高中无机化学方程式大全

1、高中化学方程式大全一、非金属单质（F 2，Cl 2, O2, S, N2, P, C, Si，H ） 1. 氧化性：F 2+H2=2HF (阴暗处爆炸 F 2+Xe(过量 =XeF22F 2(过量 +Xe=XeF4 (XeF4是强氧化剂，能将Mn 2+氧化为MnO 4 nF 2+2M=2MFn(M表示大部分金属 2F 2+2H2O=4HF+O2 (水是还原剂 2F 2+2NaOH=2NaF+OF2+H2O F 2+2NaCl=2NaF+Cl2 F 2+2NaBr=2NaF+Br2 F 2+2NaI=2NaF+I2 7F 2(过量 +I2=2IF7F 2+Cl2(等体积 =2ClF (ClF属于

2、类卤素：ClF+H2O=HF+HClO 3F 2(过量 +Cl2=2ClF3 (ClF3+3H2O=3HF+HClO3 Cl 2+H22HCl (将H 2在Cl 2点燃；混合点燃、加热、光照发生爆炸 3Cl 2+2P2PCl 3Cl 2+PCl3PCl 5 Cl 2+2Na2NaCl3Cl 2+2Fe2FeCl 3Cl 2+CuCuCl 2Cl 2+2FeCl2=2FeCl3 (在水溶液中：Cl 2+2Fe2+=2Fe3+3Cl-Cl 2+2NaBr=2NaCl+Br2 Cl 2+2Br-=2Cl-+Br2Cl 2+2KI=2KCl+I2 Cl 2+2I-=2Cl-+I2 3Cl 2(过量 +

3、2KI+3H2O=6HCl+KIO33Cl 2+I+3H2O=6H+6Cl+IO35Cl 2+I2+6H2O=2HIO3+10HCl5Cl 2+I2+6H2O=10Cl+IO3+12H+ Cl 2+Na2S=2NaCl+S Cl 2+S2=2Cl+S Cl 2+H2S=2HCl+S (水溶液中：Cl 2+H2S=2H+2Cl+S Cl 2+SO2+2H2O=H2SO 4+2HClCl 2+SO2+2H2O=4H+SO42+2Cl Cl 2+H2O 2=2HCl+O2 Cl 2+H2O 2=2H+Cl+O2 2O 2+3FeFe 3O 4 O 2+K=KO2 S+H2H 2S 2S+CCS 2

4、S+ZnZnS S+Fe FeS (既能由单质制取，又能由离子制取 S+2CuCu 2S (只能由单质制取，不能由离子制取 3S+2AlAl 2S 3 (只能由单质制取，不能由离子制取N 2+3H2催化剂 高温高压2NH 3N 2+3MgMg 3N 2 N 2+3CaCa 3N 2 N 2+3BaBa 3N 2N 2+6Na2Na 3NN 2+6K2K 3NN 2+6Rb2Rb 3N N 2+2Al2AlNP 4+6H24PH 3 P+3NaNa 3P2P+3ZnZn 3P 2H 2 +2Li2LiH 2、还原性 S+O2SO 2S+H2SO 4(浓 3SO 2+2H2OS+6HNO3(浓 H

5、 2SO 4+6NO2+2H2OS+4H+6=6NO2+2H2O+-24SO3S+4HNO3(稀 3SO 2+4NO+2H2O3S+4H+4-3 NO 3SO 2+4NO+2H2O N 2+O2 2NO 4P+5O2P 4O 10(常写成P 2O 52P+3X22PX 3（X 表示F 2，Cl 2，Br 2）PX 3+X2PX 5 P 4+20HNO3(浓 4H 3PO 4+20NO2+4H2OC+2F2CF 4 C+2Cl2CCl 4 C+O2(足量CO 22C+O2(少量 2COC+CO22CO C+H2O CO+H2(生成水煤气2C+SiO2Si+2CO(制得粗硅 Si(粗+2Cl2Si

