三大从句考点讲解及练习

1、从句一、句子的种类英语句子按结构可分三种： 1. 简单句: 只包含一个主谓结构的句子，包括五种基本句型1）主语 谓语； 2) 主语 谓语 宾语 ；3) 主语 系动词 表语； 4) 主语 谓语间接宾语 直接宾语；5) 主语 谓语 宾语 宾语补语 注意：非谓语做状语，也属于简单句，后面句子前不能出现连词。2. 并列句: 并列句是由两个或两个以上的简单句连接而成。并列句中的各简单句意义同等重要，相互之间没有从属关系，是平行并列的关系。它们之间用连词连结。句型：主谓结构+并列连词(and, but, so, or) +主谓结构(或更多的主谓结构)注意：并列句连接的两个或两个以上的简单句，短语和句子不能

2、连接。3. 复合句: 由一个主句和一个或一个以上的从句构成。句型： 引导词+主谓结构 +主谓结构；或主谓结构+引导词+主谓结构 (从句) (主句) 主句 从句主句是全句的主体，通常可以独立存在；从句则是一个句子成分，不能独立存在。从句不能单独成句，但它也有主语部分和谓语部分，就像一个句子一样。所不同在于，从句须由一个关联词引导。从句包括名词性从句（主语从句、宾语从句、表语从句和同位语从句）、定语从句和状语从句。二、需要注意的问题1.句子原则：一个句子只能有一个主谓结构，谓语是唯一的，谓语由动词构成，   如果出现更多动词： 加连词（and / but / so），

3、变成并列谓语或并列句 加上引导词变成从句 变为非谓语动词2. 英语句子和汉语句子的对比1）英语句子的特点之一是重“形合”，句子的各个部分要由各种连词、关系词等连接起来；而汉语句子是重“意合”，句子前后连接主要是通过上下文的逻辑意义来实现的，连接词的使用远远少于英语，由于这一特点，很多学生在写作时往往忘了使用连接词，造成诸多病句。2）在汉语中逗号可以直接连接句子，但是在英语中，句子之间连接除了逗号外，还要借助连词。连词主要有两类，即并列连词和从属连词，并列连词在句中连接并列句，从属连词主要引导从句的。有一种情况可以不用连词只用逗号连接，那就是独立主格结构。3）汉语句子中，两个连词可以同时出现在一

4、个句子中，但是在英语中，从属连词和并列连词不能在一个句子中同时使用，只能用一个。改错：Eg.1) I am tired, I must go to bed.2) He has two sons, both of them are teachers.3) The woman talked to you just now is our English teacher.4) There are many students study in the classroom5) The boy ran to his mother cry. 6) After write the notice, he put

5、it up on the wall.7) A person has not enough food, he will not have a healthy body. 8) The sun warms the earth, this makes it possible for the plants grow. 9) We

6、0;were looking for your new coat, we could not find it. 10)Practise more reading，you will improve your reading ability.11) The person came to see me that afternoon is an old friend of&#

7、160;mine. 12）He succeeded in passing the exam made his parents very happy.14) It is a pity she didnt win the prize.15）Tomorrow is Sunday, we dont need to go to school.16) The work was finished, we went home.17) Time permits, well go out to play.18）Turning to the left, and you will find a bank.1

8、9) Having been told many times, but he couldnt understand it.20) Because he was ill, so he didnt go to school.21) Though he is a child, but he knows a lot.三、各种从句的引导词的选择关于这个问题是学生学习从句这一内容的最大障碍，要弄清属于什么从句，除t了分清各从句在主句中的位置外，关键在于弄懂各个引导词在从句中的作用。1. 定语从句放在所修饰的名词或代词的后面2. 名词性从句分为主语从句，宾语从句，表语从句和同位语从句。1）主语从句位于主句中

9、的谓语或后置；2）宾语从句位于主句中及物动词或介词和某些形容词之后。 3）表语从句位于主句中的系动词之后；4）同位语从句位于名词如：idea, fact, truth, suggestion, plan之后；3.状语从句位置可以在主句前或主句后；时间、条件、原因,让步状语从句放在句首时需要用逗号与主句隔开。 引导词充当成分判断依据名词性从句连接词that 无实义不充当成分1、 连接词的意义2、 在从句当中充当的成分whether/if 是否连接代词What(什么，的) whatever（无论什么）主、宾、表定Who（谁） whoever（无论是谁）主Whom (谁) whomever(无论是谁

