托福阅读备考事实信息题讲解

1、托福阅读备考事实信息题讲解托福阅读备考之事实信息题讲解1. 提问方式:Accordingtoparagraphwhichofthefollowingstatementsistrueof/concernedwith/relatedto_?例:Accordingtoparagraph1,whatwastrueoftheSahararegionaround6,000B.C.?(TPO28EarlySaharanPastoralists)Accordingtoparagraphwhy/how/what.？例:Accordingtoparagraph1,whyisplaydifficulttodefin

2、e?(TPO30RoleofPlayinDevelopment)分析:通过以上两种不同提问方式可以总结出该题型有以下几个特点:1) .该题型是就某段话当中的某个细节信息(即提问方式1中的_)进行提问.2) .该题型可以围绕该细节信息的不同方面进行提问,通过特殊疑问词which;what;why;how可以看出.3) .由于题干中未出现infer;suggest;indicate等字样,所以该题型旨在考察文本信息的字面含义,无需考生进行文本的隐含意推理.2. 解题步骤:Step1:读题干,找出定位词注意:如果是提问方式1,那么定位词则是位于介词of/with/to后面的信息如果是提问方式2,那么

3、定位词一般是名词,并且是非主题性的名词(当然定位词不一定只能找一个,一般可以找2到3个,因为定位词越多相对定位的位置也会越.)例:Accordingtoparagraph2,whichofthefollowingpresentsaparticularchallengetoresearcherswhostudyplaybehaviorinanimals?(TPO30RoleofPlayinDevelopment)分析:通过提问方式类似于第1种提问方式,其实题干可以改写成whichofthefollowingstatementsistrueofthechallengetoresearcherswh

4、o因止匕,定位词应该是位于介词of后面的challengetoresearchers.至于后面的playbehavior就不需要了,因为它属于通篇的主题词Accordingtoparagraph4,howdidtheCatholicChurchreacttotheintroductionofmechanicalclocks?(TPO30TheInventionofMechanicalClock)分析:通过提问方式属于第2种提问方式,因此考生们应该在题干中找出名词部分,考生们可以看到两组名词:CatholicChurch和MechanicalClocks,并且这两组词都是我们所需要的定位词.Pa

5、ragraph5answerswhichofthefollowingquestionsaboutmechanicalclocks.(TPO30TheInventionofMechanicalClock)分析:通过题干找出题干中一疑似的定位词组MechanicalClocks,但是却发现整篇文章都在讨论MechanicalClocks.这种类型的提问方式是考生们怕看到的,因为定位词无效.此刻建议考生们可以反过来先读选项,然后根据选项中的定位词回读段落寻找答案.Step2:通过题干中定位词回原文进行定位.注意:在定位的过程中考生们可能会遇到以下2个问题:问题1:定位词在原文中可能是非原文原词(如果

6、是专有名词一般在原文中就是原文原词,但如果是普通名词则有可能是非原文原词).例1:定位词为原文原词的情况Paragraph1:Evolutionarybiologistsbelievethatspeciation,theformationofanewspecies,oftenbeginswhensomekindofphysicalbarrierarisesanddividesapopulationofasinglespeciesintoseparatesubpopulations.Physicalseparationbetweensubpopulationspromotestheformati

7、onofnewspeciesbecauseoncethemembersofonesubpopulationcannolongermatewithmembersofanothersubpopulation,theycannote_changevariantgenesthatariseinoneofthesubpopulations.Intheabsencesofgeneflowbetweenthesubpopulations,geneticdifferencesbetweenthegroupsbegintoaccumulate.Eventuallythesubpopulationsbecomes

8、ogeneticallydistinctthattheycannotinterbreedevenifthephysicalbarriersbetweenthemwereremoved.Atthispointthesubpopulationshaveevolvedintodistinctspecies.Thisroutetospeciationisknownasallopatry(alio-meansdifferent,andpatriameanshomeland).(TPO31SpeciationinGeographicallyIsolatedPopulations)Q:Accordingto