6、Cl 4 (SiCl4+2H2=Si(纯+4HCl Si(粉+O2SiO 2Si+CSiC(金刚砂Si+2NaOH+H2O=Na2SiO 3+2H2 (Si+2OH-+H2O=-23S iO +2H23. 歧化反应Cl 2+H2O=HCl+HClO（加碱或光照促进歧化： (Cl2+H2O H +Cl+HClO） Cl 2+2NaOH=NaCl+NaClO+H2O (Cl2+2OH=Cl+ClO+H2O Cl 2+2Ca(OH2=CaCl2+Ca(ClO2+2H2O (Cl2+2OH=Cl+ClO+H2O 3Cl 2+6KOH(浓 5KCl+KClO3+3H2O (3Cl2+6OH5Cl +Cl

7、O3+3H2O 3S+6NaOH2Na 2S+Na2SO 3+3H2O (3S+6OH2S 2+SO32+3H2O 4P+3KOH(浓 +3H2O=PH3+3KH2PO 2 (4P+3OH+3H2O=PH3+3H2PO 2 11P+15CuSO4+24H2O=5Cu3P+6H3PO 4+15H2SO 4 3C+CaOCaC 2+CO3C+SiO2SiC+2CO二、金属单质（Na,Mg,Al,Fe,Cu ）的还原性2Na+H22NaH 4Na+O2=2Na2O 2Na 2O+O22Na 2O 22Na+O2Na 2O 2 2Na+S=Na2S （爆炸）2Na+2H2O=2NaOH+H2 2Na+

8、2H2O=2Na+2OH+H2 2Na+2NH3=2NaNH2+H2 2Na+2NH3=2Na+2NH2+H2 4Na+TiCl4 4NaCl+TiMg+Cl2MgCl 2 Mg+Br2MgBr 22Mg+O22MgOMg+SMgS2Cu+SCu 2S (Cu2S 只能由单质制备 Mg+2H2O Mg(OH2+H2 2Mg+TiCl4Ti+2MgCl2 Mg+2RbClMgCl 2+2Rb 2Mg+CO22MgO+C2Mg+SiO22MgO+SiMg+H2S=MgS+H2Mg+H2SO 4=MgSO4+H2 (Mg+2H+=Mg2+H22Al+3Cl22AlCl 34Al+3O2=2Al2O

9、3 (常温生成致密氧化膜而钝化，在氧气中燃烧 4Al(Hg+3O2+2xH2O=2(Al2O 3.xH 2O+4Hg（铝汞齐） 4Al+3MnO22Al 2O 3+3Mn 2Al+Cr2O 3Al 2O 3+2Cr (铝热反应 2Al+Fe2O3Al 2O 3+2Fe2Al+3FeOAl 2O 3+3Fe 2Al+6HCl=2AlCl3+3H2 2Al+6H+=2Al3+3H2 2Al+3H2SO 4=Al2(SO4 3+3H2 2Al+6H+=2Al3+3H22Al+6H2SO 4(浓=Al2(SO4 3+3SO2+6H2O (Al,Fe在冷, 浓的H 2SO 4,HNO 3中钝化 Al+4

10、HNO3(稀=Al(NO3 3+NO+2H 2O Al+4H+NO3=Al3+NO+2H2O 2Al+2NaOH+2H2O=2NaAlO2+3H2 2Al+2OH+2H2O=2AlO2+3H2 2Fe+3Br2=2FeBr3 3Fe+2O2 Fe 3O 42Fe+O22FeO (炼钢过程 Fe+I2FeI 2Fe+SFeS (FeS既能由单质制备，又能由离子制备 3Fe+4H2O(gFe 3O 4+4H2 Fe+2HCl=FeCl2+H2 Fe+2H+=Fe2+H2 Fe+CuCl2=FeCl2+Cu Fe+Cu2+=Fe2+CuFe+SnCl4=FeCl2+SnCl2(铁在酸性环境下, 不能