10、)宾Which(哪个) whichever(无论哪个)主、宾、定Whose 谁的定连接副词where 什么地方状语When 什么时候why 为什么How 怎样定语从句关系代词who 主、宾、1、 先行词2、在从句当中充当的成分Whom宾、Which主、宾、that主、宾、表Whose定语关系副词Where状语WhenWhy状语从句时间when, while, as.状语主从句之间的逻辑关系，注意从属连词的意义地点where, wherever.原因because, as，since.目的so that, in order that结果so/such.that条件if, unless.方式as让

11、步although, even if比较.than.定语从句一、定语的概念： 定语是用来修饰名词或代词的。比如： a beautiful girl（ ）three boys （ ）a shoe factory（ ）Jims father ( ) our teacher ( ) the man in the car （ ）the man standing at the door（ ）the man who is talking with Sam （ ） 单个词做定语放在被修饰词_, 短语或句子做定语放在被修饰词_.二、定语从句的概念及主要特征：1定语从句：在复合句中，修饰某一_或_的从句叫定语从

12、句。三要素：1）被定语从句修饰的词叫_；2) 引导定语从句的词叫_; 3) 关系词在从句中充当_关系词的作用：1）引导_; 2)替代_; 3) 在从句中充当_请划出下列句子中的定语从句、先行词及关系代词：The man who is shaking hands with my father is a policeman. 2. 关系词的分类及用法关系词分为_和_, 关系代词有_ 关系副词有_关系词指代的先行词在从句中充当的成分3.定语从句的分类及用法区别定语从句 形式功能能否省略关系词先行词限制性定语从句非限制定语从句4. 使用定语从句需要注意的问题1、that与which的区别。1

13、）用that而不用 which的情况：当先行词是不定代词everything, anything, nothing ,something, all, none, few, little, some, much等代词时，或当先行词有every, any, all, some, no, little, few, much等代词修饰时。先行词有the only, the very, the last等词修饰 先行词有形容词_或_修饰；先行词既有_又有_时; 主句的主语是_或_若关系代词在从句中作_，一般需用that。e.g. All that glitters is not goldThere is

14、 nothing that can prevent him from doing it. There is little that I can do for you. This is the very dictionary that I want to buy. This is the best film that I have ever seen.Mr Smith is the only foreigner that he knows. Who is the man that is standing by the gate?  Which is the T-sh

15、irt that fits me most?  They talked about the persons and things that they remembered at school  Mary is no longer the girl that she was.2）用which而不用 that的情况：引导非限制性定语从句；代表整个主句的意思；介词 + 关系代词。e.g. He had failed in the maths exam, which made his father very angry.This is the room in which my fa

16、ther lived last year.2.that 与who的区别在one, anyone, those 指人时一般用“who”。he/she/I / they作先行词时, 用“who” 代替 “that”.Anyone _breaks the law is punished. Those _ break the law are punished.He _ doesnt reach the Great Wall is not a true man.2. as引导定语从句时的用法as引导限制性定语从句，通常用于在主句中常有the same, so或such与as相呼应,（ the same

17、as ; such as ; so as） as在定语从句中可作主语、宾语。e.g. Such machines as are used in our workshop are made in China. Don't do such things as you are not sure about. 比较：Here is so big a stone as no one can lift. （ 从句） It is so big a stone that no one can lift it. （ 从句）as引导非限制性定语从句既可放在主句之前，也可放在主句之后，用来修饰整个句子。通常

18、用下列句型：as is known to all, as is said, as is reported, as is announced, as we all know, as I expect, as is often the case等。e.g. As I expected, he got the first place again in this mid-term examination. As is known to everybody, the moon travels round the earth once every month.3）as 引导非限制性定语从句时与which的

19、区别当主句和从句语义一致时，用as； 反之，用which来引导非限制性定语从句。e.g. He made a long speech, as we expected.He made a long speech, which was unexpected.当非限制定语从句为否定时，常用which引导。e.g. Tom drinks a lot every day, which his wife doesnt like at all.as一般放在句首或句中，which置于句中。As we know，the earth is round.The sun heats the earth，which i

20、s very important to us.3. 关系代词与关系副词的选择1) 找出定语从句从句中主语和宾语是否齐全，如齐全用关系副词2）如果定语从句缺宾语，确定定语从句的谓语动词是不是及物动词，如果是，则用关系代词，如果不是，则用关系副词。3）如果定语从句中谓语结构是被动语态，有主语，则用关系代词A.  I know a place _ we can have a picnic.        

