发育生物学期末复习资料

1、选择题：1.What is epigenesis(渐成论)? da) The belief that a mutant organism is already present in miniature in the embryo.b) The theory that early development is controlled by the zygotes genes.c) The theory that early development is controlled by the maternal genes. d) The process by which the mature orga

2、nism is produced gradually from an essential formless embryo. 何为后生（渐成论）？一）认为突变生物体是已经存在于微型在胚胎。二）该理论认为，早期的发展是由受精卵的基因控制的。三）该理论认为，早期的发展是由母体基因控制的。d）使该成熟生物体从一个基本无定形胚逐渐产生的过程。2. What is apoptosis? ba) An experimental technique that biologists use to kill specific cell.b) Programmed cell death that is requir

3、ed for normal development.c) A pathological condition observed only in damaged or diseased organism.d) A developmental mechanism unique to the roundworm C.elegans.一个实验性的技术，生物学家用来杀死特定的细胞。B）编程所需的正常发育的细胞死亡。c）在病理状态中受损或患病的机体只有观察。D）独有的蛔虫线虫，一个致力于发展机制。3. What is the function of stem cells in adult mammals?

4、ca) Some of their daughter cells remain as stem cells and continue to divide throughout life.b) The give rise to hair, fingernails, and other structures that grow throughout life.c) The produced cells that differentiate to replace dead or damaged cells.d) The produced compounds that stem blood loss

5、from wounds.。什么是干细胞在成年哺乳动物的功能？一）他们的一些子细胞仍然是干细胞，并继续在整个生命来划分。二）引起的头发，指甲，以及整个人生发展的其他结构。三）生产的细胞分化代替死亡或受损的细胞。四）生产的化合物，源于创伤失血。4. What are regulatory cascades in development also referred to as networks? ca) Each transcription factor and signal in the cascade has limited life span.b) Signals as well as tra

6、nscription factors are involved in the cascade.c) The cascade is not linear-within and between levels in the cascade, various gene products interact to form network.d) Each step in the cascade takes time, so the steps in the cascade are sequential.4.什么是监管级联的发展也被称为网络？a）在该级联的每个转录因子和信号具有有限的寿命。二）信号以及转录因

7、子参与了级联。三）级联是不是线性内并在级联级之间，各个基因产物相互作用形成网络。d）在级联的每个步骤需要时间，所以在级联中的步骤是顺序。5. What is a homeotic mutant? ba) An individual with an abnormal head-to-tail axis.b) An individual with a structure located in the wrong place.c) An individual with double the normal number of structures or segments.d) In flies, an

8、 individual that is missing segments; in Arabidopsis, an individual that is missing a hypocotyls or other embryonic structure.什么是同源的突变？一）具有异常的头 - 尾轴的个人。b）在位于错了地方的结构的个人。c）与结构或部分的正常数量的一倍的个人。d）在果蝇，即缺少部分的个人;在拟南芥，即缺少胚轴或其它胚胎结构的个体。6. What happens during the acrosome reaction? ca) Bindin(结合素) binds to the e

9、gg-cell receptor for sperm.b) The sperm- and egg-cell membranes fuse.c) Enzymes that digest the egg jelly layer are released, and microfilaments in the tip of the sperm head polymerize to form a protrusion. d) The centriole released from the sperm orients microtubules in the fertilized egg and cause

10、s the cortical cytoplasm to rotate-creating gray cresent.6.顶体反应过程中会发生什么情况？一）结合蛋白（结合素）结合到蛋细胞受体对精子。二）sperm-和鸡蛋细胞膜融合。三）酶消化蛋果冻层被释放，并在精子头部的前端微丝聚合形成的突起。d）与精子释放的中心粒定向在受精卵的微管，并且使皮质细胞质旋转创造灰色cresent。7. What happens during gastrulation? ca) The neural tube-precursor to the spinal cord and brain-forms. b) Basal

11、 and apical cells form, which are the precursor to the suspensor and embryo, respectively.c) Massive movements of cells make the primary body axes visible and organizer the three embryonic tissues.d) The fertilized egg divides without growth occurring, forming a ball of cells.7.原肠胚形成过程中会发生什么情况？一）神经管

12、前驱物至脊髓和脑的形式。二）基础和根尖细胞的形成，这是先导，以柄和胚胎分别。三）细胞的大规模运动做出的主要机构轴可见和组织者三个胚胎组织。四）受精卵分裂没有出现增长，形成细胞的一个球。8. In animals , which adult tissues and organs are derived from ectoderm? ba) Lining of the digestive tract and associated organs.b) Nerve cells and skin.c) Blood, heart, kidney, bone, and muscle.d) Blastopor

