小学英语语法归类

1、第一章 名词 noun一、种类：专有名词和普通名词例如：Jerry likes cookies,and his favorite is Oreo. (普通名词) （专有名词） Tina wants to be a writer in the future,just like Jane Austen (普通名词) （专有名词）（一）专有名词人名：John，Linda，Einstein国家名、地名、山河名：China，Hong Kong，the West Lake,the Great Wall机构、报刊：China Daily（中国日报），the Unite Nations（联合国）星期几、节日：

2、Friday，National Day（国庆节），Christmas专有名词的首字母要大写，节假日前不用冠词，江河湖海的名字需要与定冠词the连用（二）普通名词1、可数名词：单数名词和复数名词（1）单数名词用法首字母发音为辅音时，使用不定冠词a,例如：a dog,a uniform ju:nf:m首字母的发音为元音时，使用不定冠词an,例如：an apple,an hour ar(2)复数名词规则变化： 直接加s:snakes,beds,bars 元音字母加y结尾，直接加s:boys,keys,toys 以s,x,sh,ch结尾，加es:buses,boxes,watches 辅音字母加y结尾

3、，变y为i加es：babies,ladies,flies 以f、fe结尾，变f、fe为v,加es:knife-knives;leaf-leaves;wolf-wolves 以o结尾，表示人物、动植物的单词，加es:potatoes,tomatoes,heroes 以o结尾，表示无生命体的物体，多数加s:photos，radios，pianos,zoos不规则变化 单复数同行：deer,sheep,Chinese 改变中间元音：goose-geese，tooth-teeth，foot-feet 改变词尾：ox-oxen,child-children,man-men,woman-women,mou

4、se-mice注意：roof-roofs,handkerchief- handkerchiefs,scarf-scarfsscarves Fish用作可数名词时是指鱼的条数，单复数同行two fish； 指鱼的种类时复数形式为fishes 做不可数名词时指鱼肉 有的名词总是复数形式，常与复数动词连用，例如clothes，police are，glass，scissors（剪刀），trousers（裤子）有些名词的复数形式，通常是把最后一个词变作复数形式，如boy students;但如果man和woman位于复合名词的第一部分，两部分都要变成复数。如men drivers,women driv

5、ers2、不可数名词用法：不能与不定冠词aan连用：正确：I need some sugar，salt and flour to make a cake错误：I need a sugar，a salt and a flour to make a cake不可数名词在句子中用作单数名词来使用正确：There is some bread on the table错误：There are some bread on the table不可数名词的量可以借助piece，slice，drop等单位词来表示 paper/bread/furniture： 2 pieces of paper/bread/fu

6、rniture water:2 glasses of water soap:2 bars of soap rice:2 bowls of rice 不可数名词可以用some，any，little/a little,much,a lot of来修饰，但是不能用many，few/ a few 正确：Jerry has many homeworks today 错误：Jerry has much homework today 对不可数名词量的提问应该用how much，对可数名词个数的提问应该用how many，如：The monkey eats 2 kilos of fruit every day

7、二、名词的所有格表示名词与名词之间的一种所属关系，意思为“的”Is this Lindas umbrella？No,it isnt.Its Peters.构成：1、 单数名词和不以s结尾的复数名词后加sthe boys ballthe childs petChildrens Daywomens clothes2、 以s或es结尾的复数名词后面加the boys ballsTeachersDaythe ladiesdresses3、 在并列的几个名词后面 各加s，表示物体分别属于某人；在并列的几个名词的最后一个名词后加s，表示物体为几个人共同拥有的。Lucy and Lilys pet 这只宠物

8、为Lucy和Lily共同拥有Lucys and Lilys pets 这些 宠物分别属于Lucy和Lily4、“of+名词”一般用来表示无生命的物体间的所属关系，而且也经常可以转化为s的格式，如：天空的颜色 the color of the sky the skys color自行车铃 the bell of the bicycle the bicycles bell 画框 the frame of the picture the pictures frame书的标题 the title of the book the books title5、双重所有格，“of+名词所有格”，通常用来表示整