21、0;  I know a place_ is famous for its beautiful natural scenery.   B.   I will never forget the days _ we spent our holidays together.     &

22、#160;   I will never forget the days _ we spent together.    October 1st is the day _ new China was founded. C.  This is the reason _he was dismissed.     

23、          This is the reason _ he explained to me for his not attending the meeting.     如果定语从句分别修饰point, situation和case, position等表示抽象意义的词，常用where 引导，（前提是从句中缺少

24、状语）。I can think of many cases _ the words are used. 4. whose引导的定语从句whose是一个表示所属关系的词，在定语从句中作定语。of which可以代替whose指物，词序一般是“the+名词of which”或“of whichthe+名词”。of whom可以代替whose指人，词序是“the+名词of whom” 或“of whomthe+名词。The classroom whose door is broken will soon be 

25、repaired.He has a friend whose father is a doctor.   5. “介词+关系代词”考点分析 1). 考查定语从句中谓语部分的搭配习惯(1) 看定语从句中动词与介词的搭配The man _ _I spoke on the phone last night is very good at writing.Do you like the book _ _she paid $10?(2) 看定语从句中形容词与介词的搭配 He gave me so

26、me reference books _ I am not very familiar. China is a beautiful country, _ _we are proud.2). 考查先行词与介词的搭配习惯 这类考题往往要根据具体的语境来选择介词。Ill never forget the day _which she said goodbye to me. 3) 考查根据句意确定介词I am looking for my glasses, which I cant watch TV clearly.4) “介词+关系代词”前还可有some, any, none, all, both,

27、 neither, many, most, each, few等代词或者数词。The factory produces half a million pairs of shoes every year, 80% _ are sold abroad. There are two buildings, the larger _ stands nearly a hundred feet high.6.关系词作主语时，其谓语动词的数取决于先行词尤其是“one of the +复数名词”这一结构后面的定语从句中的谓语动词，通常用复数形式，与定语从句所靠近的那个复数名词在数上保持一致。但如果“one of

28、 the+复数名词”这一结构前面带有the only之类的限定语，从句的谓语动词则要用单数形式。 Tom is one of the boys who _ late that morning. Tom is the only one of the boys who _ late that morning.填空练习 2014-2015年高考题1. Some experts think reading is the fundamental skill upon_ school education depends. 【安徽】2. China Today attracts a worldwide re

29、adership,_ shows that more and more people all over the world want to learn about China.【福建】3. The number of smokers, _ is reported, has dropped by 17 percent in just one year.【江苏】4. As the smallest child of his family, Alex is always longing for the time_ he should be able to be independent.【陕西】5.

30、The boss of the company is trying to create an easy atmosphere _ his employees enjoy their work.【天津】6. He wrote many children s books, nearly half of_ were published in the 1990s. 【重庆】7. The books on the desk, _covers are shiny,are prizes for us. 【四川】8. Opposite is St.Pauls Church, _you can hear som

31、e lovely music. 【北京】9. Creating an atmosphere _employees feel part of a team is a big challenge.【浙江】10.It is a truly delightful place, _ looks the same as it must have done 100 years ago with its winding streets and pretty cottages.【湖南】1. The exact year_Anglela and her family spent together in China

32、 was 2008. 2. I borrowed the book Sherlock Holmes from the library last week，_my classmates recommended to me. 3.Students should involve themselves in community activities _ they can gain experience for growth. 4. I am looking forward to the day _ my daughter can read this book and know my feelings

33、for her.5. The book has helped me greatly in my daily communication, especially at work _ a good impression is a must. 6. Among the many dangers _ sailors have to face, probably the greatest of all is fog.7. A company _profits from home markets are declining may seek opportunities abroad.8. Please s

34、end us all the information _ you have about the candidate for the position. 9. Until now, we have raised 50，000 pounds for the poor children, _ is quite unexpected. 10. English is a language shared by several diverse cultures, _ uses it differently. 单句改错1.The book that I borrowed

