非谓语动词---kelly

1、非谓语动词非谓语动词activepassiveto doto be doingto have doneto be doneto have been done1. Different forms of to doTo infinitiveto have been doing一般式一般式进行式进行式完成式完成式完成进行式完成进行式Tom is said to study abroad.Tom is said to have studied abroad.Tom is said to be studying abroad. The new hospital is said to be built n

2、ext month.Tom will study abroad.Tom is studying abroad.Tom has studied abroad.The new hospital will be built.He is said to have been living here for 5 years.He has been living here for 5 years. To find a best friend is difficult. It is impossible to finish the work in such ashort time.主语主语真正的主语真正的主语

3、, it为形式主语为形式主语 2. function of the to-do人们通常用人们通常用itit作为形式主语，而把不定式作为形式主语，而把不定式移到谓语之后，使句子结构平稳。移到谓语之后，使句子结构平稳。It seems a pity to have wasted so much time.He wanted to go .作动词宾语作动词宾语我发现学英语很有趣。我发现学英语很有趣。I find it interesting to study English.注意：在注意：在feel, find, make, think, consider等动等动词后，如果宾语有宾语补足语时，要用词

4、后，如果宾语有宾语补足语时，要用it作形式作形式宾语，而把真正的宾语放到宾语补足语之后。宾语，而把真正的宾语放到宾语补足语之后。I have no choice but .(go)She could do nothing but .(cry) 不定式作介词不定式作介词but、except的宾语时，如果的宾语时，如果but、except之前之前有行为动词有行为动词do的各种形式的各种形式，则不定，则不定式式，否则要带，否则要带to。 有有do无无to，有，有to无无do. .to gocry常见动词：get, ask, cause, command, enable, encourage, exp

5、ect, persuade, require, urge etcThe teacher asked us to finish the work today.宾语补足语宾语补足语我们觉得他是个好老师。我们觉得他是个好老师。We consider him . 表心理状态的词如表心理状态的词如:consider, think, believe, find, imagine, judge, suppose, prove等后常跟等后常跟 “to be + adj. / n.” 作宾补。作宾补。 consider, think, find后的后的to be常可省略。常可省略。(to be) a good

6、teacher. He is looking for a house to live in.Our plan is to finish the work in two weeks.He came here to attend an important meeting. 定语定语表语表语状语状语in order to, so as to 表目的表目的To be honest, we are not sure to work out the problem. To be frank, I dont agree with you.独立结构独立结构若作定语的动词不定式是若作定语的动词不定式是vi, 后

7、必须要后必须要 有介词有介词用作独立结构用作独立结构 有一些不定式短语不做句中成分，而是说话人心理、态度的表露（语法将之称为独立结构）。这类动词不定式有：to tell you the truth（说老实话）、to begin with（首先）、to be sure（诚然，固然）、to be brief（简言之）、to conclude（总而言之）、 to say nothing of（姑且不说）、 to make a long story short（长话短说） 。1) It is + adj. + for/of sb. + to do sth.Its kind you to invite

8、me here.Its hard me to get rid of my bad habits.2) It is + n. + to do sth.(a pleasure, a pity, a shame, an honor, a crime, ones duty, no easy job) 3. usage of “ to infinitive”总结：此结构中总结：此结构中,若形容词是说明的是不定式若形容词是说明的是不定式的性质时的性质时, 则用则用for; 若说明的是人若说明的是人(sb.)的特性的特性, 则用则用of.offor3) 主语主语 + 动词动词 + it + adj. + t

9、o do sth. (believe, consider, find, feel, imagine, prove, realize, suppose, think etc.） I think it important to learn English well.4) It takes (sb.) some time + to do sth.(hours, months, days, a lot of time, patience.)5) )“疑问词疑问词to do sth.” 作用相当于一个名词性从句 I dont know what to do.6) 由由last, next, 序数词或形容

10、词最高级修饰的名序数词或形容词最高级修饰的名词常用不定式作后置定语。词常用不定式作后置定语。Hes always the first man to arrive at the office and the last man to come.Hes not the best one to do the work.7)结果状语的表达法：结果状语的表达法：soas to; suchas to; enough to; tootoIm so smart as to answer your question。He lifted a rock only to drop it on his own feet.

