分子生物学名词中英对照

1、分子生物学单词翻译(1) . 2'-deoxyribose2'-脱氧核糖A five-carbon sugar that differs from ribose in having a hydrogen instead of a hydroxyl group at the 2'position. The sugar is a distinctive component of DNA, whose backbone is an alternating copolymer of 2'deoxyribose and phosphate.与核糖不同，在 2 号位由羟基取

2、代氢原子的五碳糖。它是 DNA 主要识别局部， DNA 随着 2 号位五碳糖和磷酸基团的改变而使其变化。(2) . 3' splice site3末端剪接位点A sequence overlapping the junction at the 3' end of an intron and the 5' end of the downstream exon. The sequence is required for proper splicing of that intron and used to be called the "acceptor"

3、site.3末端内含子和 5末端下游外显子交界处重叠序列， 它要求内含子上 “受体位点的正确剪接。(3) . 3' untranslated trailer region (3' UTR)3末端非编码区拖尾A noncoding sequence located downstream (3') of the coding region in an mRNA. The 3' UTR sometimes contains recognition sequences for the binding of cytoskeletal proteins such as tu

4、bulin, which can localize the mRNA within specific regions of the cell.在 mRNA 下游编码区的非编码序列。 3' UTR 有时候还包含细胞骨架蛋白结合识别序列，例 如用于细胞内特定区域 mRNA 本地化的微管蛋白。(4) . 5-bromouracil5-溴尿嘧啶A mutagenic analog of the base thymine. The presence of the bromo substituent allows the base to mispair with guanine via the e

5、nol tautomer.胸腺嘧啶的一个突变类似物。溴取代基使碱基通过烯醇异构体与鸟嘌呤配对异常。(5) . 5' cap 5端帽子结构A methylated guanine nucleotide attached to the 5' end of eukaryotic mRNAs. This structure is critical for the recruitment of the translation machinery to eukaryotic mRNAs. 一个甲基化的鸟嘌呤核苷酸， 附着在真核生物 mRNA 5 末端。这个结构对真核生物 mRNA 翻 译机

6、制的补充很关键。(6) . 5 methyl5' 甲基Refers to the presence of a methyl group ( 朇 H3) at the 5 position of a pyrimidine base. The base thymine has a methyl group at its 5 position.指的是嘧啶碱基 5号位的甲基。在胸腺嘧啶5号位有一个甲基。(7) . 5' splice site5'剪接位点A sequence overlapping the junction at the 5' end of an int

7、ron and the 3' end of the upstream exon. The sequence is required for proper splicing of that intron used to be called the "donor" site. 5末端内含子和 3末端上游外显子的重叠序列，这个序列要求内含子供体位点发生正确的剪 接。(8) . 10-nm fiber10-nm 纤维A form of chromatin in which the DNA is packaged into evenly spaced nucleosomes

8、without interaction between nucleosomes. Packaging of DNA into this structure is favored by acetylated histones and is more accessible than DNA packaged into 30-nm fiber. 一种染色质形式，在这种染色质中， DNA 被包装成均匀分布且不存在相互作用的核小体。 这种结构在乙酰化的组蛋白中很常见，而且跟 DNA 被包装成 30-nm 纤维相比，它更容易形 成。(9) . -10 region10 区Sequence element

9、within a bacterial promoter where DNA melting is initiated upon isomerization.This eleme nt is recog ni zed by thesub unit of RNA polymerase.细菌启动子的序列成分，在这里 DNA解链通过易构化开始，这一成分由RNA聚合酶的(T亚基识别。(10) . 10x sequence coverage10x 序列覆盖度The average number of times a random DNA sequence is determined in a whole-

10、genome assembly. It is important to obtain this type of information to ensure that every sequence within a complex genome is obtained.在全基因组集合中确定的一个随机 DNA 序列的平均次数。获得这种类型的信息以确保复 杂基因组中每一个序列的获得是重要的。(11) . 30-nm fiber30nm 纤丝A form of chromatin in which nucleosomal DNA is packaged into a higher-order stru