35、 it from the library is well written. 2.The house stood at the place which the roads meet. 3. My aunt left for Beijing, where is the capital of China.4.We 

36、shall visit the university where my father teaches there.5.Can you think of anyone whom house is on a pile of rocks? 6.The day that I looked forward to arriving at last. 7.The 

37、;fisherman whom I think is poor in fact is very rich.8.This is the girl who practice playing the piano every day. 9. The people, most of them are experts, will be

38、60;invited to the party.10.This is the shop which keep open till eleven at night. 11. Is that factory which your father once worked in?12. Anyone likes it can borrow it from me. 13. You can

39、choose anything what you like.14.The house which we live is very large. 15. Do you still remember the days when we spent together？16.This is the one hundredth letter which she has received from that b

40、oy. 17.This is the woman to who my mother talked just now.18. Who is the driver who caused the accident?19. This is all what I can do for you.20. He is such a clever boy that I like.21. Which is known to all, the earth is round.22 I dont li

41、ke the way which you talked to your friend. 23 It is such a hot day as I want to go swimming very much.24. He is the only one of the students who are good at dancing.25. Which of you can think of a situation which this idiom is often used?26. I have a boo

42、k, whose the cover is very beautiful.27. He beat me, as I have never expected.28.  Soon they came to a farm house, and in front of which sat a small boy. 29. The reason why he explained 

43、;to me sounds reasonable. 30. Einstein is such a great scientist that we must learn from.名词性从句一、名词性从句相当于名词，可分别作主句的主语、表语、宾语和同位语。因此，名词性从句可分为主语从句、表语从句 、宾语从句和同位语从句。二、名词性从句的引导词1.连接词 ：that、if、whether 2. 连接代词 ：what, whatever, who, whoeve

44、r, whom, whomever, whose, which, whichever3. 连接副词： when、 where、why、how _在名词性从句在从句中不充当任何成分也没有词义，_在从句中不充当任何成分有词义“是否”。连接代词在名词性从句中均有词义充当_、_、_、或_成分。连接副词在名词性从句中均有词义充当_。1.【主语从句】通常放在主句谓语动词之前或由形式主语it代替，而本身放在句子末尾。句型是：1)It+ be+ adj.+ that从句 (如obvious, true, clear, important, certain, necessary)2) It +be +n词组+t

45、hat从句 （如no wonder, an honour, a pity, a fact）3) It +be +过去分词+ that从句 (如said, reported, thought, believed, well-known,suggested)4) It +不及物动词+ that从句（如happen, matter, seem, appear）从句作主语时，谓语动词一般为单数形式。如: What he said is right. That his hair was turning grey worried him a bit. It is a pity that we cant g

46、o swimming.It is certain that he will do well in this exam.It happened that I went out yesterday when you visited me.It is said that President Jiang will visit our school next week.2.【宾语从句】通常放在主句谓语动词 (及物动词) 或介词或某些形容词之后。如：I wonder whether you can change this note for me.Nobody is sure what humans wil

47、l look like in a million years. That will depend on whether they can get the chance. 注意：在think/make/consider/find/feel/believe等可接复合宾语的动词之后，it 可以作为形式宾语，而真正的宾语that 从句则放在句尾He has made it clear that he will not give in.3.【表语从句】表语从句放在系动词的后面。可以接表语从句的连系动词有be, look, remain, seem等。如： The only question left i

48、s how often the workers are paid. It looks as if its going to rain. 4.【同位语从句】同位语从句在句中作同位语，出现在一个名词的后面，起着解释说明的作用。可跟同位语从句的名词主要有：fact, news, promise, reason, idea, hope, word, belief等。We heard the news that our team had won. We were happy to hear the news that was announced by our boss.三、注意的问题1名词性从句要使用陈

49、述句语序。 在名词性从句中，主语从句，表语从句，宾语从句，名词性从句均要使用陈述句语序。 No one will be sure what man will look like in a million years. Do you know how much money he spent? Do you know what happened? 2that 与what: that 引导名从时，无意义不当句子成分，只是引导词；而what引导名从时，在从句中要充当主宾表等句子成分，what表“的”= the + n. + thatA modern city has been set up in _

