高考非谓语动词

1、高考英语专题指导之非谓语动词考点归纳 一，动词的构成 _ 谓语动词 _ _动词 _ _非谓语动词_ _二概述1.谓语动词：_2.非谓语动词：_非谓语动词使用条件:一个句子当中，已经存在_,又没有_的情况下, 还有别的_出现时。She got off the bus, leaving her handbag on her seat.She got off the bus, but left her handbag on her seat.划分句子成分：1 The teachers sitting there are from other schools.2 We saw some teacher

2、s sitting there. 3 We need to be active in class. 非谓语动词大都可在句中作_等.4.To see you is glad. =Its glad to see you. 5.I want to see you.6.I want him to see you. 7.My hope is to see you.8.He is the man to see you.9.Im glad to see you. 10.I went to see you. 11.He went so early as to see you12.Swimming is his

3、 favourite sport. 13.He enjoys swimming. 14.I found him swimming in the river. 15.His favourite sport is swimming.16.He is the man swimming in the river just now. 17. Swimming in Summer ,we can get cool.一、不定式（一）. 不定式的语法形式动词不定式无人称和数的变化,但有时态和语态的变化.时态语态 主动语态 被动语态 一般式进行式完成式完成进行式 （二）不定式的句法功能具有名词、形容词和副词的特

4、征,可充当成分: 主语, 宾语, 宾语补足语, 表语, 定语, 状语.1. 作主语侧重于动作的具体性和将来性To talk with you is a great pleasure.To find the building took him a lot of time但为使句子平衡,常用it 代它作主语, 把它移到句子后部去.It is a great pleasure to talk with you.It took him a lot of time to find the building.2. 作宾语A. 跟不定式作宾语的常见动词:（）hope, want , expect, wish

5、, desire等表希望，想要的动词（）like, love, dislike ,hate等表好恶的动词（）plan, intend, mean, prepare等表计划，打算的动词（）decide, determine 等表决定的动词（）其他动词afford, fail, manage, try、arrange、 dare, help , promise、refuse、 learn、offer、 agree、forget ,bother I want to do it myself.Our teacher promised to see the film with us.B. 常跟疑问词+不

6、定式作宾语的动词:tell, advise, show, teach, find out, decide, discuss, learn, explainHe taught us how to use the tool.No one could tell me where to get the book.I hope youll advise me what to do.C. 常跟形式宾语的动词有些及物动词需要后接”宾语+宾补”意思才完整.作宾语的动词不定式还带有自己的补足语,常用it 替代,而将其移到补足语后. Consider, feel, make ,find, believe, kno

7、w, regardWe think it important to obey the law.I know it impossible to finish so much homework in a day.3. 作表语A.表示按计划和安排发生的事情 He is to marry Rose.B.表示主语的内容，但侧重于目的性Her wishes was to become an artist.C. 表示情态意义(应该, 必须)The form is to be filled in and returned within a week.She is to blame.4.不定式作定语A.表即将发

8、生的情况Charles Lindbergh is the first man to fly the Atlantic alone.(主谓关系)She has a good chance to go to college. (同位关系)He has got lots of questions to ask. (动宾关系)注意:1.如不定式与它所修饰的词有动宾关系,而这个不定式又是不及物动词, 它后面应有必要的介词.There is nothing to worry about.2.不定式所修饰的名词是不定式的动作所发生的地点或所使用的工具时, 它后面要带上必要的介词.I need a pen t

9、o write with.He is looking for a room to live inB. 常跟不定式作定语的名词need, time, way, chance, opportunity, courage, reason, decision, wishIs that the best way to solve the problem?They had no chance to go to school in those years.Our decision to wait was wise.5.不定式作宾语补足语跟不定式作宾语补足语的动词A. let, have, make, get

10、等表使役的动词They made us go with them.( 比较: They made a lot of paper flowers to decorate the room.)注意:Let/ have/make sb. do ; get sb. to doThey got us to go with them.B. ask, tell, request, order等表要求,命令的动词The chairman requested the members to be silent.My teacher asked me to go there on time.C. allow, pe

11、rmit, forbid等表许可或禁止的动词 The guard forbade me to enter. D. wish, want, expect, intend等表希望的动词(hope无此用法)Many parents expect their children to study abroad.E. see、watch、notice、look at 、find、 observe、 hear、listen to、feel等表感官的动词（六看二听一感觉）I noticed tears come into his eyes.We often hear her sing the song at

12、home.注: 这些词后的不定式均不带to F. think, consider, find, believe, suppose, know, understand, take 后常跟不定式作宾补(常用 to be 结构)I consider him (to be) one of the best singers in the country. He proved himself (to be) a good teacher.She is believed to have gone to the USA.G. 其他动词advise,help, persuade, encourage,warn,

