语法——并列句和状语从句

1、第12讲并列句和状语从句两个或两个以上的简单句用并列连词连在一起构成的句子叫做并列句，其基本结构是“简单句+并列连词+简单句”。并列连词有：and, but, or, so等。状语从句是在句子中起副词 作用的句子。根据状语从句在句中不同的作用可分为：时间、地点、原因、目的、结果、条 件、方式、让步和比较状语从句。并列连词和从属连词是高考的重要考点之一，在语法填空 常以无提示词的方式进行考查，在短文改错中主要考查并列连词和从属连词的误用。并列句和状语从句的考点如下：楝晳:but.河U naMMhfliBn. wMb片电百和血noibul aHobv shnjl ® do .w*wi由址

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4、从如 suer* 忆左皿 $ 弧呂 l.ij * T 哥轻5w£f *6 bqL 0< 隔bi S * # 卜l*P机 > f-J核心考点01考查并列连词并列连词是用来连接两个或多个并列的词、短语或句子的词，主要表示并列、选择、转折、因果等关系。并列连词在句子中位置比较固定，必须位于所连接的并列单位之间；两个并列连词不能并用。1表示并列关系的连词 表示并列关系的连词有2. 表示选择关系的连词 表示选择关系的连词有3. 表示转折关系的连词 表示转折关系的连词有4. 表示因果关系的连词 表示因果关系的连词有and, both.and.,not only.but also.,n

5、either.nor.等。or, either.or.等。but, yet, while 等。for， so。We liste ned eagerly, for he brought n ews of our families.5. when作并列连词的用法when除了作从属连词，引导时间状语从句外，还可作并列连词，其意义为“这时，那时”，相当于and at this/that time。常用于下列句式： sb. was doing sth. whe n. sb. was about to/going to do sth. whe n. sb. was on the point of doin

6、g sth. whe n. sb. had just done sth. when.。女口:We were havi ng a meeti ng whe n some one broke in.我们正在开会，这时有人闯了进来。6. while作并列连词的用法while除了作从属连词，引导时间状语从句外，也可作并列连词，意为“而，去，表示对比。如：He likes pop music, while I am fond of folk music.他喜欢流行音乐，而我喜欢民间音乐。I like playing the piano while my sister likes playing the

7、violin.我喜欢弹钢琴，而我妹妹喜欢拉小提琴。典例分析1（2017 卷）Peter, please send us postcardswe' ll know where you have visited.No problem.【解析】句意：一一彼得，请给我们邮寄明信片，这样我们就能知道你参观过哪些地 方。一一没问题。根据句意可知，第一句中前后两个分句为因果关系 ，所以填so。【答案】so典例分析2He is a shy man,he is not afraid of any thi ng or anyone.【解析】句意：他是一个腼腆的人，但是他不惧怕任何人和任何事。根据前后句意可

8、 知,这里需要一个表示转折关系的连词 。【答案】but典例分析3You have to move out of the waythe truck cannot get past you.【解析】 句意:你得让让路，不然卡车过不去。根据句子结构和句意可知，空格处应该用or,表示一个否定的条件，意为“不然的话”。【答案】or典例分析4Our rooms had n 'bee n reserved for that week,for the week after.【解析】 句意：我们的房间预订的不是那一周，而是后一周。根据前面的had n't判断，本空填but; not.but. “

9、不是而是”。【答案】but典例分析5There were many people wait ing at the bus stop,some of them looked veryan xious.【解析】句意:很多人在公交车站那里等着，他们中一些人看上去很焦躁。空格前后 是两个句子,而且表示两种并列的状况，所以要用and连接。【答案】and典例分析6Give me a chanee,I 'give you a won derful surprise.【解析】句意:如果你给我一个机会，我会给你一个惊喜。此处为“祈使句+and+简单句”结构。【答案】and状元提醒祈使句加and, or引