11、cture that is 30-nm in diameter. Formation of this structure results in the associated DNA becoming less accessible and is favored by histone H1 to nucleosomal DNA and histones that are not acetylated. 一种染色质形式，核小体 DNA 包装成直径 30 纳米的更高一级结构。这种结构的形成导致 整合的 DNA 变得难以接近，并且在组蛋白 H1 帮助下形成了核小体 DNA 和没有乙酰化的 组蛋白。(1

12、2) . -30 region-30 区Sequenee element within a bacterial promoter, recognized by thecr subunit of RNA polymerase.细菌启动子的序列成分，由RNA聚合酶的c亚基识别。(13) . 43S preinitiation complex43S 前起始复合物An intermediate in the eukaryotic translation initiation process that includes the small ribosomal subunit, the initiator

13、 tRNA, and several initiation factors (e.g., eIF2).真核翻译起始过程的中间体，其中包括核糖体小亚基，起始tRNA 和几个起始因子如：eIF2。(14) . 48S preinitiation complex48S 前起始复合物An intermediate in the eukaryotic translation initiation process that includes the small ribosomal subunit, the initiator tRNA, the mRNA, and several initiation f

14、actors. The major difference between the 43S and 48S preinitiation complexes is the inclusion of the mRNA in the 48S complex.真核翻译起始过程的中间体，其中包括核糖体小亚基，起始 tRNA 和几个起始因子。 43S 和 48S 前起始复合物之间的主要区别是包含在 48S 复合体中的 mRNA。(15) . 70S initiation complex70S 起始复合体The final intermediate prior to the initiation of pro

15、karyotic translation. This complex includes the small and large ribosomal subunits, the mRNA, and the initiator tRNA in the P site of the ribosome.最后的中间产物优先于原核生物的翻译起始。这种复合体包括核糖体的大，小亚基，mRNA以及位于核糖体P位点的起始tRNA。(16) . 80S initiation complex80S 起始复合体The final intermediate prior to the initiation of eukary

16、otic translation. This complex includes thesmall and large ribosomal subunits, the mRNA, and the initiator tRNA in the P site of the ribosome.最后的中间产物优先于原核生物的翻译起始。这种复合体包括核糖体的大，小亚基，mRNA 以及位于核糖体 P 位点的起始 tRNA。(17) .abortive initiation错误启动Occurs as an early stage in transcription initiation when RNA poly

17、merase synthesizes a series of short transcripts, each starting from the +1 start site.当 RNA 聚合酶合成一系列短的转录片段时，作为在转录起始时的一个早期阶段产生，每 次从 +1 起始点开始。(18) . A bsorbance吸光度The property (also known as optical density) of matter to accommodate light of a specific wavelength (by promoting electrons to a higher e

18、nergy state) rather than allowing it to pass through. Double-stranded DNA is less effective at absorbing ultraviolet light at a wavelength of 260 nm than is single-stranded DNA, a property known as hyperchromicity that is used to determine the melting temperature of DNA 物质的属性也称为光密度 ，以适应特定波长的光通过促进电子至

19、较高的能态 ，而不 是允许它通过。双链 DNA 在波长为 260nm 的紫外吸收度不如单链 DNA 那么显著，该特 性被称作增色，可用于确定 DNA 的熔化温度。(19) . A ccommodation适应The process of rotating a tRNA in the A site of the ribosome from its initial position to one in which the tRNA can participate in the peptidyl-transferase reaction.从初始位置旋转 tRNA 的核糖体 A 位至 tRNA 可以参

20、与肽基转移反响的过程。(20) . A cridine氮蒽A flat molecule containing several polycyclic rings that intercalates between the bases of DNA and causes frame-shift mutations.一种扁平的分子含有几种在 DNA 的碱基中插入，导致框架移位突变的多环化合物。(21) . activated state ： 活化状态An intermediate in a chemical reaction that has used the activation energy