13、 cause, force, remind Please remind me to take the raincoat.He advised me to read English as often as possible.6. 不定式作状语1)不定式作目的状语Tim sat near the fire to get warm.The athletes practised hard to win the match.为强调作作目的状语的不定式, 常用in order (not) to，so as (not) to短语.前者可放在句首,也可放在句中;后者只能放在句中2).不定式作结果状语作结果状语

14、的不定式常用于一些固定搭配中如:too to, enough to，only to，never to，so + 形容词/副词 + as to, such + 名词+ as to do引导。lifted a stone , only to fall down my feet.I tried the door, only to find it locked inside.(强调意外结果)He is brave enough to go out alone at nightIt is too heavy to carry.3). 不定式作原因状语常放在表示心理感觉的形容词后,说明产生这种情绪的原因I

15、 am happy to see you.She was sad to hear the bad news.Im anxious /eager to know the result.常用的形容词有able, content ,willing, free, happy, glad, lucky, sorry , angry, sad, rude, foolish, clever （三）. 不定式的省略现象1)不定式在感官动词see, hear, feel, watch, notice, look at , listen to, overhear, observe 和使役动词 have, make

16、, let 后作宾语补足语时, 不定式省略to 。     例 I watched him disappear in the distance. 但这种句子如果变为被动结构，有toThey were made to work day and night.Someone was heard to come up the stairs.2)介词but ,except, besides 后接不定式作宾语时，介词前有行为动词do ,不定式要省去to。 例 We did nothing but/except wait then.   反之, 则不能省略I

17、ve no choice but to stay here.    3)不定式在系动词 后作表语时, 当主语部分有行为动词do, 作表语的不定式to可省略。 例: What I want to do now is find some books to read. 4)有两个以上的不定式并列在一起时,第二个不定式的 to 可以省略I promise to finish my homework and hand it on time.5)当作宾语的不定式重复时, 只保留to-Do you want to have a rest?-Yes, I want to

18、, but I cant.但当to后面的动词是be或have时,要保留不定式后的be或have -Are you a sailor ? - No, but I used to be (a sailor ). - Does she have much money? - No, but she used to have.6)在固定词组和句型中省略toA. had better do/ had better not doYoud better not see him.B. would rather do sth. than do sth.They would rather try and fail

19、than give up the planC. cannot but do sth. cannot choose but do sth. cannot help but do sth.“不得不.”As the last bus had gone, I could but walk there.He cannot help but admit that he was wrong.D. why not do sth? 表建议 why do sth? 表责备Why not do it right now ?E. prefer to do sth, rather than do sth.We pref

20、erred to put the meeting off rather than hold it without adequate preparation.（四）不定式的时态不定式的时态形式一般包括四种:一般式,完成式, 进行式和完成进行式 1)不定式的一般式( to do )一般式表示的动作(状态)和谓语动作同时(或几乎同时)发生, 或在其后发生They decided to hold another meeting to discuss the problem.Do you have anything to do this afternoon?2)不定式的进行式( to be doing

21、)表示不定式的动作和主句的动作同时发生He is said to be playing a part in the film.They seem to be getting along quite well.3)不定式的完成式(to have done)A.表示不定式中谓语动词动作发生在主句的谓语动作之前。The novel was said to have been published.I regret to have been with you for so many years.He seemed to have finished his work.不定式的完成式常用在be said、

22、be believed、 be reported, be considered, be thought、 be known、 be supposed、或seem、appear、hope, pretend等动词之后此外，glad、happy、satisfied、sorry、surprised、disappointed,后也接完成时，但要注意与一般时的区别。Im sorry to keep you waiting for a minute.对不起，请稍等。（说话时还未等）Im sorry to have kept you waiting.对不起，让你久等了。（说话时已等了很久）B)表原本打算做,

23、但未能实现的事I meant to have invited you to my house yesterday.They planned to have been married in May but had to put it off till June. I would like to have gone to the party, but I was too busy. 常用于这一句型的动词还有hoped/promised/wanted/wished/expected/ planned+to have done sth.C)用于某些情态动词的后面表示对过去事情的推断或虚拟假设.如：Yo

24、u must have met him yesterday.She cant have gone to Beijing, has she?They should/ought to have come here yesterday.4)不定式的完成进行式(to have been doing)如果所说的动作发生于谓语动作之前,且一直在继续,则要用完成进行式They seemed to have been talking about the problem all the afternoon.（五）. 不定式的语态当一个不定式逻辑上的主语是不定式动作的承受者, 这个不定式一般要用被动形式You a

25、re to attend the meeting to be held tomorrow.He asked to be sent to work there.不定式的被动形式在句中可作主语, 宾语, 表语, 补足语,定语,状语 .1) 用作句子的真正主语。如：It is an honour for me to be asked to speak here .It is necessary for us to be constantly reminded of our shortcomings.2) 用作某些动词的宾语。如：He asked to be sent to work in Tibet

