Chapter Article冠词

1、The police are looking for him.Chapter 1、Article冠词A. 不定冠词的意义：1.1)区别one 和a, a强调后面的名词，而one 强调本身个数:It will take us more than a year.It will take us more than one year.Can a boy do that? No, but a man can.Can one boy do that? No, but two boy can.2)不定冠词有时表the same/one and the sameThey are nearly of an ag

2、e.Your shoes and mine anr a size.3) The indefinite article sometimes means “such a”(不定冠词有时表such a)He is a man that must be treated kindly.It was a sight that would attract a large number of visitors.2. The Repetition of Article:1) a black and a white doga black and white doga journalist and an autho

3、ra journalist and authora German and an English Dictionarya German and English DictinaryHe became_husband and _father before he was out of his teens.A. a, a B. a, /C. /, a D. /, /2) When we regard two things as a whole, we used only one article:a watch and chaina neeld and threada cup and saucera ca

4、rriage and foura rod and lineGive me a knife and fork, please.a king and queen(一对夫妇)a king and a queen（可能是两个国家的，没有关系的两个人）I saw a gentlman and lady walking together.A doctor and nurse were provide for them.（当用were时，两个人有合作关系，所以可省略一个冠词，当用was时，就是一个人（医生兼护士）B. The use of ArticleA cat likes fish.The cat li

5、kes fish.Cats likes fish.A sleeping fox counts hens in his dreams.Galileo claimed that he had invented the telescope.In winter, birds fly to the south.Man is the only creature that has developed the power of speech.The small shopkeeper is finding life in creasingly difficult.The wise look to the wis

6、er for advice.（the+adj可指一类人，其中包括形容词的比较级）C.1. The use of the difinitive articleAnn is in the garden.（说话人与听话人都知道所指的）Please pass me the wine.His car struck a tree; you can still see the mark on the tree.2.表方位的名词前用定冠词The sun rises in the east.I am going to the south.I am going south.To the north of the

7、town, there is a lake.North of the town, there is a lake.3.序数词1)当在名词前作定语时,前加the :The third room is much brighter than the fifth(room).Does our class come out first in the game?2)当在V. 后作状语时,前不加the:There are six men in the room. One is blind; another(or second) is a deaf; a third is damb; a fourth is

8、lame the other(最后一个用)4. He was not in China in the fifties.I think hes somewhere in the thirties.5. 强调部位时用the:He seized the childs collar.He seized the child by the collar.The dog bit him in the leg.The dog licked his hand.The minister kissed_.A. the Queens handB. the Queen on the handHe kissed his

9、son on the forehead.6.定冠词+普通名词,表抽象折概念The pen is mighter than the sword.(文胜于武)Peter is too fond of the bottle.He gave up the sword for the plough.(弃甲归田)He forgot the judge in the father.All the father rose in my heart.the head the heartthe stage7.形容词最高级前加定冠词That is the deepest part of the river.The r

10、iver is deepest at this point.She is the busiest of the family.She was busiest last week.8.世界上独一无二的东西前用thethe sunthe moonD. The Omission of Articles:1. Before abstract nouns:(usually)Chinese historyEnglish literatureJacob is a man of great strength.ExceptionA knowledge of language is always useful.A

11、fter a swim, she had a rest.He spoke with an enthusiasm which inspired all of us.He had an exciting experience.(=an adventure) last night.2. before material nouns(usually)Raw robber looks like milk.There was a heavy rain last night.She served each of us a coffee.She has built a fire in the next room

12、.When the sun or the moon is an the horizon, it looks bigger and more beautiful.A new moon is hanging high in the sky.Look? A big red sun is rising.3.He went to bed.He went to the bed.My son has gone to school.He comes to the school some times to speak to the head master.We returned from work/school

13、/market/church.They are at sea.(=in a ship, but not necessarily as sailors)They are at the sea.(=at the seaside)He goes to work.He goes to the work.be in office = hold an official positionbe out of office = to be no longer in power4without difinite article:1).home, town2).church, prison, school, col

14、lege, university, court, market, hospital3).bed, work(exception: cathedral, office)5with definite article:1). mass communication: the news, the radio, the press, the newspaper, the television etc.Whats in the paper(s)/on the radio/on (the) TV this evening?2). recreational places: the cinema, the the

15、atre, the concert, the pictures etc.My sister goes to the theatre every month.3). Modern transport and communication: the bus, the train, the post(UK), the mail(US), the internet, the telephone etc.6. before names of meals:I was invited to dinner.(= at their house, in the ordinary way)I was invited