21、to reach a state favorable for the reaction.在化学反响中使用了激活能到达良好反响的状态的中间体。(22) . activating region ： 激活区域The region of a transcriptional activator that interacts with a component of the transcription machinery to increase the rate of transcription. 与转录机制的一个组件相交互以增加转录率的转录激活区域。(23) . activation energy活化能T

22、he amount of energy that must be put into the system for a chemical reaction to proceed from reactants to products. 一个化学反响中，从反响物到产物进行时必须放入体系中的能源量。(24) . A ctivator活化剂See transcriptional activator 使转录激活(25) . ADARSee adenosine deaminase acting on RNA. 腺苷脱氨酶作用于 RNA 的首字母缩略词。(26) . adenine腺嘌呤A member of

23、 the purine family of heterocyclic compounds, which have a double-ring structure. Adenine is one of the four bases typically found in nucleic acids and is capable of pairing with thymine in DNA and uracil in RNA.杂环化合物嘌呤家族中的一员，具双环结构。是核酸中发现的四个代表性碱基之一，在DNA 和 RNA 中分别和胸腺嘧啶、尿嘧啶配对。(27) . adenosine deaminas

24、e acting on RNA作用于 RNA 的腺苷酸脱氨酶An enzyme that carries out deamination of adenine bases in RNA to produce the nonstandard base inosine. This is an example of RNA editing, because the inosine can base pair with cytosine, and changing how the message is translated.一种催化 RNA 中腺嘌呤碱基发生脱氨基作用以产生非标准碱基肌苷的酶。是 RN

25、A 编辑的 一种，因肌苷可以和胞嘧啶进行碱基配对，并改变信息的翻译。(28) . adenylylation 腺苷酰化作用 The chemical reaction that activates an amino acid prior to its attachment to a tRNA by attaching AMP to the carboxyl group of the amino acid. This creates a high-energy bond between the AMP and the amino acid. The energy of this bond is

26、conserved during the attachment of the amino acid to the tRNA and eventually drives peptide-bond formation.一种化学反响，通过在氨基酸的羧基上连接 AMP 来激活氨基酸在其连接物之前连接到 tRNA 上。过程中 AMP 和氨基酸之间产生一个高能键，高能键中的能量在氨基酸连接到 tRNA 过程中被储存并最终驱动肽键的形成。(29) . affinity chromatography亲和色谱法A method for the isolation of a specific protein fr

27、om a complex mixture of proteins. The specific method depends on the property of the protein under study. For example, a DNA-binding protein can be purified using oligonucleotides containing the recognition sequence for that protein. 从复杂的蛋白质混合物中别离出特殊蛋白质的一种方法。这种方法取决于研究中蛋白质的 性质。如： DNA 结合蛋白可以用含有目标蛋白识别序

28、列的寡核苷酸纯化。(30) . agarose 琼脂糖A neutral, gelatinous substance extracted from the membranes of seaweed. It contains large pore sizes that are ideally suited for the fractionation of DNA fragments and proteins. 提取自海藻细胞膜的一种中性、凝胶状物质。因其含有大孔径可作为 DNA 片段和蛋白质 别离的理想介质。(31) . alleles 等位基因 Two versions of the same

29、 gene that differ in sequence. Different alleles of genes present in different organisms often give rise to distinct phenotypes. For example, most metazoans are diploid and therefore contain two copies of every gene. In some cases these copies, or alleles, encode different versions of the same prote

30、in.区别于序列上的同一基因的不同 “版本。不同有机体中不同的等位基因通常会引起不同表 型的发生。例如，大局部多细胞生物是二倍体，每一个基因含有两个 “复制本。在某些情 况下这些 “复制本等位基因会编码不同 “版本的同一种蛋白质。(32) . allosteric effector 异位效应物A molecule that binds to another and causes a conformational change in the latter that alters its function. A modification (such as phosphorylation) of a