11、“only+ 动词不定式动词不定式”表出乎意外的结果表出乎意外的结果Bare infinitive1) 使役动词：使役动词：let, make。 (and sometimes have) I let her borrow my book. She made me promise to write every day.2) 感官动词：感官动词：feel, hear, listen to, see, watch, observe, look at, notice I saw her talk to her new friends. I saw her talking to her new frie

12、nds.完成，全过程完成，全过程正在进行正在进行 使役和感官动词的被动语态要还原使役和感官动词的被动语态要还原 to3) would rather(sooner), had better, why not would rather do than do/ would dorather than do cant help but/ cant but may/ might as well let alone have nothing to do butShe did nothing but (cry).She eat nothing but (drink) some water.cryto dri

13、nk宁可而不; 宁愿而不愿.不得不不妨，还是为好更别提，更别说4）当两个不定式由）当两个不定式由and, or, except, but, than或或rather than连接时，通常第二个不定式的连接时，通常第二个不定式的to省略。省略。She told me to be cheerful and look on the bright side.Do you want to go shopping or watch a film?I decided to write rather than phone.Its easier to say than to do.5） Why do.? 表示责

14、备表示责备 Why not do.? 一般表建议一般表建议Why make so much noise?Why not have a rest?动名词动名词Verb-ing form as a noun作主语：作主语： Swimming is good for your health.Its no use crying over spilt milk.作宾语：作宾语：I dislike eating desserts.He sat there without speaking.只用动名词作宾语的动词动词有：avoid, admit, consider, delay, advise, disli

15、ke, enjoy, escape, mind, suggest, miss, practice, excuse etc.动词词组动词词组有：cannot help, look forward to, pay attention to, feel like, cannot stand/bear, put off, keep on etc.即可接即可接 v-ing又可接又可接to infinitive，且意思相同意思相同的有：continue, prefer, attempt, begin, hate, like, start, love等意思不同意思不同的有：forget, regret, r

16、emember, mean, try, stop, go one.g.Ill try to improve my spoken English.Try knocking at the door if nobody hears you at the front door.作表语作表语My job is testing all kinds of software.注意：注意： 动名词表示比较抽象的一般行为、习惯；动名词表示比较抽象的一般行为、习惯； 不定式表示具体的某一次动作，特别是将来的动不定式表示具体的某一次动作，特别是将来的动作。作。My favorite sport is swimming

17、.My job this afternoon is to teach these children.注意：注意：1)当表语是动名词时，主语也要用动名词；当表当表语是动名词时，主语也要用动名词；当表语是不定式时，主语也要用不定式：语是不定式时，主语也要用不定式： Seeing is believing. To see is to believe2)动名词和不定式作主语，一般都可以使用形式动名词和不定式作主语，一般都可以使用形式主语主语it。但是在下列句型中，一般只用动名词。但是在下列句型中，一般只用动名词. Its no use doing Its no good doing Its a was

18、te of time doing 3) 动名词用于句式动名词用于句式There is no + doing (动名词动名词)中，相当于中，相当于It is impossible to do sth. “无法无法，不能不能”There is no knowing where she has gone.There is no telling what may happen in the future. There is no denying that health is the most important.There is no joking about this matter.无法知道她去哪儿

19、了。无法知道她去哪儿了。说不清未来会发生什么。说不清未来会发生什么。无可否认健康是最重要的。无可否认健康是最重要的。拿这件事来开玩笑是不行的。拿这件事来开玩笑是不行的。verb-ing form 现在分词现在分词verb-ed form 过去分词过去分词Point 1: used as attributive分词作定语(1)a walking man=a walking stick=a swimming man a swimming poola sleeping child a sleeping car动作正在进行，相当于定语从句动作正在进行，相当于定语从句a man who is worki

20、nga stick for walking表所修饰名词的性质、用途表所修饰名词的性质、用途V-ingV-ing作定语既可表示动作正在进行作定语既可表示动作正在进行, ,此时此时相当于一个定语从句；又可表示所修饰名相当于一个定语从句；又可表示所修饰名词的性质或用途。词的性质或用途。(2)V-ed(2)V-ed做定语表示动作的完成、结束做定语表示动作的完成、结束, ,而而V-V-inging作定语表示动作正在进行。作定语表示动作正在进行。 fallen leaves= falling leaves= the rising sun the risen sun the setting sunleave

21、s which have fallen leaves which are falling 动作已结束，相当于定语从句动作已结束，相当于定语从句动作正在进行，相当于定语从句动作正在进行，相当于定语从句(3)(3)过去分词与所修饰名词之间是被动关系，过去分词与所修饰名词之间是被动关系，现在分词与所修饰名词之间是主动关系。现在分词与所修饰名词之间是主动关系。the stolen car=the thief steeling the car=the frightened childthe frightened lookthe frightening lookthe car which is stole

22、n the thief who steals the car 表被动表被动表主动表主动the look is frightening 令人害怕的表情令人害怕的表情the person feels frightened 感到害怕的表情感到害怕的表情(4)(4)现在分词作定语用来修饰无生命的事物，过现在分词作定语用来修饰无生命的事物，过去分词作定语用来修饰人或与人有关的事物去分词作定语用来修饰人或与人有关的事物. .总结：总结：现在分词做定语：相当于定语从句，用来修饰无生命的事物；表示动作正在进行；与所修饰名词成主动关系。也可用来表示所修饰名词的性质、用途。过去分词做定语：相当于定语从句，表示动作