16、to a dinner given to welcome the new ambassdor.The dinner given in honour of the quests was magnificent.She arrived before supper.The supper was cold.7.Its very cold in winter.We play football in (the) winter.I went fishing during the summer.(When regarded as a part of the year, it used the definiti

17、ve article)Morning is the best time for work.8. Now he is manager of a bank.Who is monitor of your class.As a politician, I cannot accept your argument.As a chairman of the committee, I am not free to express my personal views.Guangzhou, capital of Guangdong province, is a beautiful city.Foshan, a c

18、ity of Guangdong province, is a beautiful city.9. before proper nouns（专有名词）:LuXun is the Groky（高尔基） of China.（比喻时+冠词）He is a(living) Leifeng.Hes a different John Smith form what he was ten years ago.The younger generation will find it hard to imagine a semi-feudal, semi-colonial China.两个或两个以上有关连的名词一

19、起用时，往往不用冠词：from left to rightfrom beginning to endto live from hand to mouthfather and sondialogue between teacher and studentDoctor, nurse, and patients have become the best of friends.Chapter 2、 Noun 名词gender词的性; number词的数; case词的格一、gender词的性1. youthHalf a dozed youths were standing at the street

20、corner.(用做可数名词时指男青年，当指男女青年都有时用不可数形式)The youth today dont know what they want.2. baby, infant, childThe baby was sleeping in its cot. (因baby较小，一般不用性别区分所以用it)Watch out! The baby is trying to put the toy watch into his mouth.(父母不愿意用it来指代baby，就用his or her)3.The ship struck an iceberg, which tore a huge

21、hole in her side.Scotland lost many of her bravest men in tow great rebellious.Death will come when he is least expected.Is this you sport bike? How much is it?Is that your sports bike? Yes, shes lovely, isnt she?(当把看某物成宠物或宝贝时可用she or he)The cat is a useful animal because it eats rats.The cat leaped

22、 onto my bed and coiled herself here.二、number词的数He caught five fish.The cat like fish. (不强调种类时不可数)three fishes (强调不同种类时可数)salmon沙纹鱼/鲑鱼/大麻哈鱼, trout鲑鱼, cod鳕鱼等单数复数一样sheep, deer, aircraft, craft单数复数一样Enemy aircraft have seen over Londen.Craft of all types are taking part in the race.4. 没有标志的复数名词的复数peopl

23、e, folk(人，人们), police, cattle, poultry（家禽）, livestock（牲畜）, vermin（害虫）, offspring（子孙，后代）police:The police are looking for him.There are a few police on guard at the gate.Several hundred police guarded the palace(不可用five police，不可具体，但可模糊)cattle:Cattle were allowed to graze on the village common.He hav

24、e 20 (head of) cattle on the farm. （head不+s）fruit:He doesnt eat much fruit.(范指不可数)The potato is a vegetable not a fruit.(指一种时可数)Greece has some wonderful fruits.(表种类，几种时可数)I hope the old man lives to enjoy the fruits of his labour.(表劳动成果时可数)hair:His black hair was going grey.(范指一个人的头发时不可数)I found a

25、hair(two hairs)in the soup.(用作一根根数时可数)5. 集体名词Audience, staff, family, public, committee, enemy, sheepfamilyMy family is ver large.(看做整体用做单数)His family are waiting for him.(做家庭成员时用做复数)public:The public was convinced fo his innocence.(公共整体做单数)The public now know the story.The public is (are) requested

26、 no to leave litter in the mitteeOur committee has considered your request.The committee are divided in their opinion.enemyThe enemy are in flight(逃跑). (逃跑时不是一个整体，所以用复数)The enemy is (are) retreating（撤退）. (撤退时通常为一个整体，所以用单数)sheepA flock of sheep was grazing in the field.A flock of sheep were s

27、traying all over the road and causing confusion among the traffic.总是用做单数的：a)抽象名词：advice, knowledge, informaitionb)集体名词：baggage, luggage, furniture, rubbish总是用做复数的：a)quarters（住处）, premises（房屋）b)clothes, pajamas（睡衣）, trousers, shorts（短裤）, pants, scissors, chopsticks, pliers（钳子）,etccf: clothes-clothing

28、, poem-poetry, novel-fiction三、case词的格1.a mans job the horses mouthwomens chothesa girls school the students hostelthe Smiths car*my aunts husbandsthe husbands of my aunts*my friends jewelsthe jewels of my friends2.Mr Joness (Mr Jones)houseYeatss (Yeats) Poems3. with classical names we just add:Pytha