11、把四氯化锡完全还原为单质锡Fe+SnCl2=FeCl2+Sn Fe+Sn2+=Fe2+Sn 三非金属氢化物(HF,HCl,H2O,H 2S,NH 3 金属氢化物(NaH 1、还原性: 4HCl(浓+MnO2MnCl 2+Cl2+2H2O4H +2Cl+MnO2Mn 2+Cl2+2H2O 4HCl(浓+PbO2PbCl 2+Cl2+2H2O 4H +2Cl+PbO2Pb 2+Cl2+2H2O 4HCl(g+O22Cl 2+2H2O16HCl+2KMnO4=2KCl+2MnCl2+5Cl2+8H2O 16 H+10Cl-+2MnO4=2Mn2+5Cl2+8H2O 6HCl+KClO3=KCl+3C

12、l2+3H2O6H +5Cl+ClO3=3Cl2+3H2O14HCl+K2Cr 2O 7=2KCl+2CrCl3+3Cl2+7H2O14H +6Cl+Cr2O 72=2Cr3+5Cl2+7H2O 2H 2O+2F2=4HF+O22HCl+F2=2HF+Cl2 (F2气与HCl 、HBr 、HI 、H 2S 、NH 3气体不能共存 2HBr+Cl2=2HCl+Br2 (Cl2气与HBr 、HI 、H 2S 、NH 3气体不能共存 2H 2S+3O2(足量2SO 2+2H2O2H 2S+O2(少量2S+2H2O2H 2S+SO2=3S+2H2O H 2S+H2SO 4(浓 =S+SO2+2H2O

13、3H 2S+2HNO3(稀 =3S+2NO+4H2O3H 2S+2H+2NO3=3S+2NO+4H2O 5H 2S+2KMnO4+3H2SO 4=2MnSO4+K2SO 4+5S+8H2O5H 2S+2MnO4+6H+=2Mn2+5S+8H2O3H 2S+K2Cr 2O 7+4H2SO 4=Cr2(SO4 3+K2SO 4+3S+7H2O3H 2S+Cr2O 72+8H+=2Cr3+3S+7H2O H 2S+4Na2O 2+2H2O=Na2SO 4+6NaOHH 2S+4Na2O 2+2H2O=8Na+-24SO +-OH 2NH 3+3CuO3Cu+N2+3H2O2NH 3+3Cl2=N2+

14、6HCl 8NH 3+3Cl2=N2+6NH4Cl NH 3+NaNO2+HCl=NaCl+N2+2H2ONH 3+NO2+H+=N2+2H2O 4NH 3+3O2(纯氧2N 2+6H2O4NH 3+5O2催化剂 4NO+6H2O4NH 3+6NO=5N2+6H2O (用氨清除NO NaH+H2O=NaOH+H2 (生氢剂NaH+H2O=Na+OH+H2 4NaH+TiCl4Ti+4NaCl+2H2CaH 2+2H2O=Ca(OH2+2H2 2、酸性:4HF+SiO2=SiF4+2H2O （可测定矿样或钢样中SiO 2的含量，玻璃雕刻） 4HF+Si=SiF4+2H22HF+CaCl2=CaF

15、2+2HCl H 2S+Fe=FeS+H2 H 2S+CuCl2=CuS+2HCl (弱酸制强酸的典型反应H 2S+Cu2+=CuS+2H+H 2S+2AgNO3=Ag2S+2HNO3H 2S+2Ag+=Ag2S+2H+H 2S+HgCl2=HgS+2HClH 2S+Hg2+=HgS+2H+H 2S+Pb(NO3 2=PbS+2HNO3 (铅试纸检验空气中H 2SH 2S+Pb2+=PbS+2H+H 2S+2Ag=Ag2S+H2(银器在空气中变黑的原因2NH 3(液 +2Na=2NaNH2+H2 (NaNH2+H2O=NaOH+NH33. NH3的碱性：NH 3+HX=NH4X (X：F 、C

16、l 、Br 、I 、S NH 3+HNO3=NH4NO 3 NH 3+H+=NH4+ 2NH 3+H2SO 4=(NH4 2SO 4 NH 3+H+=NH4+NH 3+NaCl+H2O+CO2=NaHCO3+NH4Cl （侯德榜制碱：用于工业制备小苏打，苏打） NH 3+H2S=NH4HSNH 3+H2S=NH4+HS -4. 不稳定性： 2HFH 2+F22HCl H 2+Cl2 2H 2O 2H 2+O22H 2O 2=2H2O+O2H 2SH 2+S2NH 3催化剂N 2+3H22HIH 2+I2四非金属氧化物(SO3、SO 2、N 2O 、NO 、N 2O 3、NO 2、N 2O 4、