9、体中的一个或部分Peter的一位朋友：a friend of PetersMartin的一些亲戚：some relatives of Martins=some of Martins Relatives第二章 冠词 article冠词是置于名词前，对名词起限制作用的一种虚词。冠词可以说是名词的一种标志，它不能离开名词而独立存在。冠词在用法上分为不定冠词、定冠词和零冠词三种。一、 不定冠词（a/an）首字母发音为辅音或半元音/j/、/w/时，使用不定冠词a,例如：a dog,a uniform ju:nf:m首字母的发音为元音时，使用不定冠词an,例如：an apple,an hour ar用法：

10、1、用于可数名词的单数形式，表示“一”：I have a new pencil-box2、表示一类人或物：An elephant is strong3、第一次提到的人或物：Look,a boy is crying in the street.4、表示“每一”的意思，通常在时间或计算单位前：I go swimming once a week固定搭配have a look 看一下 a lot of 许多，大量have a good time 玩的愉快 a great deal of （+不可数名词）大量take a break 休息一下 a number of （+可数名词）许多take a wa

11、lk 散步 a few （+可数名词）一些in a hurry 急匆匆地 a little （+不可数名词）一些half an hour 半小时二、 定冠词（the）用法：特指某些人或物The man in black is my father.指前面提到过的人或物I have a dog.The dog is white.指谈话双方都知道的人或物What do you think of the film?指宇宙间独一无二的东西The earth goes around the sun.用于单数名词前表示一类人或事The horse is a useful animal.用于序数词前Janua

12、ry is the first month of the year.用于形容词的最高级Who is the tallest student in your class?用于方位和位置前at the top/back/bottom of in the middle of用于某些专有名词前the Yangtze River the Alps the Tianshan Mountainsthe Pacific Ocean the Yellow Sea the West Lake the Hawaiian Islandsthe New York Times the British Museum the

13、 Ming Dynastythe United Nations用于含有普通名词的专有名称the United States of America美利坚合众国the Peoples Republic of China中华人民共和国the Summer Palace 颐和园用于姓氏复数形式前，表示一家人The Wangs are having dinner now用于乐器名词前play the piano/the violin/the guitar用于形容词前，表示某一类人，注意后面的动词要用复数the poor穷人 the rich 富人 the sick病人the young should r

14、espect the old.固定搭配：make the bed铺床 at the beginning of在开始的时候lay the table摆餐具 in the end最后on the right/left在右/左边 to tell the truth说实话by the way顺便说一下 in the morning/afternoon/eveninggo to the cinema去看电影三、 零冠词以下几种情况不用任何冠词一些专有名词前不用加任何冠词：China Europe月份、星期、季节前不用加冠词：I like autumn best.一日三餐前不加冠词：all the stu

15、dents have lunch at school.某些节假日前不用加冠词：Christmas Day New Years Day但我国用 festival 构成的传统节日通常用定冠词：the Spring Festival 春节 / the Mid-autumn Festival.可数名词的复数不用加冠词，表示“一类”：l likes apples表示交通或通讯方式的名词前不加冠词：by bus/car/taxi/train/plane on foot by/radio/telephone/e-mail固定搭配：go to school at schoolgo to town at nig

16、htgo to bed at noonat home in hospital第三章 数词 numeral表示数目多少或顺序如何的词，数词可分为基数词和序数词一、 基数词：表示人或物数量的多少1、1-12：one two three four five six seven eight nine ten eleven twelve2、13-19:thirteen fourteen fifteen sixteen seventeen eighteen nineteen3、20-90(整十数):twenty thirty forty fifty seventy eighty ninety 4、21-9