26、.He hated to be flattered.3) 用作表语。如：What I want is to be left alone.The question is what is to be done next.4)用作宾语补足语。如：He wanted the letter to be typed at once. They didnt expect the book to be so well received . 5)用作主语补足语。如：The books are not allowed to be taken out of the reading-room.The date is

27、expected to be announced before long. 。 6)用作名词的后置定语。如：Are you going to the banquet to be given at the embassy?It will be the first such project to be designed by Chinese engineers.7) 用作状语。如：The actor is going onto the stage to be awarded.She was not old enough to be given such heavy work. It was a g

28、ood thing for him to have been criticized. （表示已经发生的被动动作）有关不定式被动结构的特殊情况不定式有时用主动语态表示被动含义1)在there be 句型中 There is no time to lose. There is something to pay attention to .2) 当不定式修饰want, have 等动词的宾语,而句子的主语是不定式的逻辑主语时用主动语态表示被动含义We have no homework to do.Mary has three children to look after.3)当不定式修饰buy, g

29、et, give 等动词的宾语,而间接宾语是不定式的逻辑主语时用主动语态表示被动含义Please buy me some newspapers to read.Ill give you some novels to read on the journey.4) 当不定式和其逻辑主语是被动关系,但不定式前有形容词时,不定式用主动语态表示被动含义(常见的: easy, hard, difficult, fit, heavy, comfortable,)This job is hard to do.He is not easy to convince.他不容易被说服（六）. 不定式的其他常见句型1)

30、 It is +adj+for/of sb. to do sth.It is important for us to express our opinious.It is clever of him to work out the problem.2) It is a pleasure/pity/an honorto do sthIt is an honor to have a talk with you.3) It takes/took sb. some time to do sth.It takes me an hour to finish the book.4) too+adj./adv

31、. for sb. to do sth.The book is too hard for the boy to read.注:有时too在tooto 结构中表veryIm too glad to see you.5) be about to do 表要发生的事，它比be going to 的时间更短更快He was about to start. （七）.不定式的独立成分To tell the truth, to be frank, to make matter worse, to be sure, to be exactly to be honest, to put it another w

32、ay, to be brief.To be frank, you are lying.To make matter worse, it began to turn dark.To tell the truth, I dont think the film is good. 不定式运用口诀 本领最多不定式，主表宾补定和状。 样样成分都能干，只有谓语它不敢。 大家千万要当心，有时它把句型改， 作主宾时用“it”, 自己在后把身藏。 九个感官三使役， 宾补要把to甩开； 疑问词后接上它，宾语从句可充当； 逻辑主语不定式，不定式前for sb. ; to前not是否定,各种用法区别开。不定式在九个感官

33、动词see, hear, feel, watch, find, notice, listen to, look at, observe, 三个使役动词let, have, make等后作宾补时,to要省略二、动名词 (一).动名词的语法形式动名词无人称和数的变化,但有时态和语态的变化.时态语态主动语态被动语态一般式完成式(二)、动名词的句法功能具有名词的特征,可充当成分:主语宾语 表语 定语1. 动名词作主语Seeing is believing.Playing chess is fun.It's no use waiting here.动名词作主语,也可用it 作形式主语.但只限于下

34、面句型:1） 动名词在“It is no use/ no good/ fun / a waste of time/ a good pleasure 等名词 + doing”结构中作主语，it为形式主语。例如：It is no good writing to him; he never answers letters.It is no use talking too much. 2） 动名词在“It is useless/ nice/ good/ interesting/ worthwhile 等形容词 + doing”结构中作主语。例如：It is nice playing chess aft

35、er supper. It is useless sending him there.3） 动名词在“There is(was) no + doing”结构中作主语。例如：There is no denying that she is very efficient.2. 动名词作表语 动名词作表语起名词作用,表示主语的内容,这时动名词和主语的位置是可以交换的。The nurse's job is looking after the patients.= Looking after the patients is the nurse's job Four skills of En

36、glish learning are listening, speaking, reading and writing.= listening, speaking, reading and writing are four skills of English learning .注: 动名词和不定式都可以作主语或表语,没有太大区别.在表示经常习惯性动作多用动名词; 在表示具体某次动作, 特别是将来的动作时,多用不定式.Their job is building houses.Our task now is to increase food production.3. 动名词作定语 动名词作定语

37、时，动名词和它所修饰的词没有逻辑上的主谓关系. 表示名词用途 a racing car= a car that is used to racea swimming pool= a pool that is used to swim in a swimming boy= a boy who is swimming单个现在分词作定语,放在被修饰的词语前;现在分词短语作定语,放在被修饰的词语后;Do you know the person speaking to our boss ?The boy sitting under the tree is reading.4. 动名词作宾语 1）动名词作动