17、N 2O 5、CO 、CO 2、SiO 2、P 2O 3、P 2O 5、Cl 2O 、Cl 2O 3、Cl 2O 5、Cl 2O 7、ClO 2 1、低价态的还原性：(SO2、CO 、NO2SO 2+O2+2H2O=2H2SO 4（这是SO 2在大气中缓慢发生的环境化学反应） 2SO 2+O2催化剂 加热2SO 3 SO 2+NO2=SO3+NOSO 2+Cl2+2H2O=H2SO 4+2HCl Cl 2+SO2+2H2O=4H+SO42+2Cl SO 2+Br2+2H2O=H2SO 4+2HBr Br 2+SO2+2H2O=4H+SO42+2Br SO 2+I2+2H2O=H2SO 4+2H

18、I I 2+SO2+2H2O=4H+SO42+2I 2NO+O2=2NO2NO+NO2+2NaOH=2NaNO2（用于制硝酸工业中吸收尾气中的NO 和NO 2）NO+NO2+2OH=2NO2 2CO+O22CO 2CO+CuOCu+CO2 3CO+Fe2O 32Fe+3CO2CO+H2O 催化剂 加热CO 2+H22、氧化性：SO 2+2H2S=3S+2H2OSO 3+2KIK 2SO 3+I2NO 2+2KI+H2O=NO+I2+2KOH（不能用淀粉KI 溶液鉴别溴蒸气和NO 2） 4NO 2+H2S=4NO+SO3+H2O 2NO 2+Cu4CuO+N2N 2O+ZnZnO+N2CO 2+

19、2Mg2MgO+C (CO2不能用于扑灭由Mg,Ca,Ba,Na,K 等燃烧的火灾 SiO 2+2H2Si+2H2OSiO 2+2Mg2MgO+Si3、与水的作用:SO 2+H2O=H2SO 3SO 3+H2O=H2SO 4 SO 3+H2O=2H+SO423NO 2+H2O=2HNO3+NO (NO2不是硝酸的酸酐N 2O 5+H2O=2HNO3 N 2O 5+H2O=2H+2NO3P 2O 5+H2O(冷水=2HPO3P 2O 5+3H2O(热水=2H3PO 4 (P2O5极易吸水, 可作气体干燥剂P 2O 5+3H2SO 4(浓=2H3PO 4+3SO3CO 2+H2O=H2CO 3Cl

20、 2O+H2O=2HClOCl 2O 7+H2O=2HClO4Cl 2O 7+H2O=2H+2ClO4 4. 与碱性物质的作用:SO 2+2NH3+H2O=(NH4 2SO 3SO 2+(NH4 2SO 3+H2O=2NH4HSO 32NH 4HSO 3+H2SO 4=(NH4 2SO 4+2H2O+2SO2(硫酸工业尾气处理SO 2+Ca(OH2=CaSO3+H2O (不能用澄清石灰水鉴别SO 2和CO 2. 可用品红鉴别 SO 3+MgO=MgSO4SO 3+Ca(OH2=CaSO4+H2OCO 2+NH3+H2O=NH4HCO 3CO 2+2NH3(过量 +H2O=(NH4 2CO 3

21、(NH4 2CO 3(NH2 2CO+2H2OCO 2+2NH3(NH2 2CO+H2O (工业制取尿素 CO 2+2NaOH(过量 =Na2CO 3+H2O 2OH -+CO2=CO32+H2OCO 2(过量 +NaOH=NaHCO3 OH -+CO2=HCO3CO 2+Ca(OH2(过量 =CaCO3+H2O Ca 2+2 OH +CO2=CaCO3+H2O2CO 2(过量 +Ca(OH2=Ca(HCO3 2 OH +CO2=HCO3CO 2+CaCO3+H2O=Ca(HCO3 2 CO 2+CaCO3+H2O=Ca2+2HCO3CO 2(不足+2NaAlO2+3H2O=2Al(OH3+N