29、goras TheoremArchimedes Law4. forsake:for goodness sakefor peace sakefor consceience sake5. with compounds:放在最后my brother-in-loaws guitarHenry the Eighths wivesthe Prince of Waless helicopterin a year or twos timeWe had an hour and a halfs talk.Adam and Eves children*Tom and his brothers childrenTom

30、s and his borthers childrenThe son of Pharaons daughter was the daughter of Pharaohs son4. use of the possessive case:所有格的用法1)Dr Arnolds pupils were always diligent. （指所有的学生）We were pupils of Dr Arnold.（并不是全部的学生）this doctors young wife=the young wife of this doctorwith some cases we can only use of

31、+noun, eg:The boys ran about obeying the directions of a man with a whistle.（因有with a whistle或+定从就无法用s）I took the advice of a couple I met on the train and hired a car.2）History of England (common use)Englands historyNelsons life（的一生）the life of Nelson（传记，书名）todays（今天的）of today（当代的，当今的）the kings pra

32、ise（别人表扬国王或国王表扬别人，主动也可被动）He was pleased by the kings praiseHe is always singing the kings praise.Your service/support is valuable.Nobody will be at your service/support.Everybody was excited at the mrderers capture.Everybody was surprised at his arrest3）assifying possessive:起分类作用He has got a doctors

33、 degree.Have you a copy of the teachers book?（不可用of，有类别限制）mens clothingchildrens pictorial4）double possessive双重所有格a criticism of Show (=opinion about Show)a criticism of Shows (=Shows opion about others)a portrait of the king (=portraying him) 国王本人画的一张画像a portrait of the kings (=his possion, or pain

34、ted by him) 国王拥有的一张作品5) with emothional implication:look at that nice son of yours (contempt)that clever remark of your sitsthis notorious scheme of the kingsChapter 3、Adjectives形容词A: Attributive Adjective and Predicative Adjectives一、Attributive Adjective1. Jane is very youngJane is a mere child.Thi

35、s expenditure was very wasteful.The expenditure was a sheer waste of money.a sheer fraudutter ignorancea perfect strangerperfect weather2. a certain man has three sonsHe was certain that he was right.We had a particular reason for abandoning the project.He is very particular (=fussy) about his cloth

36、es.the chief excusethe main ideathe principal objectionthe only reason3. He is a hard worker.a heavy smoker=one who smokes heavilyHe is a good thief.She is a bad liar.an old frienda new studenta live fishThe fish is alive.In other meaninga little houseThe house is small(*little)A small famer is a ma

37、n who has a small farm.The farmer is small=He is a small man physically二、Predicative Adjective1.Adjective referin to health:How is your mother?She is ill/unwell/well.Shes feeling faint/poorly.He is healthy.He is a healthy man.(健康的人)She is sick. .(生病了)She is a sick woman.(老病号，长期有病的)Hes a very healthy

38、/sick man.( It suggests a more permanent state)2.Adjective beginning with a:That child is afraid.Its a frightened child.These problems are alike.Theyre similar problems.This tree is alive.Its a living tree.The dog is asleep.Let sleeping dogs lie.Exceptions: aloof, alert:an aloof character(孤僻的性格)an a

39、loof building(孤零零的房子)an alert manner(机灵的举止)3. Adjectives with and:1)a tall, dark, handsom cowboyHe was tall, dark and handsome.a black and white capa red, white and blue flag2)If we say a beautiful big room, a lovely warm house, nice/fine thick steak, we imply that we like big room, warm house and t

40、hick steak.Fine strong coffee, a lovely quiet beach, a nice drydayWhen used predicatively, such pairs are separated by and:The coffee is fine and strong.The day was nice and dry.This room is nice and warm. (=warm to just the right degree)It was lovely and cool( comfortably cool) in there.He is good

41、and strong.(他很强壮;美国用法)He is good and bad.(他好坏)That room is good and long.I hit him good and hard.B.parison of equality:1) asas:I cant drink as sweet as this. (coffee)I cant drink coffee as sweet as this.(后为省略定语从句)I cant drink as sweet coffee as this.John is as efficient as Jack. (a worker)John is a

42、worker as efficient as Jack.John is as efficient a worker as Jack.Man slaughter is not as/so bad as murder.parison of superiority:My botyher is three years older than I.George did more work than anyone else.He is more of a sportsman than his brother.parison of inferiority:He is less stupid than his

43、brother. (not so common as not soas)This is less suitable than the last house you showed me.4.He is cleverer than his brother.He is more (=rather)clever (*cleverer) than honest.He is more frightened than hurt.= He is frightened rather than hurt.He is more dead than alive.(半死不活)He is more good than b