31、n atom within the target molecule can also serve as an allosteric effector. 结合到另外一种分子并引起其构象发生改变从而引起功能发生变化的一种分子。对目标分 子内一个原子的修饰如磷酸化作用也可以充当一种异位效应物。(33) . allosteric regulation 变构调控Regulation of a protein by changing its shape in response to a signal (the allosteric effector). 一个蛋白质的调控是通过改变它的形状来应答一个信号别构

32、效应物(34) . A llostery 变构效应See allosteric regulation.(35) . QTDThe carboxy-terminal domain of thea subunit of bacterial RNA polymerase. This domainrecognizes the promoter element called the UP-element and is also the target of several transcriptional activators including CAP.细菌的RNA聚合酶a亚基的碳末端区域。这个区域识别叫

33、做上游元件的启动子元件，并 且也是包括 CAP 的一些转录活化子的目标。(36) .alternative splicing 选择性的拼接describes the situation where a given pre-mRNA can be spliced in different ways to produce different mature mRNAs encoding different proteins. Most commonly, alternative versions of a given exon are chosen between.描述一个给定的前体 mRNA 可以

34、用不同的方法被拼接产生不同的成熟的 mRNA 并编码不 同的蛋白质的情况。更通常地，一个给定的外显子的选择性的版本在中间被选择。(37) . aminoacyl-tRNA synthetase氨酰 tRNA 合成酶An enzyme that couples a specific amino acid to the appropriate set of tRNAs. 将一个特定的的氨基酸连接到适当的 tRNA 上的酶。(38) . A naphase后期The period during mitosis or meiosis when paired sister chromatids or h

35、omologous chromosomes are segregated away from one another.当在有丝分裂或者减数分裂中，配对的姐妹染色单体或者同源染色体相互别离的时期。(39) . A nnotation注释(40) . A nterior早期的Refers to the portion of an embryo that will form head structures in the adult animal. 指胚胎将会在成年的动物中形成头部结构的局部。(41) . anti 反式Referring to one of two conformations of

36、the glycosidic bond that connects the base to the 1?position of 2?deoxyribose. The glyocosidic bond is in the anti conformation in right-handed, B DNA.指的是糖苷键的两个构象中，与脱氧核糖的位置上的碱基相连的那一种构象。这个糖苷键 是反式构象，右手螺旋， B 型 DNA 。(42) . antibodies抗体Proteins present in the blood of vertebrates that are part of the bod

37、y immune system. Antibodies with many different binding specificities are generated by each individual and protect the individual from infection.存在于脊椎动物的血液中的蛋白质，是人体免疫系统的一局部。多种具有不同结合特异性 抗体被个体生成，保护人体免于感染。(43) . antigen-binding site 抗原结合位点The part of an antibody molecule principally responsible for bin

38、ding and foreign substance.抗体分子的组成局部，主要负责与外来物质结合。(44) . antiparallel3 sheet反相平行3折叠3 sheet aA region of secondary structure found in proteins in which alternative strands of opposite orientations.蛋白质二级结构中的一个结构域，其内的 3 折叠方向相反。(45) . antisense RNA反义 RNARNA that is transcribed from the opposite strand of

39、 DNA in a region overlapping that encodes another transcript. Antisense RNA molecules can base pair with the 搒 ense?strand transcripts and therefore often influence gene expression.由一个与编码另一转录本重叠的区域的 DNA 的互补链转录而来的 DNA 。反义 RNA 分子 可与反义链转录本碱基互补配对，从而影响基因的表达。(46) . antitermination抗终止作用A mechanism of gene

40、regulation which works by overriding signals that would otherwise trigger transcriptional termination.一种基因调控的机制，通过覆盖信号来引发转录终止。(47) . aptamer适体The ligand-binding region of a riboswitch. Binding of the small molecule ligand induces a conformational change that triggers a change in the adjacent express