13、e and blastocoel.8.在动物中，其中成人组织和器官从外胚层衍生？一个）的消化道和相关器官的衬砌。二）的神经细胞和皮肤。三）血液，心脏，肾脏，骨骼和肌肉。D）胚和囊胚。9. What term describes the mode of asexual reproduction in which offspring develop from unfertilized eggs? B Aa) Parthenogenesis b) Budding c) Regeneration d)Fission9.什么术语描述无性繁殖的方式，其中从后代未受精的卵子发展？一）单性生殖二）萌芽三）再生

14、四）裂变10. What does it mean to say that differentiation is “progressive”? c a) Differentiation gets more efficient over time.b) Differentiation gets more complex over timec) Cell become increasingly more specialized over time.d) Differentiation is triggered by master regulators.10.什么意思说，差异化是“进步”？一）分化得

15、到随着时间的推移更加高效。二）分化得到随着时间的推移更加复杂三）细胞变得越来越专业化随着时间的推移。D）差异是由主监管触发。11. What is a fate map? ba) A description of an individual organisms fate.b) A description of the fate of each embryonic region or cell.c) A list of cell fates that is possible only in animal embryos.d) A list of cell fates that is possib

16、le only in tunicate embryos.1.什么是缘分地图？a）任何个人生物体的命运的描述。二）每个胚胎区域或细胞的命运的描述。细胞命运的可能只存在于动物胚胎三）名单。细胞命运这是可能只有在被囊动物胚胎d）一个列表。12. Which of the following stages of development is defined by the three embryonic tissue layers (ectoderm, mesoderm, and endoderm)? aa) The gastrula b)The zygote c)The morula d) The b

17、lastula12.哪发展的以下阶段是由三个胚胎组织层（外胚层，中胚层和内胚层）中所定义？一）原肠胚二）合子三）桑椹四）囊胚13.What happens during cleavage? ca) The neural tube-precursor of the spinal cord and brain-forms.b) Basal and apical cells-precursor of the suspensor and embryo.c) The fertilized egg divided without growth occurring forming a mass of cel

18、l.d) Massive movements of cells make the primary body axes visible and organize the three embryonic tissues.裂解过程中发生了喜欢吃点什么？一）神经管前驱脊髓和脑的形式。二）基础和根尖细胞前体的柄和胚胎。三）受精卵分裂没有出现增长形成了大规模细胞。D）细胞的大规模运动做出的主要机构轴可见，组织三个胚胎组织。14. Why are in situ hybridization such a valuable tool for studying development? B Aa) They i

19、dentify the location of specific mRNAs, and so provide a picture of differential gene expression.b) They allow researchers to understand how cell-cell signals and regulatory transcription factors interact.c) They provide data on homology-the presence of similar genes in different species.d) They can

20、 be done with RNA or DNA probes.14.为什么原位杂交研究开发这样一个宝贵的工具？一）它们识别特定的mRNAs的位置，所以提供差异基因表达的照片。b）它们允许研究人员了解细胞间的信号和调节转录因子相互作用。c）它们提供了在不同的物种相似的基因同源性，存在的数据。四）它们可以与RNA或DNA探针来完成。15. What is a cadherin(钙粘蛋白)? Ca) A glycoprotein found in the zona pelluciada of mammal eggs.b) A molecule secreted by the organizer t

21、hat induces changes in target cells.c) A cell-adhesion protein found on the surface of animal cells. d) A cytoplasmic determinatant found in the cortical cytoplasm of frog eggs.15.什么是钙粘蛋白（钙粘蛋白）？一）在哺乳动物卵透明带pelluciada发现的一种糖蛋白。b）在诱导改变靶细胞的分泌主办方的分子。三）的动物细胞的表面上的细胞粘附蛋白发现。   d）一个细胞质determinat

22、ant在蛙卵的细胞质皮质发现。16. In frogs, the sperm penetrates the egg in the region of the, a. Vegetal pole.b. Animal pole.c. Gray crescent.d. Unpigmented cortical cytoplasm.16.青蛙，精子穿透卵子中的地区，c B一。植物极。B。动物极。Ç。灰色月牙。ð。未染色的皮质细胞质中。17. Which of the following are cytoplasmic determinants that direct embryoni

23、c development in frogs?da. Transcription factors.b. Protein kinases.c. Protein kinase inhibitors.d. All of the above.17.下列哪项是细胞质决定因素青蛙的直接胚胎发育？一。转录因子。B。蛋白激酶。Ç。蛋白激酶抑制剂。ð。上述所有的。18. Which of the following is a characteristic of both fruit flies and birds?d Ca. Centrally located yolk in the egg