9、paragraph1,allopatricspeciationinvolveswhichofthefollowing?分析:此题干中的定位词为allopatricspeciation,为专有名词,在原文中为原文原词,即后一句话为定位句.例2:定位词为非原文原词的情况Paragraph2:Playappearstobeadevelopmentalcharacteristicofanimalswithfairlysophisticatednervoussystems,mainlybirdsandmammals.Playhasbeenstudiedmoste_tensivelyinprimatesa

10、ndcanids(dogs).E_actlywhyanimalsplayisstillamatterdebatedintheresearchliterature,andthereasonsmaynotbethesameforeveryspeciesthatplays.Determiningthefunctionsofplayisdifficultbecausethefunctionsmaybelong-term,withbeneficialeffectsnotshowingupuntiltheanimalsadulthood.(TPO30RoleofPlayinDevelopment)Acco

11、rdingtoparagraph2,whichofthefollowingpresentsaparticularchallengetoresearcherswhostudyplaybehaviorinanimals?OThedelaybetweenactivitiesandthebenefitstheanimalderivesfromthem.OThedifficultyindeterminingwhichanimalspeciesplayandwhichdonot.OThefactthatformostanimals,thereisnocleartransitionfromyouthtofu

12、lladulthood.OThelackofresearchontheplaybehaviorofanimalsotherthancanidsandprimates.分析:此题干中的定位词为challengeresearchers,在原文中考生们无法找到这两个定位词,但是可以找到challenge的同义替换形式difficult,因此该句即是我们所需要的定位句.问题2:定位词在原文中出现不止一次.Paragraph7:Occasionally,asequenceoffossil-richlayersofrockpermitsacomprehensivelookatonetypeoforgani

13、smoveralongperiodoftime.Fore_ample,PeterSheldonsstudiesoftrilobites,anowe_tinctmarineanimalwithasegmentedbody,offeradetailedglimpseintothreemillionyearsofevolutioninonemarineenvironment.Inthatstudy,eachofeightdifferenttrilobitespecieswasobservedtoundergoagradualchangeinthenumberofsegments-typicallya

14、nincreaseofoneortwosegmentsoverthewholetimeinterval.Nosignificantdiscontinuouswereobserved,leadingSheldontoconcludethatenvironmentalconditionswerequitestableduringtheperiodhee_amined.(TPO30ThePaceofEvolutionaryChange)Accordingtoparagraph7,PeterSheldonsstudiesdemonstratedwhichofthefollowingabouttrilo

15、bites?OTheyunderwentgradualchangeoveralongtimeperiodOTheye_periencedanumberofdiscontinuoustransitionsduringtheirhistoryOTheyremainedunchangedduringalongperiodofenvironmentalstabilityOTheyevolvedinwaysthatcannotbecountedforbyeitherofthetwocompetingtheories.分析:通过题干找出定位词PeterSheldontrilobites,然后回读原文进行定

16、位,考生们会发现这两组定位词在原文中分别出现2次.因此,考生们需要定位的范围变大,难度由此也加大了.这种类型的事实信息题是考生们在考场上不愿意看到的一种，但是很不幸的是由新的几套TPW的例题显示这种类型的题目正在变多,所以朗阁海外考试研究中心的专家请各位考生平时在练习时加大这种类型的考题的练习.Step3:比较定位句与选项的内容,选出语义接近的选项.注意:1).考生们所看到的定位句可能是一个非常长的句子,而选项相对比较简短,所以考生们一定要学会从长难句中截取你所需要的能回答问题的部分.简单点说就是比如题干中问你why；;那么，此时考生们在分析原文定位何时应该重点看because这种能够解释的部

17、分.2).考生们在比较定位句与选项时切忌不能随意推理,只需要把握文本的字面意思即可.例1:Paragraph3:Towhate_tentcompetitiondeterminesthecompositionofacommunityandthedensityofparticularspecieshasbeenthesourceofconsiderablecontroversy.Theproblemisthatcompetitionordinarilycannotbeobserveddirectlybutmustbeinferredfromthespreadorincreaseofonespeci