41、ion platform, causing changes in transcription of the attached genes, usually by promoting or overriding attenuation.一个核糖开关配体结合区域。分子配体结合诱导构象变化，触发了相邻的表达平台的改 变，导致在所附的基因转录的变化，通常是通过促进或覆盖其衰减作用。(48) . architectural proteins建筑蛋白质Proteins whose primary function is to provide structure to or stabilize a biol

42、ogical complex. DNA- binding proteins are one common class of architectural proteins.主要功能是提供结构于或稳固生物复合体。 DNA 结合蛋白是一类常见的建筑蛋白质。(49) . A rgonauteThe catalytic subunit 亚单位 of the RISC complex of the RNAi RNA 干预 machinery.Argonaute is responsible for the cutting (or 搒 licing? activity of RISC that destro

43、ys target mRNAs.Argonaute是 RISC RNA 诱导的沉默复合物的一个亚基，而 RISC 具有催化 RNA 干预的功能。 Argonaute 在 RISC 中的作用是通过剪切去破坏目标 mRNA。附：RNA 干预：是由双链 RNA dsRNA 介导的、由特定酶参与的特异性基因沉默现象,它在转录水平、转录后水平和翻译水平上阻断基因的表达。RISC ： RNA 诱导的沉默复合物 RNA-induced silencing complex ，RISC(50) . A siteA 位点One of three tRNA-binding sites in the ribosome

44、 核糖体 . This is the site on the ribosome that binds to aminoacylated tRNAs.即氨酰基位点，是核糖体中的三个 tRNA 结合位点之一。这个位点是接受氨酰 tRNA 的部 位。(51) . attenuation 弱化。See transcriptional attenuation. attenuation 详见转录弱化作用。附： transcriptional attenuation ：转录弱化作用。由于基因内部弱化子的作用，提前终止转录而抑 制基因表达。(52) . autonomously replicating seq

45、uence 自主复制序列A DNA sequence that allows a circular plasmid 质粒 to be replicated. These sequences were originally identified in the genomic DNA of the yeast S. cerevisiae 酿酒酵母 S and E. coli and have also been identified using the DNA from other single cell organisms.autonomously replicating sequence 基因

46、组中能够充当复制起始位点的 DNA 序列，能够支持环状质粒在细胞中进行独立复 制。这些序列最初在酿酒酵母 S 和大肠杆菌的染色体组中发现，后来在其他细胞中也发 现。(53) . autonomous transposons 自主转位子Also see transposons. The distinctive 特色的 feature 特征 of automomous transposons is that these elements carry all the functions 功能 needed to promote 促进 their own recombination 重 组 (e.g.

47、, a functional transposase gene). In contrast, nonautomous transposons require functions provided by other elements.autonomous transposons 自主转位子的特征是它自身携带所有促进重组的元件。相反地，非自主的转位子那么需要 由其他因子提供。附：tran sposo ns：转位子，在原核生物的染色体或质粒中存在的转移因子之一。(54) . autoradiogram 放射自显影图A photographic plate containing an image pr

48、oduced by radioactive decay. A common use concerns radiolabeled proteins 放射性标记的蛋白质or nuclei acids of known molecular weights. Thelabeled weight standards can be used to isolate RNAs, DNAs, or proteins of a particular size after fractionation on an agaorse or polyacrylamide gel.autoregulationautoradi

49、ogram 一种由放射性衰变得到的底片。一般用于测量分子量的放射性标记蛋白质或核酸。被标记 的的重量标准可用于测量 RNA,DNA 或者是从琼脂糖或聚丙烯酰胺凝胶电泳中别离的蛋白 质。(55) . autoregulation自身调节Gene control in which a regulatory gene controls its own transcription. A gene can stimulate its own transcription (positive autoregulation) or inhibit its own transcription (negative