24、.b. Migration of nuclei to the periphery of the egg.c. Incomplete cleavage.d. Larger blastomeres in the animal hemisphere than in the vegetal hemisphere.18.以下哪项是既果蝇和鸟类的特征？一。位于市中心蛋黄的鸡蛋。B。迁移核蛋的周边。Ç。不完全断裂。ð。在动物半球大卵裂球比在植物性半球19. Which of the following statements about conjoined twins is false?a

25、a. They result from the fertilization of two separate eggs.b. They are always identical twins.c. They result from incomplete splitting of the inner cell mass.d. They usually share some organs and limbs.19.下面关于连体婴下面的语句是假的？一。它们导致从两个单独的卵受精。B。他们总是同卵双胞胎。Ç。它们导致从内细胞团的不完全分裂。ð。他们通常都有一些器官和四肢。20. Aft

26、er gastrulation, the mesodermal cells contribute to the developing,a. brain.b. bones.c. lining of the digestive tract.d. sweat glands.20.原肠胚形成后，将胚层细胞向显影，b一。大脑。B。骨头。Ç。衬里消化道。ð。汗腺。21. Which of the following statements is false? da. Neural crest cells give rise to peripheral nerves.b. Body seg

27、mentation develops during neurulation.c. Hox genes control differentiation along the anteriorposterior body axis.d. Neural crest cells form the brain and spinal cord.21.以下哪项是错误的？一。神经嵴细胞产生外周神经。B。神经胚形成过程中的身体分割开发。Ç。 Hox基因控制沿前 - 后体轴分化。ð。神经嵴细胞形成的脑和脊髓。22. Which of the following represents the co

28、rrect chronological order in which structures typically appear during neurulation in a vertebrate embryo? a. Neural folds, neural plate, neural groove, neural tube.b. Neural plate, neural folds, neural groove, neural tube.c. Neural groove, neural folds, neural tube, neural plate.d. Neural folds, neu

29、ral groove, neural tube, neural plate.22.以下哪项代表正确的时间顺序结构通常神经胚形成过程中脊椎动物胚胎出现？b一。神经褶，神经板，神经沟，神经管。B。神经板，神经褶，神经沟，神经管。Ç。神经沟，神经褶，神经管，神经板。ð。神经褶，神经沟，神经管，神经板。23. The formation of the heart in a developing chicken is an example of, da. growth.b. differentiation.c. determination.d. Morphogenesis.23.心脏

30、的在显影鸡的形成是一个例子，一。增长。B。差异化。Ç。决心。ð。形态。24. A skin cell lineage is only able to make more skin cells. It is thus, a Ba. impotent.b. unipotent.c. multipotent.d. Pluripotent.24.皮肤细胞谱系是唯一能够让更多的皮肤细胞。因此，这是，一。无能。B。幺幂。Ç。多能。ð。多能性。25. The difference between the top and the bottom in a developi

31、ng organism is called its, a. pluripotency.b. determination.c. pattern formation.d. Polarity.25.顶部和在显影生物体的底部之间的差异被称为它的，d一。多能性。B。决心。Ç。格局的形成。ð。极性。26. Which of the following statements about Hox genes is false? da. They contain homeoboxes.b. They were derived from duplications of a single anc

32、estral gene cluster.c. They encode transcription factors.d. They are found only in Drosophila and a few closely related genera of flies.26.下面关于Hox基因下面的语句是假的？一。它们包含homeoboxes。B。它们来源于单个祖先基因簇的重复。Ç。它们编码转录因子。ð。他们发现，只有在果蝇和果蝇的一些密切相关的属。27. The process by which the developmental fate of a cell is s

33、et is called： aa. determination.b. morphogenesis.c. differentiation.e. Totipotency.27.通过该设置的小区的发育命运时调用的过程：一。决心。B。形态。Ç。差异化。即全能性。28. The process by which signaling molecules from one tissue (or group of cells) affect the development of adjacent tissue is called, da. determination.b. morphogenesis

34、.c. transduction.d. Induction.28.通过它从一个组织（或细胞群）的信号分子影响相邻组织的发展被称为所述的方法，一。决心。B。形态。Ç。转导。ð。感应。29. A baby is born with partially webbed hands. What is the most likely cause?ba. An overactive apoptosis pathway.b. An underactive apoptosis pathway.c. A homeotic mutation.d. An overactive gap gene.2