10、导的并列句表示条件。Study hard, or you will fail the exam.好好学习，不然的话会考试不及格。Stand up and you ' ll see farthe如果站起来，你就会看得更远。核心考点02考查时间状语从句时间状语从句通常由从属连词when, while， as, till/until ， not. until.， since，before,whenever, after, as soon as, hardly when； no sooner than ,onee 等弓丨导。作答相关 的试题时，一定要根据上下文所提到的动作或事件的先后关系来判断

11、。1. 名词词组引导时间状语从句名词词组 every time , the next time , the moment, the instant等，也可起从属连词的作用， 引导时间状语从句。I thought her nice and honest the first time I met her.我第一次见她就对她印象很好并认为她很诚实。I found myself in an en tirely new world the mome nt I arrived in Beiji ng.我一到就感到耳目一新。2. 副词用作连词引导的时间状语从句instantly, immediately ,

12、 instantly , directly, presently 等也可起从属连词的作用，引导时间状语从句，表示"一就"的意思。The young lady rushed into the room immediately she heard the no ise.那位年轻女士一听到响声就冲进房间。Directly he came in, he knew someth ing had happe ned.他一进来，就知道出了什么事了。3. when, while 和 as 的区别when可以和延续性动词连用，也可以和短暂性动词连用；而while和as只能和延续性动词连用。S

13、orry, I was out when you called me.对不起，你打时我刚好外出了 .Strike while the iron is hot .趁热打铁The stude nts took n otes as they liste ned.学生们边听课边做笔记 .(2) when从句的谓语动词可以在主句谓语动作之前、之后或同时发生；while和as从句的谓语动作必须是和主句谓语动作同时发生。When he had fini shed his homework, he took a short rest.当他完成作业后，他休息了一会儿。When I got to the airp

14、ort, the guests had left.当我赶到飞机场时，客人们已经离开了。(3) 当主句、从句动作同时进行，从句主要表示主句动作发生的背景或条件时，只能用as,意为“随着”;“一边，一边”。The atmosphere gets thinner and thinner as the height i ncreases.随着高度的增加，大气越来越稀薄。(4) 如果主句表示的是短暂性的动作，而从句用延续性动词的进行时表示在一段时间正在进行的动作，when/while/as可换用。When/While/As I walk ing in the street, I saw a friend

15、 of mine.我在街上走的时候，看到了一位朋友。4. till, until 和 not until 的用法(1)till和until用于肯定句中，和延续性动词连用，意为直到为止”，表示该动作或状态的终止时间。(till和until作介词的用法相同)She stood there un til he had passed out of sight.她站在那里直到他从视线里消失。(2)till和until用在否定句中，常和非延续性动词连用，意为直到才”，表示动作的开始时间。The Olympic Games, first played in 776 B.C., did not in elud

16、e wome n players un til it was held in 1912.奥林匹克运动会第一次举办是在公元前776年，直到1912年才有女选手参赛。注意：until可以用在句首，till不可以用在句首。Un til you told me, I knew nothing about it.直到你告诉我，我才知道这件事情。5. si nee和before的用法比较(1) sinee引导的时间状语从句，从句谓语动词是延续性动词的时候，理解为某动作的终 止，如果从句谓语动词是非延续性动词的时候理解为某个状态的开始。It is three years since he became a

17、teacher.他当教师已经三年了。It is three years since he was a teacher.他不当教师已经三年了。(2) before引导的时间状语从句它可翻译为：“还未就”,“才”,“还没来得及就”等。He walked out of the room before I could say a word.我还没来得及说一句话他就走出了房间。与before和since相关的句型厂It is+ 一段时间+since 过去时).自从以来It will be+ 一段时间+before 一般现在时).要过多长时间才<It was+ 一段时间+before 一般过去时).