18、esandtheconcurrentreductionordisappearanceofanotherspecies.TheRussianbiologistG.F.Gauseperformednumeroustwo-speciese_perimentsinthelaboratory,inwhichoneofthespeciesbecamee_tinctwhenonlyasinglekindofresourcewasavailable.Onthebasisofthesee_perimentsandoffieldobservations,theso-calledlawofcompetitivee_

19、clusionwasformulated,accordingtowhichnotwospeciescanoccupythesameniche.Numerousseeminge_ceptionstothislawhavesincebeenfound,buttheycanusuallybee_plainedascasesinwhichthetwospecies,eventhoughcompetingforamajorjointresource,didnotreallyoccupye_actlythesameniche.(TPO29Competition)Paragraph3supportsthei

20、deathatGausese_perimentswereimportantbecausetheyOprovidedasituationinwhichcompetitioncouldberemovedfromtheinteractionbetweentwospeciesOshowedthatpreviousideasaboutthee_tenttowhichcompetitiondeterminesthecompositionofacommunitywerecompletelymistakenOhelpedestablishthatcompetitionwillremoveallbutonesp

21、eciesfromanygivenecologicalnicheOofferedevidencethatcompetitionbetweenspeciesisminimalwhenthereisanoverabundanceofasinglefoodsource解题步骤:1) .读题干,找出定位词Gausese_periments,然后把握题目问的内容是有关于G的实验的importance.2) .通过定位词回到原文进行定位,位于第三句话.但是第三句只提到了定位词之一,接下来的第四句中提到了由此形成了一个law,可以对应题干中想问的importance.3) .第3句和第4句两句定位句的大意为

22、当只有一种食物来源被提供时,两种物种中的一种会消亡.参照这些实验和观察就形成了竞争互斥规律没有哪两种物种可以占据同样的生态圈，接下来浏览四个选项，发现C选项大意吻合-确定了竞争将会移除其他所有的物种在任何一个生态圈里面.例2:AsrailroadlinesfannedoutfromChicago,farmersbegantoacquireopenprairielandinIllinoisandthenIowa,puttingthefertile,deepblacksoilintoproduction.Commercialagriculturetransformedthisremarkablet

23、reelessenvironment.Tosettlersaccustomedtoeasternwoodlands,thethousandsofsquaremilesoftallgrasswereanawesomesight.Indiangrass,Canadawildrye,andnativebigbluestemallgrewhigherthanaperson.Becauseeasternplowscouldnotpenetratethedenselytangledrootsofprairiegrass,theearliestsettlerserectedfarmsalongtheboun

24、daryseparatingtheforestfromtheprairie.In_37,however,JohnDeerepatentedasharp-cuttingsteelplowthatslicedthroughthesodwithoutsoilstickingtotheblade.CyrusMcCormickrefinedamechanicalreaperthatharvestedfourteentimesmorewheatwiththesameamountoflabor.Bythe_50sMcCormickwasselling1,000reapersayearandcouldnotk

25、eepupwithdemand,whileDeereturnedout10,000plowsannually.(TPO33RailroadsandCommercialAgricultureinNineteenth-CenturyUnitedStates)Accordingtoparagraph5,thefirstsettlersgenerallydidnotfarmopenprairielandbecauseA.theycouldnotplowiteffectivelywiththetoolsthatwereavailable.B.prairielandwasusuallyverye_pens

26、ivetobuy.C.thesoilalongboundariesbetweentheforestandtheprairiewasmorefertilethanthesoiloftheopenprairie.D.therailroadlineshadnotyetreachedtheopenprairiewhenthefirstsettlersarrived.解题步骤:1) .读题干,找出定位词settlersopenprairieland,并且抓住题干问的重点是because2) .根据定位词定位到句和第三句这样的语义群,这样的语义群可以给我们提供一个大范围定位,然后接下来考生们在第四句里看到