23、已完成；与所修饰名词成被动关系。还可用来修饰人或与人相关的事物。=The man running in the picture is Liu Xiang. The man who is running in the picture is Liu Xiang.单个单个分词分词作定语，常放在所修饰名词之作定语，常放在所修饰名词之前前； 分词短语作定语则放在所修饰名词之分词短语作定语则放在所修饰名词之后后。This is a book which is written by a peasant. =This is a book written by a peasant.falling leaves

24、fallen leaves The damage is frightening.The soldier is frightened of nothing.Point 2:used as predicative分词作表语分词作表语动名词作表语和现在分词作表语的区别：动名词作表语和现在分词作表语的区别：现在分词作表语时现在分词作表语时相当于形容词相当于形容词，说明主语的，说明主语的特征、性质、状态等，主语与表语特征、性质、状态等，主语与表语不可互换位不可互换位置置，但可用，但可用very, quite等副词来修饰。等副词来修饰。 动名词作表语时动名词作表语时相当于名词相当于名词，说明主语的含义，说

25、明主语的含义及内容，它与主语是同等关系，主语与表语及内容，它与主语是同等关系，主语与表语可可互换位置互换位置而不影响句子的基本含义，但不可用而不影响句子的基本含义，但不可用副词来修饰。副词来修饰。 如：My job is looking after the children.（动名词作表语, 相当于名词）Our duty is serving the people heart and soul. （动名词作表语, 相当于名词）Point 3: used as Object Complement（分词作宾语补足语）（分词作宾语补足语） I often hear the song sung in

26、English.I heard him I heard him singing singing the song last night.the song last night. (2) I had my hair cut yesterday.Farmers had their machines Farmers had their machines working working all the time during all the time during harvest.harvest.跟分词作宾补的动词有：跟分词作宾补的动词有：see, have, notice, get, keep, s

27、ee, have, notice, get, keep, hear, find, watch, feel, observehear, find, watch, feel, observe等。在复合宾语中，等。在复合宾语中，用用过去分词过去分词作宾补，表示作宾补，表示被动、动作已完成。被动、动作已完成。用用现在分词现在分词作宾补，说明宾语是动作的发出者，表作宾补，说明宾语是动作的发出者，表主动、主动、动作正在进行。动作正在进行。1.There was so much noise that the speaker couldnt make himself_( hear).2.When he awo

28、ke, he found himself _(lie) on the ground.3.Just now I caught him_( steal) things from the supermarket.4. She found the door_( close).5. I must get my bike _( repair). practice 3: practice 3: heardheardlyinglyingstealingstealingclosedclosedrepairedrepaired6. It was so cold that they kept the fire _(

29、burn) all night.burningburningPoint 4: used as adverbial分词作状语主动主动被动被动现在分词现在分词一般式一般式doingbeing done现在分词现在分词完成式完成式having donehaving been done否定式：直接在分词前加否定式：直接在分词前加notWhen they heard the bad news, they couldnt help crying.=After I had received his letter, I decided to write back.=He had been invited, h

30、e felt very happy.=Hearing the bad news, theyHaving received his letter, IHaving been invited, he felt（几乎）同时发生（几乎）同时发生发生在主发生在主句主语之句主语之前前having been invited, he felt very unhappy.小结：1. 现在分词所表示的动作现在分词所表示的动作与主语成主谓关系即主动关系与主语成主谓关系即主动关系。2. 现在分词的一般式一般式作状语，表示分词所表示的动作与主句谓语动词表示的动作同时（或几乎同时）发生同时（或几乎同时）发生。 现在分词的

31、完成式完成式作状语，表示分词所表示的动作发生在谓语动作之前，或强调分词的动作持续一段时间后谓语动词的动作才发生。3. 现在分词短语作状语，其逻辑主语须与句子的主语现在分词短语作状语，其逻辑主语须与句子的主语一一致致；Having lived in the city for years, he knows it very well.1. Hearing the bad news, they couldnt help crying. 2. Having been to the Great Wall many times, he didnt go last week.3. The factory k

32、eeps releasing smoke, making the air dirty. 4. Working hard, you will succeed. 6. Admitting what you say, I still think you are wrong.5. They came into the classroom, singing and laughing.时间时间 (when)原因原因 (because, as)结果结果 (so that, as a result)条件条件 (if)让步让步 (though)伴随伴随 , and they were singing and d