18、过了才It will be +not+ 一段时间+before过不了多长时间就j It wasn '时间段+before 一般过去时).过之后就It is 30 years since he joined the revoluti on. 他参加革命己三十年了。It was three days before he came back.他三天后才回来。It will be a mon th before we graduate.再过一个月我们就毕业了。典例分析1（2017 卷）lf you don' U nderstand something, you may research

19、, study, and talk to other peopleyou figure it out.【解析】句意：如果你不理解某个事物，你可以去调查、研究、与他人交谈，直到你把它弄明白为止。所填的词意为 直到”所以用until/till引导时间状语从句，【答案】un til/till典例分析2the weddi ng ceremony bega n, the couple n ervously repeated their vows“ Wepromise to love each other for better, for worse, for richer, for poorer, in

20、sickness and in health ” .【解析】句意：当婚礼开始时，那对新人紧地重复着他们的誓言“我们发誓彼此相爱，无论环境好坏、无论贫穷富足、无论疾病健康。”根据上下文逻辑可知设空处引导时间状语从句，且从句谓语动词为瞬间动词，故答案为When。【答案】When典例分析3It was the middle of the ni ght my father woke me up and told me to watch thefootball game.【解析】句意:午夜时分，父亲叫醒我，告诉我看足球比赛。when “当时候”，并且从句谓语动词wake是短暂性动词，所以填when。【答

21、案】whe n典例分析4The young couple who returned my lost wallet, left I could ask for their n ames.【解析】句意:将钱包归还给我的那对年轻夫妇，在我问他们的之前就已经离开了。结合句意可知，此处填before引导时间状语从句，表示“在之前”。【答案】before典例分析5状元提醒时间状语从句注意事项1.需注意各种从属连词，尤其是比较容易引起错误的搭配和不常使用的词。如：hardly when，no soonerthan，the moment, every time , once, each time等。2.注意时

22、态的呼应。时间状语从句中用一般现在时态代替将来时态。此外，si nee引导的从句和主句时态不一致，hardly when，nosoo nerthan时态的搭配都是需要引起注意的。3.主句后跟until/till引导的句子时，要注意主句动词的延续性和终止性的区别，还要注意对until引导的容进行强调的用法。核心考点03考查地点状语从句地点状语从句通常由where, wherever和everywhere引导。作答时一定要根据下文的逻辑关系来判断所填的从属连词，并注意where引导的地点状语从句和定语从句的区别。Where there is a will, there is a way. 有志者事

23、竟成。Wherever she goes, there are crowds of people wait ing to see her.她所到之处都有成群的人等着见她。典例分析（2017 卷）Locatedthe Belt meets the Road, Jia ngsu will con tribute more to theBelt and Road con structi on.【解析】句意：位于“一带”与“一路”的交汇处，将为“一带一路”建设作出更大贡献。根据句意可知，所填的词引导地点状语从句，所以填 where o【答案】where状元提醒where既可以引导定语从句，也可以引导地

24、点状语从句。引导定语从句时，从句前应该有一个表示地点的名词作先行词，where可以变为“介词+关系代词”形式；而状语从句前则没有先行词。Put the book at the place where you took it.（定语从句 ）Put the book where you took it.（状语从句）把书放回原来的地方。核心考点04考查原因状语从句原因状语从句由because, si nee, as, now that等连词引导。作答时可根据上下文的因果 关系来判断。典例分析Hot as the ni ght air was, we slept deeplywe were so ti

25、red after the long journey.【解析】句意：夜晚的空气很热，我们睡得很深，因为长途旅行后我们太累了。根据句 意可知，前面是结果，后面是原因，所以填because【答案】because状元提醒1. because, since, as, now that 的区另U'连词r.、区别位置涵能否回答能否被强调why问句because(因为)主句前或直接原因能能后as（由于）主句前或双方都知道否否后的原因si nce/now that(既主句前然）Now that you ' ve got a cha yoe might as well make full use

26、 of it.既然你有了机会，你要充分利用它。We had better hurry as it's getting dark.因为天快要黑了，我们最好快点。2. 另外，seeing (that)由于(鉴于)；considering (that)考虑到1;鉴于)也可引导原因状语从句。Seeing (that) the weather is bad, we' ll stay at home.因为天气不好，我们要呆在家里了。Con sideri ng (that) it is han dmade, the price seems reas on able.考虑到它是手工制成的，价格