17、9（非整十数）：个位数同1-9，在十位和个位之间加连字号“-”，Twenty-one thirty-nine forty-six5、三位数的表示方法：百位和十位（没十位则和个位）之间要加and345 :three hundred and forty-five107：one hundred and seven260：two hundred and sixty6、四位数以上的数字表达方法：在数字超过四位数时，每三位标一个逗号2, 134, 543, 682billon million thousand 十亿 百万 千2,678:two thousand six hundred and sevent

18、y-eight25,000:twenty-five thousand679,328:six hundred and seventy-nine thousand three hundred and twenty-eight 注意：hundred million billion在表示确切数字时，只用其单数形式；在表示不确切数字时要用其复数形式，并与of短语连用，如hundreds of students成百上千个学生二、 序数词：表示顺序，与基数词相比较形式如下基数词序数词说明1One1stfirst1-3序数词为独立单词2two2ndsecond3three3rdthird4four4thfou

19、rth4-19序数词在其数词的词尾加th5five5thfifth6six6thsixth7seven7thseventh8eight8theighth9nine9thninth10ten10thtenth11eleven11theleventh12twelve12thtwelfth13thirteen13ththirteenth14fourteen14thfourteenth15fifteen15thfifteenth16sixteen16thsixteenth17seventeen17thseventeenth18eighteen18theighteenth19nineteen19thni

20、neteenth20twenty20thtwentieth20-90整十位数的序数词，将相应基数词词尾的y变成i，再加eth21-99非整十数的序数词，由“十位数的基数词-个位数的序数词”组成21twenty-one21sttwenty-first29twenty-nine29thtwenty-ninth30thirty30ththirtieth40forty40thfortieth50fifty50thfiftieth60sixty60thsixtieth70seventy70thseventieth80eighty80theightieth90ninety90thninetieth100O

21、ne hundred100thone hundredth整百位序数词在hundred加th三、 数词的用法1、 加减乘除的运算11=2 one plus one is two10-3=7 ten minus mans three is seven9x8=72 nine times eight is seventy-two16÷2=8 sixteen divided by two is eight2、 小数3.14 three point one four或three point fourteen0.35 (zero) point three five(thirty-five)3、分数

22、分子用基数词表示 ，分母用序数词，分子大于1时，分母加s表示复数三分之一 one third 五分之二 two fifths4、年份用基数词，两位一读1998 nineteen ninety-eight2000 two thousand2008 two thousand and eight1905 nineteen o five/nineteen hundred and five5、倍数或次数的表示法Once twice three times four times6、年龄的表达表示几岁，用基数词+ years oldHe is twelve years old表示在年龄时，用at the a

23、ge of + 基数词At the age of six ,she began to learn English7、半的表达 一半：half a/an + 名词 a half + 名词一个半：a/an/one + 名词 + and a half One and a half + 名词如：an/one hour and a half或one and a half hours8、车路、车次、航班次、房间号、楼层、页数等的表示法12路车： Bus 12/No.12 Bus/Bus No.1236次列车：Train 364019次航班：Flight 4019101房间：Room 101第50页：Pag

24、e 50第二课：Lesson two/the second lesson五楼：Floor 5/the fifth floor四、 时间和日期的表达方法1、时间表达用基数词，主要有两种方法顺读法1：20 one twenty 6：35 six thirty-five倒读法不超过三十分钟：分钟 + past + 钟点数，表示几点过几分4：25 twenty-five past four 10:13 thirteen past ten超过三十分钟：分钟 past （钟点数1），表示几点差几分7：55 five to eight 11:40 twenty to twelve30分用half，15分用

25、a quarter9:30 half past nine 5:45 a quarter to six3、 日期的表达方法日期October 1st/Oct.1st 读作：October （the） first/the first of October7月18日 July 18th/Jul.18th 读作：July （the）eighteenth/the of JulyJanuary Jan. Febuary Feb. March Mar. April Apr. May June Jun.July Jul. August Aug. September Sep. October Oct. Nove