35、9.婴儿出生部分蹼手。什么是最有可能的原因是什么？一。过于活跃的细胞凋亡通路。B。一个减退凋亡途径。Ç。一个同源异型基因突变。ð。过于活跃的差距基因。30. In human development, an embryo is most sensitive to chemicals, radiation, and pathogens during the first trimester because this is the time when, c Ba. organs are increasing in size.b. tissues are differentiati

36、ng.c. the fetus grows rapidly.d. fetal movements begin.30.在人类发展，胚胎是最敏感的化学物质，辐射，和病原体的头三个月期间，因为这是时间时，一。器官增大的尺寸。B。组织被区分。Ç。胎儿生长迅速。ð。胎动开始。（155 dbccb 6-10 ccbac 11-15 bacac 16-20bdcab 21-25dbdbd 26-30dadbb）名词解释：experimental embryology 实验胚胎学（experimental embryology）用实验方法干扰胚胎，研究胚胎的各部分在发育中的相互作用，从而探

37、讨胚胎发育中的因果关系的胚胎学分支学科。embryonic induction动物在一定的胚胎发育时期, 一部分细胞影响相邻细胞使其向一定方向分化的作用称为胚胎诱导, 或称为分化诱导。诱导相邻细胞发育的信号分子是可扩散的蛋白质，称为成型素。能对其他细胞的分化起诱导作用的细胞，即分泌成型素的细胞称为诱导者或组织者In vitro fertilization (IVF) 精子和卵子在体外人工控制的环境中完成受精过程的技术，英文简称为IVFbirth defects/teratology胚胎发育紊乱引起的形态、结构、功能、代谢等方面的异常 Regional specification/ differ

38、entiation/Morphogenesis在某一正在发育的个体细胞中进行形态的、功能的特殊变化并建立起其他细胞所没有的特征，这样建立特异性的过程称之为分化。分化形成形态功能不同的细胞形态形成指生物发生中产生新的形态过程。多细胞生物既有时间上的分化，又有空间上的分化。在个体的细胞数目大量增加的同时，分化程度越来越复杂，细胞间的差异也越来越大，而且同一个体的细胞由于所处位置不同而在细胞间出现功能分工，头与尾、背与腹、内与外等不同空间的细胞表现出明显的差别transplantation tissue engineering 将自体组织或人工材料等移植到身体的某一部位以恢复由于先天性或后天性因素引

39、起的畸形或组织缺损的一种技术reproductive cloning /therapeutic cloning 就是以产生新个体为目的的克隆即用生殖技术制造完整的克隆人目的是产生一个独立生存的个体。治疗性克隆指把患者植体细胞移到去核卵母细胞中形成重组胚把重组胚体外培养到囊胚然后从囊胚内分离出ES细胞获得的ES细胞使之定向分化为所需的特定细胞类型(如神经细胞肌肉细胞和血细胞用于替代疗法fertilization/cleavage/blastocyte/ gastrulation/受精是卵子和精子融合为一个合子的过程。卵裂是指指受精卵的早期分裂。卵裂期内一个细胞或细胞核不断地快速分裂，将体积极大的

40、卵子细胞质分割成许多较小的有核细胞的过程叫做卵裂。经过卵裂，受精卵被分割成很多小细胞，这些由小细胞组成的中空球形体称为囊胚胚胎由囊胚继续发育，由原始的单胚层细胞发展成具有双层或三层胚层结构的胚胎，称为原肠胚（或神经胚superficial cleavage动物卵裂的一种类型，见于昆虫类、蜘蛛类及其他节肢动物的中黄卵。这种卵裂与其他卵裂形式不同，此型卵裂最初只是位于卵黄块中心的核进行分裂，并不伴有卵表面细胞质的分裂。不过此时尚存在着直接包围核的原生质。symmetry breaking原来具有较高对称性的系统，出现不对称因素，其对称程度自发降低的现象invagination/involution

41、/cavitation/convergent extensioncytoplasmic determinants在细胞分化中决定每个细胞分化成哪类细胞的因子，存在于细胞质morphogen/lateral inhibition携带决定细胞分化方向相关信息的可扩散的物质形态发生素是以连续的浓度梯度分布的因而形成各种浓度阈值细胞根据所处环境的形态发生素的浓度阈值决定分化方向具有输入输出端的两个神经细胞，各自的输入或输出，互相对另一神经细胞的输入施以抑制，即为侧抑制。在这种场合下，对两个神经细胞的输出差则成为强调输入差的状态。许多神经细胞在空间排成一列，各神经细胞的输入或输出，对两侧的两个神经细胞的