27、还算合理。核心考点05考查目的状语从句常用引导词:so that, i n order that。特殊弓丨导词 :lest, in case, for fear that。女口 :In order that every stude nt might un dersta nd it, the teacher expla ined that passage aga in and aga in.为了使每个学生都明白，老师反复讲解那一段。We spoke in whispers for fear that we might wake the baby.我们轻声说话，以免吵醒婴儿。典例分析He had

28、his camera readycase he saw someth ing that would make a good picture.【解析】句意：他准备好了相机以防看到可以拍摄的景物。in case “以防；以免”，引导目的状语从句。【答案】in核心考点06考查结果状语从句sothat和suchthat引导结果状语从句，意思相同，意为“如此，以至于”。如：He is such a kind pers on that we all like him.=He is so kind a pers on that we all like him.=He is so kind that we a

29、ll like him.他是一个非常善良的人，我们都喜欢他。典例分析It waswarm that the family had to have the electric fan on all day long.【解析】天太热，一家人不得不全天开着电扇。分析句子结构可知，本题是sothat 引导的结果状语从句。空格后面是形容词，所以填so。【答案】so状元提醒sothat和suchthat各自所使用的句式如下：厂so+形容词(副词)+that从句' so+ma ny /few/much/little+ 名词 +that 从句匚so+形容词+a(an)+单数可数名词+that从句such

30、+a(a n)+形容词+单数可数名词+that从句Ysuch+形容词+复数名词(不可数名词)+that从句匸 such+a lot of /lots of + 名词 +that从句I' ve hado many falls that I ' m black and blue all over.我摔了好多次跤，周身青一块紫一块的。This is such an in terest ing book thatall the stude nts in our class want to read it.=This is so in teresti ng a book that all

31、 the stude nts in our class want to read it. 这本书如此有趣，我们班所有的学生都想读。注意：当so,such以及各自修饰部分置于句首时，主句用部分倒装。当such为代词在主句中作表语时，such置于句首，主句用完全倒装。Such was what he told me.这就是他告诉我的。核心考点07考查让步状语从句让步状语从句通常由though, although, as, while, even if (though) ,whether.or. , however,whatever, whoever, whenever, no matter +wh

32、 等弓丨导。典例分析1(2016 卷)online shopping has changed our life , not all of its effects have beenpositive.【解析】句意：尽管网上购物已经改变了我们的生活，但是不是所有的影响都是积极的。根据句意可知，所填的词引导让步状语从句，所以填 while/though/although 。【答案】While/Though/Although典例分析2I don ' t really like the auth I have to admit his books are very exciting.【解析】 句

33、意：我实在是不喜欢那位作家，尽管我不得不承认他的作品非常激动人心。 根据句意判断，两句之间是让步关系，故可填连词(al)though “虽然，尽管”。【答案】(al)though状元提醒1. while引导的让步状语从句，只能放在句首，意为“虽然；尽管”。While he loves his students, he is very strict with them.虽然他爱他的学生，可是他对他们很严格。2. as/though引导的让步状语从句常使用倒装语序。Well-written as/though the book is, the author is not satisfied and

34、 prepared to reviseit.尽管这本书写得很好，作者还是不满意并打算修改它。3. 疑问词+ever引导的让步状语从句however, whatever, whoever, whenever等引导的让步状语从句相当于“ nomatter+疑问词”，意为 无论”。No matter where (Wherever) you go, I would keep you compa ny. 不管你到哪去，我都会陪着你。Whatever you do and wherever you go, you can encoun ter pain. 你无论做什么，也无论你去往何处，都会遭受苦恼。核

35、心考点08考查条件状语从句常用引导词:if, unless。特殊弓丨导词 :as/so long as, only if, providing/provided that, suppose that, in case that, oncondition that。女口:As long as you can keep away from them, you' re safe.只要你离他们远一点，你就会安全。Provided that you have the money in your acco unt, you can withdraw up to $100 a day.只要账户存款足

36、够，你每天对多可提取100美元。典例分析1（2016 天津卷）1 learned thatyou fall in love with something and do it all the time , you will get better at it.【答案】if【解析】句意：我了解到如果你喜欢上什么事情而且一直做，你会越来越擅长。that后为宾语从句，宾语从句又含有一个从句，前后为假设关系，所以用if引导条件状语从句。典例分析2I visit every bookstore in tow n, I shall not know whether I can get what I want.