26、mber Nov. December Dec.五、 数量词的用法1、 表示长、宽、高、面积等，用基数词单位词（meter foot inch kilogram）形容词（long wide,high）two meters long两米长 three feet high 三英尺高four inches wide四英尺宽2、 表示时间、距离时，用含有数词的名词所有格形式作定语five minuteswalkits an hoursride from my home to the university3、 由数词和其他名词组成的符合数词，其中的名词用作单数形式，各部分之间用连字符来连接A three-

27、month-old baby a five-day holiday注意：复合名词相当于一个形容词用来修饰名词，不能做表语The building is ten meters highThis is a ten-meter-high building第四章 代词 pronoun pronan代词就是代替名词的词，同属名词词性。代词可分为人称代词、物主代词、反身代词、指示代词、疑问代词、不定代词一、 人身代词第一人称单数第一人称复数第二人称单、复数第三人称单数第三人称复数主格iweyouHe she itthey宾格meusyouHim her itthem用法：主格用作主语、表语I like s

28、port(i作主语)It was she who helped us a lot（she用作表语）宾格用作宾语（用于动词和介词的后面）口语中也可作为表语Please give me a pen(宾格me用于动词give后面)This present is for her(宾格her用于介词for后面 )Whos there?its me （宾格me用作表语）人称代词的顺序单数；you,he/she and i复数:we,you and theyYou,she and I are in the same school你我她在同一所学校里These apples are for Mary and

29、meWe,you and they are all from Beijingit 的特殊用法it除了指“事”或“物”的它以外，还常用于指时间、天气、距离、形式主语和形式宾语等what time is it? (it指时间)it is a fine day today. (it指天气) its hard to say (it作形式主语)I think it important to keep healthy(it作形式宾语)二、物主代词是表示所有关系的代词，有两种形容词性物主代词和名词性物主代词单数复数第一人称第二人称第三人称第一人称第二人称第三人称形容词性物主代词myyourhis her i

30、tsouryourtheir名词性物主代词mineyourshis hers itsoursyourstheirs用法：形容词性物主代词起形容词的作用，用来修饰名词，放在名词前，不可单独使用This is his football名词性物主代词起名词作用，可以单独使用，相当于“形容词性物主代词+名词”Your shoes are white.Mine are black( Mine = my shoes)固定搭配：on ones way (to) 在某人去的路上of ones own 某人自己的do ones homework 做某人的作业to ones surprise/joy 高兴的是三、

31、反身代词 强调的是某人自己，共有八个：myself ourselves yourself yourselves himself herself itself themselves用法：用作宾语或介词宾语I finished the work by myself.(myself用作介词by的宾语)用作同位语The teacher herself will visit Peters parents.(herself是the teacher的同位语)固定搭配：by oneself独自 help oneself to 随便吃make oneself at home 像在自己家一样，别拘束enjoy o

32、neself 玩的开心hurt oneself 弄伤自己teach oneself 自学say to oneself 自言自语look at oneself in the mirror 照镜子四、指示代词表示“这个、那个、这些、那些”指向性的代词this these指在时间或空间上里说话人较近的人或物that those指在时间或空间上里说话人较远的人或物this that指单数名词 these those指复数名词用法：1、作主语：That is an apple2、作定语：These desks are new问句中有指示代词，在回答时要用人称代词it代替this和that,they 代替

33、these和thoseWhats this on the desk? Its a ruler3、电话用语中:This is表示“我是”Is that表示“你是吗？”4、that,those常用来代替前面的名词或名词词组，以免重复：The weather in winter in Shanghai is much warmer than that in Beijing.5、this,that有时用于代替上文或下文中的一句话或情况：That is why I think English is important to us.The wonderful song goes like this:(这首