50、was a wasteland ten years ago._the earth goes around the sun is widely accepted.China is no longer _ it used to be.At last the soldiers reached _ the locals called the Three Gorges.There is much chance _ Bill will recover from his injury in time for the race. 3. if 和whether 在引导宾语从句时两者可以互换，但引导介词后边的宾语

51、从句或从句后面紧跟 or not 时只能用 whether, 而不能用 if 。在引导主语从句、表语从句和同位语从句时，只能用 whether, 而不能用if。Whether还可与不定式、or not、介词连用 He asked if (whether) you have received his letter. This depends on _ he is interested (or not). Have you decided_ to go there tomorrow? It doesnt matter _he will come or not.4. that与if/whethert

52、hat，whether，if都不作句子的任何成分。因此，它们所引导的句子结构必须完整。that 一般用于确定的语气中，引导宾语从句时，口语中的that可省略，而其他情况中的that一般不可省；而whether，if一般用于不确定的语句中。如：(1)_ he learnt English before is certain. (2) Im not sure _he can overcome the difficulties.5. that 和why. that 表示原因时，引导表语从句。而why引导的从句充当reason 的定语。 The reason for his absence is _h

53、e is ill. The reason_ he left school is _his family is poor. 注意：this/that is because 引导表语从句指原因this/that is why引导表语从句指结果He was ill. That was _ he asked three days leave.6.no matter who/what/ whichever与whoever /whatever/whicheverno matter 只能引导状语从句，ever既可引导状语从句又可以引导名词性从句._ was said here must be kept se

54、cret._ breaks the law will be punished. _season it is , the man always wears his funny-looking hat. He will give _ needs help a warm support.7.同位语从句与定语从句的区别。 定语从句中的关系代词that在句中做宾语或主语，有时可以与 which 互换。同位语从句中的连词that只起连接作用，在从句中不担当任何句子成分；而如果句子是同位语从句，就应用连词that而不能用which。同位语从句一般放在表抽象意义的名词如：fact、suggestion、tru

55、th、possibility、idea等后面，解释名词的含义或内容，而定语从句只是对先行词的限定和修饰。The news that Mr.Brown will be our new English teacher is true The news that he told me yesterday is true. 8宾语从句的时态 (主句用一般现在时，从句可以用任何时态；主句如果用过去式，从句也必须用和过去有关的时态。除了宾语从句表的是自然规律用一般现在时。 The teacher told us that the moon travels around the moon. 月亮围绕地球转，

56、是客观事实。 He made it clear that he didn't like the job. 9. 名词性从句中的虚拟语气“(should) + do”在主语从句中用来表示惊奇、不相信、惋惜、理应如此等,谓语动词用虚拟语气,常用句型有: （1） It is necessary, (important, natural, strange, etc.) that. （2） It is suggested,(requested, proposed, desired, etc.) that. （3）一坚持（insist）、二命令（order，command）、三建议（suggest

57、，advise，propose）、四要求（demand，desire, require，request）。 （4）主语是suggestion, proposal, request, decision等表 “建议、请求、要求、决定”等意思的词时,表语从句,同位语中谓语动词要用虚拟语气 “(should) + do”。It is necessary that a college student _(master)at least a foreign language.I advised that he _ (send)to the hospital at once.My suggestion is

58、 that he _ (go) to see a doctor at once.I am against his advice that the bridge _(pull) down.总结：名词性从句引导词的选择三步骤步骤一：如果从句中缺少主语，或者宾语，或者表语，或者定语，则考虑用连接代词 (What, who , which ,whose ,whatever)步骤二：如果从句中既不缺少主语，宾语，也不缺少表语，但是缺少一定意义的状语，则考虑用连接副词(where, when, why, how)步骤三：如果既不缺少主语，宾语，表语，也不缺少状语，则考虑用连接词(that, whether

59、, if)名词性从句专练一、改错题: 1. Its uncertain that the experiment is worth doing.,2. All what is hard is to do good all ones life and never do anything bad.3. The boy didnt take medicine made his mother angry.4. You cant imagine how excited were they when they received these nice Christmas presents.5. That well go camping tomorrow depends on the weather.6. What he really means is what he disagrees with us.7. When well finish translating the book depend on the time.8. Where will the house be built will be discussed at tomorrows meeting.9. If you come or not is u