33、ancing.注：注： 现在分词用于动词现在分词用于动词stand, sit 和和lie后，通常后，通常表示这两个动作同时发生。表示这两个动作同时发生。 They stood talking to each other They stood when they were talking to each other.练练：练练： He sat at the desk _ a letter. A. write B. writing C. wrote D. to write作状语表示行为方式、伴随情况或补充说作状语表示行为方式、伴随情况或补充说明时，通常位于句子的后面，相当于一个并明时，通常位于句子

34、的后面，相当于一个并列分句。列分句。Asked how old the underground system was, she made no reply.=Moved by the heroic deeds, the children couldnt help crying.Exhausted by the running, they went on running after the robber.Given another chance, Ill do it much better.The teacher came in, followed by students.When she wa

35、s asked how old the underground system was, she made （时间状语）（时间状语）（原因状语）（原因状语）（让步状语）（让步状语）（条件状语）（条件状语）伴随状语伴随状语 and the teacher was followed by小结：1. 过去分词过去分词作状语，表示分词所表示的动作与主句主语之间存在被动被动关系。2. 过去分词过去分词作状语，其逻辑主语须与句子的作状语，其逻辑主语须与句子的主语主语一致。一致。有时为了强调分词短语和主句之间的关系，有时为了强调分词短语和主句之间的关系，可与可与when, while, though, unt

36、il, if, even if, 等连词连用时，相当于这些词引导的一等连词连用时，相当于这些词引导的一个从句。个从句。 When he was asked how old the underground system was, she made no reply. =When asked how old the underground system was, he made no reply.2. Although his father worked from morning till night, he didnt get enough food. =Though working from

37、morning till night, his father didnt get enough food.1. Because we hadnt done all the work well, we decided to try again.2. If the city is seen from the top of the mountain, it looks really magnificent.3. When Tom was walking along the street, he was hit by a bicycle.4. Though he had been told many

38、times, he still could not understand it.5. He sent me an e-mail and hoped to get further information.Not having done all the work well, we decidedSeen from the top of the mountain, it looks(When) walking along the street, he was(Though) having been told many times, he stillHe sent me an e-mail, hopi

39、ng to get 独立主格结构（注意逻辑主语）独立主格结构（注意逻辑主语）His mother being ill, he is absent today. 他的母亲病了，他今天没来。（原因）他的母亲病了，他今天没来。（原因）Time permitting, they will start to do a new job. 如果时间允许，他们会开始做一项新工作如果时间允许，他们会开始做一项新工作.（条件）（条件）He rushed into the room, his face covered with sweat. 他满脸是汗地冲进了房间。（伴随）他满脸是汗地冲进了房间。（伴随）当分词的逻

40、辑主语与主句的主语当分词的逻辑主语与主句的主语时，要在分时，要在分词前加上其逻辑主语，构成独立主格结构。词前加上其逻辑主语，构成独立主格结构。下列词通常为以下形式出现下列词通常为以下形式出现 -垂悬状语垂悬状语 judging from/by supposing （假如，如果）（假如，如果） considering taking into consideration/account generally/strictly/frankly/roughly speaking speaking of providing/ provided(倘若倘若) given (考虑到，鉴于，就考虑到，鉴于，就而言

41、而言) compared with/ to to tell (you) the truth = to be honest to make matters worse （更糟糕的是）（更糟糕的是）1. I was in the bathroom, not _ the knock at the door. A. hear B. to hear C. hearing D. heard2.The flowers _sweet in the botanical (植物的）植物的）garden attract the visitors to the beauty of name. A. to smell

42、B. smelling C. smelt D. to be smeltPractice 3. After seeing the movie, _. A. the book was read by himB. the book made him want to read it C. he wanted to read the book D. the reading of the book interested him4. There was terrible noise _ the sudden burst of light.A. followed B. following C. to be f

43、ollowed D. being followed5. “Cant you read?” Mary said_ to the notice.A. angrily pointing B. and point angrily C. angrily pointed D. and angrily pointing6. He lay on the ground _ to me that his hen _ two eggs a day. A. lying, laid B. lied, laid C. lay, lying D. lying, lay7. He looked around and caug

44、ht a man _ his hand into the pocket into a passenger. A. put B. to be putting C. to put D. putting8. _ everything troubles himself a lot. A. He easily forgetting B. He easily forgets C. His easy forgetting D. His easily forgetting9. Tigers belong to _ animals and feed on meat.A. meat-eating B. meat-

45、eat C. meat-ate D. meat-eaten10. _ a lot of trouble to the project, Tom left.A. caused B. having caused C. to cause D. to have caused11. _ the missing boy, they had to stay there for another two weeks.A. Not finding B. Not found C. Not having found D. Having not found12. He worked day and night, _ his task ahead of time. A. finished B. finishing C. finish D. to finish高考链接高考链