34、美妙的歌是这样唱的)五、疑问代词疑问代词主要有which who/whom whose what它们和一些疑问副词如：how when where why等用法类似，放在句首，后面跟一般疑问句句型，构成特殊疑问句Which do you prefer,tea or coffee？What color is your new dress?This blue bag is Mikes(对划线部分提问)Whose is this blue bag?针对名词性的物主代词Mikes用whose提问，后面加上一般疑问句句型is this blue bag,构成特殊疑问句。六、不定代词不定代词是不明确代替哪

35、个具体名词的代词。常用的不定代词有：one ones both all either neither other another none each every some any many much few little还有由some- any- no- every-合成的不定代词。1、one和ones的用法one指人或物，表示一个或一个人。可作主语、表语、宾语、定语作主语：One has ones own right to choose作表语：That is the one he is looking for.one用来代替前面的单数名词，ones用来代替前面的复数名词，以免重复I lost

36、 my old camera;this is a new oneRed apples often taste better than green ones2、either neither both all的用法 either指两者中的一个，用单数形式neither两者都否定，一个都没有，用单数形式both两者全肯定，用复数形式all 指三个、三个以上的人或物，用复数形式Either of his parents is a teacherNeither of his parents are teachersBoth of his parents are teachersAll of the st

37、udents are happy on Childrens Day3、the other和another用法the other表示两者中的另一个another表示多个中的另一个I have two uncles.One is a policeman,the other is a doctorHere are three apples.One is red,another is green and the third is yellow.4、others和the others的用法 others表示别的，另一些，不包含所有其余的the others表示所有其余的After class,some

38、students are talking with each other,others are playing games(可能还有一些学生在做别的事)There are 30 students in our class.16 are boys and the others are girls.(其余指余下的14位)5、some和any的用法some表示一些，一般用于肯定句中;一般疑问句一般不用some，只有当表示当表示邀请或期待对方作出肯定回答时才能用some;some修饰可数名词单数时，不是“一些”的含义，而是“某个”I have some here.Do you have any?Wou

39、ld you like some coffee?Hes waiting for some friend.他在等某个朋友any表示一些，用于否定句和一般疑问句中any用于肯定句，后面修饰可数名词单数时，表示“任一”The teacher likes any student in her class这位老师喜欢她班里的每一位学生6、（a）few和（a）little的用法few,little:几乎没有（否定语气）a few:一些，少数几个（肯定语气）a little：一点点（肯定语气）few,a few指可数的事物，只能与可数名词复数搭配little,a little指不可数事物，只能与不可数名词搭

40、配Lets buy some milk.There is little in the fridge.(我们去买些牛奶吧，冰箱里几乎没有了)He has a few friends.He often plays with them.only quite just still后面只能搭配a few或a little,表示肯定语气7、many和much的用法 many表示许多,只能与可数名词复数搭配much表示许多，只能与不可数名词搭配Would you like to have a look at my stamps ? I have many.He doesnt know much about

41、this company. 8、some-,any-,every-,no-合成的不定代词它们可以分别和-thing,-body,-one合成不定代词something表示某事,用于肯定句anything表示某事时，用于否定句和一般疑问句；表示任何事时，可用于肯定句everything表示一切事nothing表示没什么I have something to tell you我有事要告诉你Do you have anything to say?你有话要说吗He has nothing to say他无话可说Everything is Ok with me我一切安好第五章 介词 prepositio

42、n prpzn介词是一种虚词，必须与名词、代词、动名词、形容词、数词、动词等一起构成句子成分。一、表示时间的介词用at的时间短语具体时刻：at 7 oclock at 9:15用餐时间：at lunch time at tea break节日：at Christmas at Easter年龄：at ten/at the age of ten其他时间：at noon at night/midnight at that time用on的时间短语（主要表示具体某一天，包括某一天的上午、下午或晚上）星期几：on Thursday星期几的上午:on Sunday afternoon日期：on May 2

