第五章真核微生物—酵母菌和霉菌1

1、A Microbiology Course by Bo CHEN (e-mail: )第5章 真核微生物: 酵母菌和霉菌Eucaryotes: Yeasts and MouldsContents (内容)1 Overview of Eucaryotic Microorganisms2 The Kingdom of Fungi3 Applications of Fungi1 真核微生物概览2 真菌界3 真菌的应用Section 1 Overview of Eucaryotic Microorganisms(第一节 真核微生物概览)Overview (概览)Importance of Fungi

2、(真菌的重要性)1.1 Overview (概览) According to Whittakers 5 kingdom system, eucaryotic microorganisms include 2 kingdoms: protista (原生生物界) and fungi (真菌界), totally 1.5 million species estimated.The Kingdom Protista (原生生物界) Microscopic algae (微藻): photosynthetic cells with rigid walls, unicellular. Protozoa

3、(原生动物): animal-like creatures that feed upon other live or dead organisms and lack cell walls.The Kingdom Fungi (真菌界) Yeasts：酵母菌 Unicellular fungi Moulds：霉菌 Filamentous fungi Mushrooms：大型真菌 酵母菌单细胞真菌 霉菌丝状真菌Microscopic fungi (小型真菌)Macroscopic fungi (大型真菌) Fungi are eucaryotes (真核生物) that feed on organ

4、ic substrates, have nucleus and cell walls, reproduce asexually and sexually by spores, and exist in macroscopic or microscopic forms. 真菌：真核微生物，需要有机底物作为营养，有细胞核和细胞壁，有无性和有性繁殖方式，产生孢子，有宏观和微观两种存在形式。DefinitionSome Examples of FungiYeasts (酵母菌)毕赤酵母不产酒精的酵母Moulds (霉菌)Penicillium (青霉)-penicillin producer扫帚状 分

5、生孢子梗Rhizopus (根霉)毛霉Aspergillus niger (黑曲霉)红曲霉红曲米酒Aspergillus oryzae (米曲霉) Aspergillus flavus (黄曲霉)Aflatoxin (黄曲霉毒素 ！)peanuts区别： 米曲霉 ！黄曲霉MushroomsAgaricus bisporus (双孢蘑菇), the most common commercial mushroom of the Western world.Agaricus bisporus (双孢蘑菇), the most common commercial mushroom of the Wes

6、tern world.Shiitake (Lentinus edulus香菇), the most common commercial mushroom of the Far East.金针菇猴头菇灵芝鸡纵羊肚菌牛肝菌块菌（黑松露）块菌（松露、猪拱菌）1.2 Importance of Fungi(真菌的重要性) Edible fungi (食用菌)mushrooms (菇类) Baking (焙烤), brewing (酿造)yeasts Useful metabolites (代谢产物)antibiotics (抗生素), alcohol (乙醇), organic acids (有机酸) Enzymes (酶)amylase (糖化酶), cellulase (纤维素酶), protease (蛋白质酶), lipase (脂酶) Biological pesticides (杀虫剂)白僵菌，绿僵菌，捕食线虫真菌 Forestry (林业)main decomposer (主要降解者)BeneficialHarmful 腐败：粮食、水果约40%，木材、棉布、皮革 植物病害：主要是真菌病害，玉米黑粉病、小麦黑锈病、水稻恶苗病