在线阅读3单元

1、题目：1.the main features of a situation or activities 正确答案:landscape题目：2.do something better than someone or something else 正确答案:outperform题目：3.making something seem right or reasonable 正确答案:legitimizing题目：4.reducing; becoming smaller in size 正确答案:downsizing题目：5.form two very different groups, opinion

2、s that are completely opposite to each other 正确答案:polarize题目：6.the basic facilities, services, and installations needed for the functioning of a community or society 正确答案:infrastructure题目：7.a part of a countrys economic or business activity 正确答案:sector题目：8.changing frequently 正确答案:fluctuating题目：9.of

3、ficially stop something for a short time 正确答案:suspend题目：10.powerful; effective 正确答案:potent  2.Building your vocabulary: Part B: Choose the right word or expression from the following list to complete the sentences. Change the form if necessary.老师意见:题目：1.The two issues mentioned here are no

4、t separate but _. 正确答案:interconnected题目：2.The 1990s saw the economic _ rapidly changed in South Asia. 正确答案:landscape题目：3.The teachers there are trying to create an atmosphere that is _ to the childrens learning. 正确答案:conducive题目：4.High levels of debt are a major _ to economic development in that reg

5、ion. 正确答案:barrier题目：5.This approach will _ an understanding of environmental issues. 正确答案:foster题目：6.There is a serious _ in the western provinces of China. 正确答案:brain drain题目：7.Repeat purchases _ 50% of the sales in the supermarket. 正确答案:account for题目：8.Operations at the factory have been _ because

6、 of safety concerns. 正确答案:suspended题目：9.She is afraid that the election could _ mass protests. 正确答案:set off题目：10.The 19th century architectural style of the village remains intact and the distinctive way of peoples life preserved, fully showcasing Chinas _ cultural characteristics. 正确答案:indigenous题目

7、：11.The existing _ and living environment there can no longer sustain the growing needs of a modern life. 正确答案:infrastructure题目：12.Rebates for another 2,268 products, described as “easy to _ trade frictions”, will be slashed from 8 percent to 5 percent. 正确答案:trigger题目：13.They settled down in the cen

8、tury-old village, living peacefully together with the people of Yi _ group. 正确答案:ethnic题目：14.The countrys financial problems _ throughout the global economy that year. 正确答案:reverberated题目：15.Some people believe that many girls now _ boys at every level of the education curriculum form tests taken at

9、 six to degree level. 正确答案:outperform题目：16.Grief _ her whole being. 正确答案:permeated  3.Use of English: Fill in the blanks with the words or phrases in the following list. Change the form if necessary.题目：1. 正确答案:which题目：2. 正确答案:engage in题目：3. 正确答案:concluded题目：4. 正确答案:against题目：5. 正确答案:reacte

10、d题目：6. 正确答案:entered题目：7. 正确答案:controlling题目：8. 正确答案:it题目：9. 正确答案:compromise题目：10. 正确答案:decree题目：11. 正确答案:as well as题目：12. 正确答案:subsidiaries  4.Translation: Translate the following into Chinese.题目：1.The world economic landscape is changing dramatically as a result of globalization, the inte

11、rnational integration of markets for goods, services and capital. More and more of the world has been drawn into a network of economic and social relationships which transcend conventional political, economic and cultural barriers. 正确答案:全球化与货物流通、服务行业及资本市场的国际一体化使世界经济格局发生着巨大的变化。越来越多的事情被卷入经济与社会关系的网络之中，

12、这种关系超越了传统的政治、经济及文化屏障。题目：2.Globalization is also seen as a cultural homogeruzation force (most easily summed up in words such as “Coca-Colaization” or “Hollywoodization” or in the powerful image of McDonalds golden arches striding purposefully across the world) via consumerism, creating similarities

13、in social forms across political boundaries, resulting in the emergence of cultural cosmopolitanism. 正确答案:全球化被视为通过用户之上主义形成的一种文化的同化力量（常被人们使用“可口可乐化”或者“好莱坞化”等字样来描绘，或者由麦当劳横跨世界各地的金色拱门的强势形象表现出来），在跨越政治边界的种种社会形式中产生了类似性，形成了文化同化。题目：3.For example, the United States, the biggest “skills-magnet,” absorbs large p