44、ad.(=It is more accurate to say that he is good than that he is bad)I was more sorry (*sorrier) than angry at what happened.5.But with long, tall, wide, thick, high:The windows are much wider than they are high.The house is much taller than it is wide.(not: than wide)(从句不可省略主谓加强语气方法)6.She was more t

45、han kind to all of us.I was more than surprised; I was astonished.It is more than probable than he will fail.He more than hesitated(=almost refused) to promise that.He is more than a father to her.7. comparison of superlative:1)This is the oldest theatre in London.(范围)He is the tallest of the three.

46、This is the best beer(that) I have ever drunk.(1)最高级 (2)范围 (3) in, ofcf: I want a strong rope. Which is the stronger(coll, strongest)rope of the two?(如后面有限制性定语，前要加the)2)She knew that she looked at her best in his attire. (at+ones+-est)The river is deepest here.The river is at its deepest here.The st

47、eps are at their steepest just here.The peony was at its best.3)Everybody has been most kind.I owed her deepest(=very deep) gratitude.The letter met with the warmest reception.the best friends(最好的朋友)the best of friends(很好的朋友)the best of the friends(在这些朋友中最好的)We parted the best of friends.(我们分开时是很好的朋

48、友)She had the sweetest of smiles.(她笑的很甜)8.Tom is the tallest student in the class.Tom is taller than any other student in the class.No other student in the class is so tall as Tom.John is leverer than Bob(is).Bob is not so clever as John.Bob is less clever than John.He is as good a student as any te

49、acher could wish for.(=He is the best student and teacher could wish for)He is not more diligent than you are.(1.他和你一样2.他不及你)He is no more diligent than you are.(他和你一样懒惰)凡是用no more than有一个前提:后面部分一定要很清楚A whale is no more a fish than a horse is.He is no more wounded than you are.(=You are not wounded,

50、 nor is he)Chapter 4、Adverb副词1.a. Long and a long time(p.49):Long is mainly used in negative and interrogative:How long will it take to get there?It wont take long.A long time is used in the affirmative:It would take a long time.(cf. It would take too long)如long用于肯定句中，前面一定有too,so,quite等词，否则long用于否定疑

51、问句b. position（副词的位置）1.They secretly decided to leave the town.They decided to leave the town secretly. You know well that I cant drive.You know that I cant drive well.They cant possibly leave now.（不可能）They possibly cant leave now.（可能不）He answered the questions foolishly.(放在句后,方式状语)He foolishly answe

52、red the questions.(不应该回答的还回答,他很蠢,回答了这些问题.=He was foolish to)He completely denied it.（他极力否认，否认的态度，加强词）He denied it completely.（他全盘否认，否认的方式）Bitterly, he buried his children.(=he wes bitter to buried his children他内心的痛苦)He spoke bitterly about the treatment he received.(方式状语，因后面太长所以提前)He bitterly regret

53、ted their departure.(=very much加强语气，非常的)The expedition wes planned scientifically.(这次探险以科学的方式来计划,方式状语)Scientifically, the expedition was a success.(从方面来看,角度状语)You may answer the next question generally.(你可以总的回答下面的问题,回答方式)You generally answer questions in too much detail.(频度副词,通常)Generally, I think y

54、ou have done very well.(角度状语)2.1) Tom is here.(=he is in this room,etc. p54) Here is tome.(= He has just come.or=weve just found him) 2)Tom comes here. (用一般现在时表习惯=It is his habit to come to this place)Here comes Tom.3. yet and still p.56Is your brother here yet? (来了没有=Has he arrived?)Is your brother

55、 still here?(走了没有=Hasnt he left?)Have you already seen him?(that is quick)Have you seen him yet?Do you still see him?4. surly and certainly p.59That certainly/surly plain-clothes policeman.(他肯定是个)Surely thats a plain-clothes policeman?(=he thinks it is, but wants assurance不肯定,希望加以确认)Surlely you coul

56、d pay $10?You could pay$10, surely?Surely can express surprise:Surely thats Henry over there? I thought he was in Scotland!(哎呀,那不是,我还以为)“Tim failed his exam.” “Oh, no! Surely not!”(no在此处表惊讶,没有否定的意思, Surely not译为不会吧)5. only and just p.60a. He had only six apples.(只有6个)He only had six apples.(口语中only放在动词前,然后重读所强调的词)b. He lent the car to me only.(仅,只)He only lent the car to me.