22、a2CO 3CO 2+3H2O+AlO2=Al(OH3+CO32CO 2(足+NaAlO2+2H2O=Al(OH3+NaHCO3CO 2+2H2O+AlO2=Al(OH3+HCO3 CO 2+C6H 5ONa+H2O=C6H 5OH+NaHCO3CO 2+C6H 5O +H2O=C6H 5OH+HCO3SiO 2+CaOCaSiO 3 (炼钢造渣SiO 2+2NaOH=Na2SiO 3+H2O(常温下强碱缓慢腐蚀玻璃SiO 2+Na2CO 3Na 2SiO 3+CO2 (制取玻璃 SiO 2+CaCO3CaSiO 3+CO2 (制取玻璃2NO 2+2NaOH=NaNO2+NaNO3+H2O2N

23、O 2+2OH=NO3+NO2+H2ONO+NO2+2NaOH=2NaNO2+H2O (制取硝酸工业尾气吸收NO+NO2+2OH=2NO3+H2O五金属氧化物1. 低价态的还原性:6FeO+O2=2Fe3O 4FeO+4HNO3=Fe(NO3 3+NO2+2H2OFeO+4H+NO3=Fe3+NO2+2H2O2. 氧化性:Na 2O 2+2Na2Na 2O （此反应用于制备Na 2O ）MgO ，Al 2O 3几乎没有氧化性，很难被还原为Mg ，Al. 一般通过电解制Mg 和Al.Fe 2O 3+3H22Fe+3H2O(制还原铁粉Fe 3O 4+4H23Fe+4H2O CuO+H2Cu+H2O

24、 2Fe 3O 4+16HI=6FeI 2+8H2O+2I2 2Fe 3O 4+16H+4I=6Fe 2+8H2O+2I2 Fe 2O 3+Fe3FeO (炼钢过程中加入废钢作氧化剂 FeO+CFe+CO (高温炼钢调节C 含量 2FeO+Si2Fe+SiO2 (高温炼钢调节Si 含量3. 与水的作用:Na 2O+H2O=2NaOHNa 2O+H2O=2Na+2OH2Na 2O 2+2H2O=4NaOH+O22Na 2O 2+2H2O=4Na+4OH+O2(此反应分两步:Na2O 2+2H2O=2NaOH+H2O 2;2H 2O 2=2H2O+O2 H 2O 2的制备可利用类似的反应:BaO2

25、+H2SO 4(稀=BaSO4+H2O 2MgO+H2O=Mg(OH2(缓慢反应4. 与酸性物质的作用:Na 2O+SO3=Na2SO 4 Na 2O+CO2=Na2CO 3 MgO+SO3=MgSO4Na 2O+2HCl=2NaCl+H2ONa 2O+2H+=2Na+H2O2Na 2O 2+2CO2=2Na2CO 3+O2 Na 2O 2+H2SO 4(冷, 稀 =Na2SO 4+H2O 2MgO+H2SO 4=MgSO4+H2OMgO+2H+=Mg2+H2OAl 2O 3+3H2SO 4=Al2(SO4 3+3H2OAl 2O 3+6H+=2Al3+3H2OAl 2O 3+2NaOH=2N

26、aAlO2+H2O (Al2O 3两性氧化物Al 2O 3+2OH=2AlO2+H2OFeO+2HCl=FeCl2+H2OFeO+2H+=Fe2+H2OFe 2O 3+6HCl=2FeCl3+3H2OFe 2O 3+6H+=2Fe3+3H2OFe 3O 4+8HCl=FeCl2+2FeCl3+4H2OFe 3O 4+8H+=2Fe3+Fe2+4H2O六含氧酸1、氧化性:4HClO 3+3H2S=3H2SO 4+4HClClO 3+3H2S=6H+SO42+ClHClO 3+HI=HIO3+HClClO 3+I=IO3+Cl3HClO+HI=HIO3+3HCl3HClO+I-=IO3+3H+Cl