37、【解析】句意：如果我不到城里每一家书店去看看，我就不知道是否能买到我想要的书。根据句意可知，空格处填unl ess引导条件状语从句。【答案】Un less核心考点09考查方式状语从句和比较状语从句方式状语从句一般由 as, as if/as though, the way等引导；比较状语从句由 asas，notas/so as than, the more,the mo引导。典例分析They completely ignore these facts asthey n ever existed.【解析】句意：他们完全忽略了这些事实，就仿佛它们不存在似的。根据句意可知，本 句为方式状语从句。所以

38、填if/though。【答案】if/though达标诊断以状元的方式，诊断纠错单句语法填空结合语境，在空白处填入1个适当的单词或括号单词的正确形式。1.1 was frightened on my first day,I was also excited that I was going to attend my firstreal physics class.【答案】but【解析】句意：第一天我很害怕，但是我也很兴奋，我要第一次上真正的物理课。根据 句意可知，上下文是转折关系，所以填but。2. The photo was take nstood the famous statue, a I

39、an dmark of the city he paid a visit lastJuly.【答案】where【解析】句意：照片是在著名雕塑那个地方照的，是去年七月他参观的城市地标。 分析句子结构可知，所填的词引导地点状语从句，所以填where。3. I really enjoy liste ning to musicit helps me relax and takes my mind away from othercares of the day.【答案】because【解析】句意：我非常喜欢听音乐，因为它能让我放松，使我不去想其它的事情。前后 是因果关系，所以填becauseo4. Mo

40、re and more people are willi ng to shop on li ne to get what they want, and I am one of them. Ijust can 'help buying things I n eed them or not.【答案】whether【解析】 句意:越来越多的人愿意在网上买自己想要的东西，我就是其中之一。无论我需不需要,我都会情不自禁地买东西。根据语境可以推断出此处考查让步状语从句,whether.or not"无论还是”。5. I n some parts of Europe, in comes a

41、re high,in other parts they are much lower.【答案】while【解析】句意：在欧洲的一些地区收入很高，而在其他地方则非常低。根据句意可知， 上下文是对比关系，所以填while。6. You n ever really un dersta nd a pers onyou con sider things from his point of view.【答案】un til/till【解析】句意：直到你能从他的观点角度上思考问题你才能真正了解一个人。7. the average age of the populati on in creases, there

42、 are more and more old people to carefor.【答案】As【解析】句意：随着人口的增长，越来越多的老人需要照顾。根据句意可知，要填as,意为“随着”。8. Find ways to praise your child ren often,you ll find they will open their hearts to you.【答案】and【解析】句意：寻找方法经常表扬孩子，你就会发现他们会对你敞开心扉。根据句意可知，前后句是条件或假设关系，而且本句是“祈使句+and+简单句”结构，所以填 and。9. You must lear n to con su

43、lt your feeli ngs and your reas onyou reach any decisi on.【答案】before【解析】句意：你要学会在做任何决定之前都必须兼顾好情感与理智。对比reach anydecision和consult your feelings and your reason之间的关系，不难看出，兼顾好情感与理智 在前，做任何决定在后，所以填 before o10. As we can see, develop ing a good habit is so importa nt I would like to in troduceone kind of go

44、od lear ning habit keep a lear ning diary every day.【答案】that【解析】句意:正如我们看到的那样，养成一个好的习惯如此重要，以至于我想介绍一种好的 学习习惯，即每天都要记学习笔记。根据语境可知此处考查so.that.引导的结果状语从句。11. I believe you will have a won derful time here you get to know every one else.【答案】once【解析】句意:我相信，一旦你慢慢认识了其他人，你就会在这儿玩得很开心。once引导条件状语从句，表示“一旦”，符合语境。12. We should go by bus in orderwe can get there earlier.【答案】that【解析】句意：我们应该坐公交车去为的是能早点到。根据前面的in order可知填that。in order that “为了"，引导目的状语