50、 autoregulation).autoregulation 为基因表达调节的一种形式，是指某基因的产物蛋白质调节基因本身的转录。即一个 基因能够促进自身的转录或者抑制自身的转录。(56) . bacterial artificial chromosome (BAC)细菌人工染色体组A segment of DNA that is sufficient to undergo replication during bacterial cell divisions. These DNAs are used as“ vectofrosr producing recombinant DNAs wit

51、h large insertions.一段在细菌细胞分裂时能够充分复制的 DNA 片段。这些 DNA 作为载体用于生产可插入大 片段的重组 DNA 。附：生物 BAC(Bacterial Artificial Chromosome ，细菌人工染色体 )文库是含有某种生物体全部基 因的随机片段的重组 DNA 克隆群体，是进行全基因组测序、构建物理图谱、染色体步 查、基因筛选及基因图位克隆的根底。(57) . bacteriophage噬菌体A virus that infects bacteria. The relative simplicity of these organisms madet

52、hem a favorite model for early molecular biology studies. 一种感染细菌的病毒，因为结构相对简单所以常在早期生物学研究中被用作模式生物。(58) . basal碱基的See basal level transcription.见碱基水平转录。(59) . basal level transcription碱基水平转录the level of transcription achieved by a promoter in the absence of regulators.在没有调控子参与下的由启动子完成的转录(60) . base ana

53、logs 碱基类似物 Derivatives of bases, such as 5-bromouracil, that are often caused by mispairing and hence are mutagenic.碱基的派生物，例如 5-溴尿嘧啶，常常由于碱基的错配产生，因此常作为诱变剂(61) . base excision repair 碱基切补修复 A DNA repair system that removes damaged bases from the DNA. The damaged base is removed by a DNA glyosylase.一种

54、DNA 修复机制，能切除损伤的 DNA 。损伤的 DNA 由 glyoslase 移除。(62) . base flipping 碱基翻转The ability of a base to protrude from the double helix in an extrahelical configuration. When extruded from the helix, the base can sit in the catalytic cavity of enzymes that methylate bases or remove damaged bases. 碱基伸出双螺旋结构外的能力

55、。当碱基从螺旋中伸出，可以结合在酶的催化中心，继而引 发碱基甲基化或者移除损伤碱基。(63) . basic HLH proteins 根本螺旋蛋白 See helix-loop-helix. 见螺旋 -环 -螺旋(64) . basic zipper 根本链See leucine zipper. 见亮氨酸 zipper(65) . Beckwith-Wiedemann Syndrome (BWS) 贝克卫斯威德曼综合征A developmental disorder affecting 1 in 15,000. The condition is characterized by overgr

56、owth and increased susceptibility to a variety of childhood cancers. The syndrome is associated with disrupted expression of genes that would normally be imprinted.一种 15000 人中发生一人的发育紊乱。这种情况是由于过度发育和对于多种儿童癌症的敏 感度增加所造成的。这种综合征是与正常的标记基因混乱表达有关。(66) . bivalent attachment 二价联会This situation occurs when the

57、two kinetochores of a pair of sister chromatids become attached to microtubules emanating from opposing poles of the mitotic spindle.当一对姐妹染色单体的两个着丝粒由从纺锤体相对的两极发出的微管连接在一起的时候， 这种情况会发生。(67) . bond angle键角The angle formed between the bonds of two atoms attached to a third, common, atom. 这个角形成于两个原子与第三个共有的

58、原子之间形成的键。(68) . boundary element边界元件A regulatory element that limits the action of transcriptional regulators and the spread of nucleosome modifications. Boundary elements are believed to isolate regions of the genome from regulatory interference from neighboring regions. See also insulator. 一种限制转录操纵子的行为和核小体修饰的扩散的调节性原件。边界元件被认为是可以将 调控干扰的基因组区域与邻近区域分开。也见 insulator 。(69) . branchiopods叶足动物A group of primitive crustaceans resembling shrimp. The most notable ex