42、输入加以抑制时，则空间的输出图形便成为对空间输入图形的峰或部位变化的状态maternal effect)指生物的表现型不仅由其基因和环境决定，而且会被其雌性亲本影响。目前认为，母亲卵子中的mRNA和蛋白质是该效应产生的原因。此外，母亲的环境也会对后代的性别，大小以及行为产生影响。同时，对于后代来说，该效应在其适应环境多样性方面有着重要意义。homeotic gene 可被体节极性基因又激活，决定每一体节的性质与形态特征，即选择体节向某个方向发育、分化，由于这类基因的产物都含有HD结构，所以又称为同源异形框（盒）基因（homeobox genes，Hox）embryonic stem cell/

43、adult stem cell胚胎干细胞是早期胚胎（原肠胚期之前）或原始性腺中分离出来的一类细胞，它具有体外培养无限增殖、自我更新和多向分化的特性。无论在体外还是体内环境，ES细胞都能被诱导分化为机体几乎所有的细胞类型。成体干细胞是指存在于一种已经分化组织中的未分化细胞，这种细胞能够自我更新并且能够特化形成组成该类型组织的细胞。成体干细胞存在于机体的各种组织器官中。成年个体组织中的成体干细胞在正常情况下大多处于休眠状态，在病理状态或在外因诱导下可以表现出不同程度的再生和更新能力。简答：1. Blastomeres look identical, explain why they are not

44、. 参考：They contain different types and/or concentrations of cytoplasmic determinants.2. Explain why eggs are so much larger than sperm?参考：Egg contain stores of nutrients，ect.3. Explain how cell transplantation experiments provided evidence that cells in a somite are determined in a step-by-step fashi

45、on?参考：When transplanted early in development, somite cells become the cell type associated with their new location. But when transplanted later in development, somite cells become the cell type associated with the original location. These observations indicate that the same cell is not committed to

46、a particular fate until later in development. 3.Explain如何细胞移植实验提供的证据表明，细胞在体节中的一步一步的方式被确定？参考：在发展初期移植，体节细胞变得与他们的新位置关联的细胞类型。但是，当在显影后移植，体节细胞变得与原始位置有关的细胞类型。这些观察结果表明，同一小区不承诺特定的命运，直到后来在发展。4. Explain the logic behind using nuclear transplant experiments to test the hypothesis that all animal cells in the bo

47、dy are genetically equivalent?参考： If the transplanted nucleus has undergone some permanent change or loss of genetic information during development, it should not be able to direct the development of a viable adult. But if the transplanted nucleus is genetically equivalent to the fertilized egg, the

48、n it should be capable of directing the development of a new individual.4.Explain利用核移植实验，以检验这一假设，所有动物细胞在人体内的基因相当于背后的逻辑是什么？参考：如果移植核经历发育过程中的一些永久改变或遗传信息的丢失，它不应该是能够直接可行成人的发展。但是如果移植细胞核基因等同于受精卵，那么它应该是能够指导新个体的发展。5. Why is it significant that many of the genes involved in development encode regulatory trans

49、cription factors?参考：Development- specifically differentiation-depends on changes in gene expression. Changes in gene expression depends on differences in regulatory transcription factors.5.为什么是显著许多参与发展的基因编码转录调控因子？参考：开发 - 特异性分化取决于基因表达的变化。基因表达的变化依赖于转录调控因子的差异。6. What does it mean to say that cell proli

50、feration, death, movement, or expansion; differentiation; and interaction are shared developmental processes?参考： They occur in both plants and animals, and are responsible for the changes that occur as an embryo develops. 6.什么意思说，细胞增殖，死亡，运动，或扩张;分化;和互动共享的发展过程？参考：它们发生在植物和动物，并负责为胚胎发育时发生的变化。7. After org

51、anogenesis, frog embryos are about the same size as a fertilized egg. Why?参考：The embryo can not yet feed, so all of its activities is fueled by the nutrient stores in the egg. It is not taking in a lot of new molecules that would allow it to get bigger.7.After器官，蛙胚大约相同的尺寸受精卵。为什么呢？参考：胚胎还不能养活，所以其所有活动的

52、带动下，营养存储在鸡蛋。它不采取了很多新的分子，将使其获得更大的。8. Why are pregnant mothers advised to refrain from drinking alcoholic beverages?参考：Ethanol can cross the placenta, enter the fetus and adversely affect development. Ethanol abuse by pregnant womens correlated with fatal alcohol syndrome(FAS), a condition caused by loss of neurons in developing embryos.为什么留恋的孕妇建议饮用含酒精的饮料，以避免？参考：酒精可以通过胎盘，进入胎儿发育造成不良影响。