14、roportions of the most educated people, and Western governments (e.g., Germany, Britain) encourage the skilled to migrate by expanding the availability of work permits for skilled migrants. 正确答案:例如，美国作为最大的“技术磁铁” 吸收了很大比例的受过高等教育的专业人士。许多西方国家政府（比如德国、英国）通过放宽为技术人才提供工作许可证来鼓励技术移民。题目：4.The almost 40 percent

15、drop in the value of the United States dollar in the early 1990s in relation to Western European and Japanese currencies significantly increased the price of imported goods and brought in huge amounts of foreign investments in the mid-1990s. 正确答案:20世纪90年代，美元相对于西欧和日本货币而言贬值几乎40%，这一现象大幅度地提高了进口产品的价格，并且在

16、90年代中期使大量外来资本涌入美国。题目：5.Among other things, this trade deficit played a role in the economic downturn in the early 2000s and has resulted in a tighter domestic budget, with major reductions in many areas such as education, health care, and programs for the disadvantaged. 正确答案:此外，2000年初，这一贸易赤字引发经济衰退，导

17、致国内预算紧缩，很多领域，如教育、医疗卫生及针对弱势群体项目的预算大幅度下降。  5.Writing: Reread the text and then write a topic sentence for each of the following paragraphs. If you can not find one, sum up the main idea of the paragraph in one sentence.老师意见:1.    The world economic landscape is changing dramat

18、ically as a result of globalization, the international integration of markets for goods, services and capital. More and more of the world has been drawn into a network of economic and social relationships which transcend conventional political, economic and cultural barriers (Schaeffer, 2003). Barri

19、ers to the global trade ability of goods and services and the mobility of capital and labor are increasingly being eliminated by technological innovations, the widespread movement toward the liberalization of trade and capital markets, and the growing globalization of corporate production and distri

20、bution strategies. The trend toward internationalization is creating new opportunities as well as challenges at all levels in society (Cohen & Kennedy, 2002).2.    There is an integration of the world economy as the major players-large corporations that are "multinational"-dr

21、aw more and more of the globe into networks of capitalist production and markets. For example, ITT employs over 400,000 workers in sixty-eight countries. Exxon operates in almost 100 countries, and its fleet of oil tankers constitutes a navy the size of Great Britain's. General Motors has facili

22、ties in thirty-nine countries and sells over $80 billion worth of products annually. Multinationals account for more than one-fourth of total world economic production, and their share is increasing. The different parts of the world economy are more interconnected, and people almost everywhere are b

23、eing affected by recent advances in telecommunications, transport, and the arrival of multinationals wishing to market a particular global brand of soap, foodstuff or cigarettes. Globalization is also seen as a cultural homogenization force (most easily summed up in words such as “Coca-Colaization”

24、or “Hollywoodization” or in the powerful image of McDonalds' golden arches striding purposefully across the world) via consumerism (Hunter, 1995; Ritzer, 2002), creating similarities in social forms across political boundaries, resulting in the emergence of cultural cosmopolitanism (Stevenson, 1

25、997). Globalization is also seen as an integrated international order conducive to American interests, which is guided by American rules and norms to satisfy the expectations for ever-greater abundance in the United States (Bacevich, 2002).3.     There are obvious “social contradictio

26、ns” of globalization (MacEwan, 1996) and controversial economic consequences (Aaronson, 2001). Perhaps the most damaging social contradiction of globalization is its impact on democracy by limiting people's power to exercise political control over their economic lives because the power of govern

27、ment is limited in regulating private business. Critics argue that the globalization of business contributes to the decline of the power of labor as well as to the decline of small business as a result of its inability to compete in the marketplace (Harrison, 1984). The spread of free-market capital

28、ism aggravates hostilities between the national ethnic majorities and the market-dominant minorities (Chua, 2003). Whether Jews in post-Communist Russia or the Chinese in many Southeast Asian nations, such minorities vastly outperform the indigenous majorities in production and consumption. It resul

29、ts in the rise of national¬ism, ethnic tension and scapegoating.4.     Globalization makes it difficult for the U.S. government to keep up with the activities of such corporations, thus making regulatory agencies highly ineffective. The nationally oriented institutions are being

30、replaced by globally oriented institutions under the legitimizing cloak of efficiency and financial credibility (McMichael, 1996). It reduces employment opportunities for American workers and undermines the power of the nation-state to maintain economic and political stability within its territory (