27、了because,所以第四句就是我们需要的定位点.3) .定位句的语义大约为因为东部的耕种工具无法穿透这里的根部缠结在一起的草,因此,早期的定居者们将农场建立在了远离草原的边界地区.接下来浏览四个选项，只有A选项提到了因为耕作工具的原因，所以选择A选项.4) 总结:1) .此种题型必须要先阅读题干,摸清题干所问的具体内容,然后再读文章进行定位2) .此种题型既可以只考察某一个特定的定位句理解;同时也可以考察2-3个定位句范围的意群理解.但无论怎样,考生不是漫无目的地搜索,而是根据题干有目的性地寻找答案托福阅读真题原题+题目By_76thefineartofpaintingasithaddeve

28、lopedinwesternEuropeuptothistimehadbeenintroducedintotheAmericancoloniesthroughbooksandprints,Europeanvisitorsandimmigrants,andtravelingcolonistswhobroughtbackcopies(andafeworiginal)ofoldmasterpaintingsandacquaintancewithEuropeanartinstitutions.BytheoutbreakoftheRevolutionagainstBritishrulein_76,the

29、statusoftheartistshadalreadyundergonechange.Inthemid-eighteenthcentury,paintershadbeenwillingtoassumesuchartisan-relatedtasksasvarnishing,gildingteaching,keepingshops,andpaintingwheelcarriages,houses,andsigns.Theterminologybywhichartistsweredescribedatthetimesuggeststheirstatus:limnerwasusuallyappli

30、edtotheanonymousportraitpainteruptothe_60paintercharacterizedanyonewhocouldpaintaflatsurface.Bythesecondhalfofthecentury,colonialartistswhoweretrainedinEnglandoreducatedintheclassicsrejectedthestatusoflaborerandthoughtofthemselvesasartists.Somecolonialurbanportraitists,suchasJohnSingletonCopley,Benj

31、aminWest,andCharlesWilsonPeale,consortedwithaffluentpatrons.Althoughsubjecttofluctuationsintheireconomicstatus,allthreeenjoyedsufficientpatronagetoallowthemtomaintainanimageofthemselvesasprofessionalartists,animageindicatedbytheircustomofsigningtheirEuropeanpaintings.AfewartcollectorsJamesBowdoinIII

32、ofBoston,WilliamByrdofVirginian,andtheAliensandHamiltonsofPhiladelphiaintroducedarttraditionstothosecolonistsprivilegedtovisittheirgalleries,especiallyaspiringartists,andestablishedintheirrespectivecommunitiestheideaofthevalueofartandtheneedforinstitutionsdevotedtoitsencouragement.Althoughthecolonis

33、tstendedtofavorportraits,theyalsoacceptedlandscapes,historicalworks,andpoliticalengravingsasappropriateartisticsubjects.WiththecomingofindependencefromtheBritishCrown,asufficientnumberofartistsandtheirworkswereavailabletoservenationalisticpurposes.Theachievementsofthecolonialartists,particularlythos

34、eofCopley,West,andPeale,lentcredencetotheboastthatthenewnationwascapableofencouraginggeniusandthatpoliticallibertywascongenialtothedevelopmentoftasteanecessarystepbeforeartcouldassumeanimportantroleinthenewrepublic.1. Whatdoesthepassagemainlydiscuss?(A) EuropeaninfluenceoncolonialAmericanpainting(B)

35、 Theimportanceofpatronagetoartist(C) ThechangingstatusofartistsintheAmericancoloniesintheeighteenthcentury(D) SubjectspreferredbyartistsintheAmericancoloniesintheeighteenthcentury.2. Thewordoutbreakinline5isclosestinmeaningto(A) cause(B) beginning(C) position(D) e_planation3. Thewordundergoneinline6

36、isclosestinmeaningto(A) ledto(B) transformed(C) preferred(D) e_perienced4. Accordingtothepassage,beforetheAmericanRevolutionthemaintaskoflimnerswasto(A) paintwheelcarriages(B) paintportraits(C) varnishfurniture(D) paintflatsurfaces5. ItcanbeinferredfromthepassagethatartistswhoweretrainedinEngland(A) consideredartiststobesuperiortopainters(B) barelypaintedportraitists(C) w