38、词宾语下列动词后只能接动名词：建议完成练习suggest, advise, finish, practise, 喜欢考虑感激enjoy, consider, appreciate, 想象原谅错过imagine, pardon, excuse, forgive, miss, 允许介意逃避allow, permit, mind, escape, avoid, delay, keep, risk, recommend, admit。I cant imagine marrying a girl of that sort.I recommend buying the dictionary.Will yo

39、u admit having broken the window? 有些动词短语后也要求跟动名词作宾语。常这样用的动词短语有：leave off, put off, give up, look forward to, feel like, have trouble / difficulty (in) doing sth. devote to, get used to, pay attention to, be fond of, stick to, be worth, cant stand , cant help .He put off making a decision till he had

40、 more information. Do you feel like taking a walk?2）动名词作介词宾语注意: 介词后如果需要非谓语动词作宾语,只能是动名词,不可用不定式 .Are you good at playing football?其他介词不易错,重点是介词to .因为不定式符号也是to ,所以一定要记住有关的短语. look forward to ,devoteto, get used to, pay attention to, stick to, on ones way to这些短语中的to都是介词.I am used to watching TV in the e

41、vening. Were so mush looking forward to seeing you again.动名词与不定式作宾语的区别1)remember to do/doing记得去做/记得做过Do remember to tell your mother. I remember telling my mother.2)regret to do/doing表遗憾地(说)/表后悔I regret to say/tell I must leave tomorrow.I regret not having told her earlier.3) mean to do/doing计划,打算做/

42、意味着Where do you mean to go in your vacation?Missing the train means waiting for another hour.4) try to do/doing 尽力做/试着做The boy tries to learn English well.The man lost the key, so he tried opening the door with a new key.5) go on to do/doing继续做一件与前面内容不同的事/继续做一件与前面内容一致的事She waved to me and went on pa

43、inting.The old man read a poem, then went on to tell a story.6) forget to do/doing忘了要做某事/忘了做过某事She forgot to bring the purse with her.She forgot bringing the purse with her.7) stop to do/doing停下来做另一件事/停止做某事After riding a bike for an hour, I stopped to walk.They talked loudly. I told them to stop tal

44、king.8) like/love/hate to do/doing做具体的事情/表习惯I like reading but I hate to read on Sunday.The boy hates getting up late, but he likes to get up late when he is free.（三）. 动名词的复合结构动名词前可以加一个 物主代词或 名词所有格来表示 这个动名词逻辑上的主语 ，构成动名词的复合结构或动名词短语Do you mind my reading your paper?Their coming to help was a great enc

45、ouragement to us.Roses going wont be of much help.如果动名词的复合结构不是句子主语，这个结构常用名词普通格或人称代词宾格I dont mind Jack (him) going.She hates young people (them) smoking.（四）. 动名词的时态动名词有两种时态A. 动名词的一般式 (doing )通常表示一般性的动作或与谓语同时发生I am used to watching TV in the evening. They are interested in climbing mountains.B.动名词的完成式

46、 (having done)动名词的动作在谓语动作之前发生常用动名词的完成式 She regret not having studied the computer hard. He didnt mention having met me.（五）. 动名词的语态当一个动名词逻辑上的主语是动名词动作的承受者, 这个动名词一般要用被动形式1. 用作句子的主语。如：His being neglected by the host added to his uneasiness.主人对他的冷漠使他更加不舒服。So being killed by sharks was a common occurrence

47、.因此被鲨鱼吃掉是经常发生的事。2. 用作动词宾语或介词宾语。如： He didnt mind being left at home. She couldnt bear being made fun of like that. We congratulated him on his being admitted to the Party.They insisted on their being treated as ordinary workers. 注:如果表示的动作在谓语表示的动作之前发生有时需要用动名词的完成被动式(having been done)I dont remember hav

48、ing ever been givena chance to try this method.但多数情况下避免使用动名词的完成被动式,以免句子显得累赘（六）.动名词句型1. It is no use/ no good/ fun / a waste of time/ a good pleasure+ doing(1) It is no use talking too much.(2) It is no good crying.2. It is useless/ nice/ good/ interesting/ worthwhile It is worthwhile discussing the

49、question again.3. There is(was) no + doingThere is no knowing what has happended.4. There is no need/use/good/harm/hurry+ doingThere is no harm pointing out his mistakes.5. sb. spend some time (in) doing sth.I spent three weeks reading the book.6. be worth doing sth.The book is well worth reading ag

50、ain.7. want/need/require +doing(表被动含义)(1) The sick woman needs looking after.8. on doing (hearing/seeing/returning/arriving/opening)On hearing the news he jumped with joy.9. have a good time /difficulty/trouble/fun/a pleasure/a hard time (in) doing sth I have some difficulty in finding out when the train leaves.10. be busy doing sth. Now the students are busy preparing their lessons. 11. allow, permit, advise, forbid +doing We