31、Barnet & Cavanagh, 1994). Globalization also creates wage inequalities and falling relative wages among unskilled workers (Lee, 1996). In the United States, the earnings of unskilled labor fell, even as the economy enjoyed years of prosperity. The factors that account for the decline include sti

32、ff competition from Asia, a flood of immigrants, and automation in manufacturing (Wol-man & Colamosca, 1997).5.     Highly paid workers in developed countries cannot compete with much lower paid, but equally skilled, workers in developing countries. This could lead to a breakdown

33、of the international trading system and continued downsizing (Kennedy, 1997). Changes in the global economy also reshaped local labor markets, which tended to polarize labor demand into high-skill and low-skill categories. This polarization also reflects an emerging duality between a primary labor m

34、arket of well paid, secure and pensionable jobs and a secondary labor market of poorly paid, insecure and often part-time employment and has obvious implications for international migration in terms of differential pull and push factors for "brain drain" versus "contract" migrant

35、s. For example, the United States, the biggest “skills-magnet,” absorbs large proportions of the most educated people, and Western governments (e.g., Germany, Britain) encourage the skilled to migrate by expanding the availability of work permits for skilled migrants (Economist, 2002).6.  

36、    Finally, the forces of globalization and new technology threaten to weaken the power governments to tax their citizens. Modern tax systems were developed after World War II when cross-border movements in goods, capital and labor were relatively small. Now firms and people are more mobi

37、le and can exploit tax differences between countries. Globalization is a tax problem because firms have more freedom to decide where to locate and there are great variations in corporate taxes among countries; it makes it hard to decide where a company should pay tax; and it makes it harder to tax h

38、igh-income individuals because of high mobility and the ability to carry out business in cyberspace (Economist, 1997). 7.     Globalization has profound positive implications for developing countries (see, for example, Lewellen, 2002). It creates important new opportunities-wider

39、 markets for trade, an expanding array of tradables, larger private capital inflows, improved access to technology. Defenders of multinationals contend that they introduce great wealth and create jobs in poor countries (Business Week, 1994:92-93). They contribute to the economic development of third

40、-world nations by introducing the latest manufacturing techniques, by upgrading the educational level of the labor force, by paying taxes and relatively high wages, by helping to modernize the infrastructure, and by providing jobs and promoting efficiency in the manufacturing and service sectors. Th

41、us, the presence of multinationals is seen as a catalyst for modernization because the economies of the host societies will grow from wages and taxes paid by the corporations.8.      Globalization and economic factors foster change in society in many other ways. They play a role

42、in the reduction of geographical and entrepre¬neurial frontier opportunities. They sharpen the dichotomy between the employed and the unemployed and contribute to the rise in higher expectations and keener perception of the gap between actualities and potentialities. Current economic conditions

43、 also play a role in the transition from a basic condition of labor scarcity to one of job scarcity, and the expanded power of the labor force induces wages to follow increasing productivity, which results in an inflationary force. They can also lead to the emergence of social problems triggered by

44、competition and scarcities and to damages to the cohesion of civil societies (Dahrendorf, 1995). These in turn produce further changes in economic, political, and other institutional domains.9.      Economic problems can also create a chain of events that can set off changes in a

45、 number of ways. Examples of such problems include fluctuating currencies, foreign debts, and trade deficits (Silk, 1987). The almost 40 percent drop in the value of the United States dollar in the early 1990s in relation to Western European and Japanese currencies significantly increased the price

46、of imported goods and brought in huge amounts of foreign investments in the mid-1990s. At the same time, the increase in the export of American goods remained negligible in spite of the passing by Congress of major trade agreements such as NAFTA (North American Free Trade Agreement) in 1993 and GATT

47、 (General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade) in November 1994. Because of domestic economic problems, several third-world debtor nations, such as Brazil and Argentina, suspended payment of the interest on almost $90 billion worth of debts (Economist, 1994b:95) in the early 1990s. To secure loans and de

48、bt relief from the World Bank, International Monetary Fund, and other national and international organizations, borrower nations had to rapidly privatize industries, cut deficits (and with them, possibly, social safety-net programs), and eliminate trade barriers. These developments culminated in political upheavals and economic crisis in the debtor nations and set the stage for the various antiglobalization protests on the streets of Seattle and Genoa (Stiglitz, 2002). It also shocked the financial world, and many American banks