ever.B. People have stronger senses than beforeC. The world is more complex than it see

50、msD. People in Darwins time were more imaginative.2019 3卷DThe Intelligent Transport team at Newcastle University have turned an electric car into a mobile laboratory named “DriveLAB in order to understand the challenges faced by older drivers and to discover where the key stress points are. Research

51、 shows that giving up driving is one of the key reasons for a fall in health and well-being among older people, leading to them becoming more isolated隔绝 and inactive. Led by Professor Phil Blythe, the Newcastle team are developing in-vehicle technologies for older drivers which they hope could help

52、them to continue driving into later life. These include custom-made navigation导航 tools, night vision systems and intelligent speed adaptations. Phil Blythe explains: “For many older people, particularly those living alone or in the country, driving is important for preserving their independence, giv

53、ing them the freedom to get out and about without having to rely on others. “But we all have to accept that as we get older our reactions slow down and this often results in people avoiding any potentially challenging driving conditions and losing confidence in their driving skills. The result is th

54、at people stop driving before they really need to.Dr Amy Guo, the leading researcher on the older driver study, explains, “The DriveLAB is helping us to understand what the key points and difficulties are for older drivers and how we might use technology to address these problems. “For example, most of us would expect older drivers always go slower than everyone else but surprisingly, we found that in 30mph zones they struggled to keep at a constant speed and so were more likely to break the speed limit and be at risk of