27、HClO+H2SO 3=H2SO 4+HClHClO+H2SO 3=3H+SO42+ClHClO+H2O 2=HCl+H2O+O2HClO+H2O 2=H+Cl+H2O+O2(氧化性:HClO>HClO2>HClO3>HClO4, 但浓, 热的HClO 4氧化性很强2H 2SO 4(浓+CCO 2+2SO2+2H2O2H 2SO 4(浓 +S3SO 2+2H2OH 2SO 4+Fe(Al室温下钝化 6H 2SO 4(浓+2FeFe 2(SO4 3+3SO2+6H2O2H 2SO 4(浓 +CuCuSO 4+SO2+2H2OH 2SO 4(浓 +2HBr=SO2+Br2+2H2

28、O (不能用浓硫酸与NaBr 制取HBrH 2SO 4(浓 +2HI=SO2+I2+2H2O (不能用浓硫酸与NaI 制取HIH 2SO 4(稀 +Fe=FeSO4+H22H +Fe=Fe2+H2H 2SO 3+2H2S=3S+3H2O4HNO 3(浓 +CCO 2+4NO2+2H2O6HNO 3(浓 +SH 2SO 4+6NO2+2H2O5HNO 3(浓 +PH 3PO 4+5NO2+H2O5HNO 3(稀 +3P+2H2O 3H 3PO 4+5NO5H +5NO3-+3P+2H2O 3H 3PO 4+5NO6HNO 3(浓足 +Fe=Fe(NO3 3+3NO2+3H2O4HNO 3(浓 +

29、Fe(足 =Fe(NO3 2+NO2+2H2O(先得Fe 3+, 在Fe 过量时再生成Fe 2+的盐4HNO 3(稀足 +Fe=Fe(NO3 3+NO+2H2O4H +NO3-+Fe=Fe3+NO+2H2O 30HNO 3+8Fe=8Fe(NO3 3+3N2O+15H2O30 H+6NO3+8Fe=8Fe3+3N2O+15H2O36HNO 3+10Fe=10Fe(NO3 3+3N2+18H2O36H +6NO3+10Fe=8Fe3+3N2+18H2O30HNO 3+8Fe=8Fe(NO3 3+3NH4NO 3+9H2O30 H+3NO3+8Fe=8Fe3+3NH4+9H2O4Zn+10HNO3

30、(稀=4Zn(NO3 2+N2O+5H2O4Zn+10H+2NO3=4Zn2+N2O+5H2O4Zn+10HNO3(稀=4Zn(NO3 2+NH4NO 3+3H2O4Zn+10H+NO3=4Zn2+NH4+5H2O2、还原性:H 2SO 3+X2+H2O=H2SO 4+2HX (X表示Cl 2,Br 2,I 2H 2SO 3+X2+H2O=4H+SO42-+X2H 2SO 3+O2=2H2SO 42H 2SO 3+O2=4H+SO42-H 2SO 3+H2O 2=H2SO 4+H2OH 2SO 3+H2O 2=2H+SO42+H2O5H 2SO 3+2KMnO4=2MnSO4+K2SO 4+2

31、H2SO 4+3H2O5H 2SO 3+2MnO4=2Mn2+4H+3SO42+3H2OH 2SO 3+2FeCl3+H2O=H2SO 4+2FeCl2+2HClH 2SO 3+2Fe3+H2O=4H+2Fe2+ +SO423. 酸性:H 2SO 4(浓 +CaF2 CaSO 4+2HF(不挥发性酸制取挥发性酸 H 2SO 4(浓 +NaClNaHSO 4+HCl (不挥发性酸制取挥发性酸 H 2SO 4(浓 +2NaClNa 2SO 4+2HCl (不挥发性酸制取挥发性酸H 2SO 4(浓+NaNO3NaHSO 4+HNO3 (不挥发性酸制取挥发性酸3H 2SO 4(浓 +Ca3(PO4 2