43、1st日期的上午：on the morning of January 22nd节日：on Childrens Day用in的时间短语泛指一天的上午、中午或晚上：in the morning月份：in September年份：in 2010季节：in spring/summer/autumn/winter年龄：in her twentiesBefor after in的用法before表示在某一时间或某件事情之前after表示在某一时间或某件事情之后in一段时间：表示一段时间之后，用于将来时I always brush my teeth before going to bedMy grandma

44、 often takes a walk after supperMy uncle will come to my home in two days二、表示空间和方位的介词at,in的用法at用于建筑厂、机场、车站等范围较小的地点；in用于国家、城市等较大范围的地点at home at school at the sports meet at the party at the airportat the railway station at the bus stop in the world in our cityon above over below under的用法on表示“在上面”，有接触

45、面,但不强调是否垂直The bowls are on the table above表示“在上方”，不接触，但不强调是否垂直There are some birds flying above the tree.over表示“在正上方”，不接触，垂直There is a bridge over the river.below表示“在下方”不接触，但不强调是否垂直There is a street below my windowsunder表示“在的下面” 不接触，垂直There is a football under the deskabove与below相对，over与under相对at,by

46、,beside,next,nearat,by,beside均表示“在旁边”next to表示“紧靠旁边”near表示“在附近”She sat down at the table and drank the coffeeShe sat by her motherHe put the umbrella beside the door classroom The music room is next to our There is a supermarket near my homebetween,amongbetween表示在两者之间among表示在三者或三者以上的中间He stood betwe

47、en his two brothers.He sat among his toys.in,toin表示某事物或某地在一个区域内to表示某事物或某地相对于另一事物或地方的位置Shanghai is in the east of ChinaJapan is to the east of China日本在中国的东面There is a photo on the newspaper表示一张照片在报纸的上方There is a photo in the newspaper表示报纸上有张照片There is a bird in the treeThere is an apple on the treein

48、 front of,in the front ofin front of表示在某一空间外部的前面，反义词为behindin the front of表示在某一空间内部的前面，反义词为at the back ofDont stand in front of the busDont sit in the front of the busacross,throughacross表示在表面穿过：walk across the road swim across the riverthrough表示在里面穿过：go through the tunnel穿过隧道三、表示手段和材料的介词 by表示用某种方式，

49、多用于交通Lucy always goes to school by bus/in a busWe often keep in touch by e-mailon表示“以方式”,多用于固定词组They talked on the telephoneShe learns English on the radio/on TVwith表示用某种工具I often do my homework with a ball penHe broke the window with a stonewith表示某种工具时，必须用冠词或物主代词draw in pencil/draw with a pencilin表

50、示用某种材料、语言或穿颜色的衣服She wrote the letter in ink.They talk in English.The boy in black is our monitor.of, from都表示某种材料制成，但是使用of表示成品仍可看出原料，使用from表示成品已经看不出原料了The box is made of wood.Wine is made from grapes.四、固定搭配：about：what about/how about怎么样 worry about担心 walk about四处 a story/movie about关于的故事/电影after:afte

51、r school放学后 after class下课后 look after 照顾 day after day日复一日（表示重复） year after year年复一年 go/run after追赶 after all终究，毕竟at：at home在家 at school在校 at work在工作时at the foot of在的脚下 at the bottom of在的底部at the beginning of在开始 at the end of在结束时at once立刻 not at all根本不，完全不 look at看laugh at嘲笑 smile at对微笑throw at扔向 sh

52、out at向喊be good at sth./doing sth.擅长于be bad/poor at sth./doing sth.不擅长于around：walk around sth.绕着走 show sb. Around带某人参观某地 around the country全国 around the world全世界before：the day before yesterday前天by：pass by路过，经过 by the end of到末为止by the way顺便一提 day by day一天天的（表示在前进）little by little/bit by bit渐渐地 by mistake出错for：for a while一会儿 for example例如for the first/last time第 一/最后 次 buy sth. for sb.为某人买某