32、3CaSO 4+2H3PO 4 (强酸制弱酸酸2H 2SO 4(浓 +Ca3(PO4 22CaSO 4+Ca(H2PO 4 2 (工业制磷肥3HNO 3+Ag3PO 4=H3PO 4+3AgNO33H +Ag3PO 4=H3PO 4+3Ag+2HNO 3+CaCO3=Ca(NO3 2+H2O+CO22H +CaCO3=Ca2+H2O+CO2（用HNO 3和浓H 2SO 4不能制备H 2S ，HI ，HBr ， SO 2等还原性气体）4H 3PO 4+Ca3(PO42 3Ca(H2PO 4 2 （重钙）H 3PO 4(浓 +NaBr NaH 2PO 4+HBr (不挥发性酸制取挥发性酸, 磷酸是

33、非氧化性酸 H 3PO 4（浓）+NaINaH 2PO 4+HI 4. 不稳定性： 2HClO2HCl+O2(保存在棕色瓶中 4HNO 34NO 2+O2+2H2O (保存在棕色瓶中H 2SO 3H 2O+SO2 (在加热或酸性条件下分解H 2CO 3H 2O+CO2 (在加热或酸性条件下分解H 4SiO 4H 2SiO 3+H2O H 2SiO3 SiO 2+H2O H 2S 2O 3H 2O+S+SO2(在加热或酸性条件下分解 七碱1. 低价态的还原性：4Fe(OH2+O2+2H2O=4Fe(OH32. 与酸性物质的作用：2NaOH+SO2(少量 =Na2SO 3+H2OOH +SO2=S

34、O32+H2ONaOH+SO2(足 =NaHSO3OH -+SO2(足 =HSO32NaOH+SiO2=Na2SiO 3+H2OOH -+SiO2=SiO32+H2O2NaOH+Al2O 3=2NaAlO2+H2O2OH -+Al2O 3=2AlO2+H2O2KOH+Cl2=KCl+KClO+H2OCl 2+2OH=Cl+ClO+H2ONaOH+HCl=NaCl+H2OH +OH =H2ONaOH+H2S (足 =NaHS+H2OOH +H2S=HS+H2O2NaOH+H2S (少量 =Na2S+2H2O2OH +H2S=S2+2H2O3NaOH+AlCl3=Al(OH3+3NaCl3OH +

35、Al3+=Al(OH3NaOH+Al(OH3=NaAlO2+2H2O （AlCl 3和Al(OH3哪个酸性强？）OH +Al(OH3=AlO2+2H2OCa(OH2+2NH4Cl 2CaCl 2+2NH3+2H2O (实验室制NH 3NaOH+NH4Cl NaCl+NH3+H2OMg(OH2+2NH4Cl=MgCl2+2NH3·H 2O (Al(OH3+NH4Cl 不溶解Ba(OH2+H2SO 4=BaSO4+2H2O2H +2OH+Ba2+SO42=BaSO42H2O3. 不稳定性:Mg(OH2MgO+H2O 2Al(OH3Al 2O 3+3H2O2Fe(OH3Fe 2O 3+3H

36、2O Cu(OH2CuO+H2O 2AgOH=Ag2O+H2O八、盐 1. 氧化性：(在水溶液中2FeCl 3+Fe=3FeCl2 2Fe 3+Fe=3Fe2+2FeCl 3+Cu=2FeCl2+CuCl2 (用于雕刻铜线路版 2Fe 3+Cu=2Fe2+Cu2+2FeCl 3+Zn(少量 =2FeCl2+ZnCl2 2Fe 3+Zn=2Fe2+Zn2+FeCl 3+Ag=FeCl2+AgCl 2Fe 3+Cl-+2Ag=2Fe2+2AgClFe 2(SO4 3+2Ag=FeSO4+Ag2SO 4 (较难反应 Fe(NO3 3+Ag不反应2FeCl 3+H2S=2FeCl2+2HCl+S 2F

37、e 3+H2S=2Fe2+2H+S2FeCl 3+2KI=2FeCl2+2KCl+I2 2Fe 3+2I-=2Fe2+I2FeCl 2+Mg=Fe+MgCl2 Fe 2+Mg=Fe+Mg2+NaNO 2+NH4Cl=NaCl+N2+2H2O (实验室制氮气 NH 4+NO2-=N2+2H2O2. 还原性：2FeCl 2+3Cl2=2FeCl3 (在水溶液中不需加热2Fe 2+3Cl2=2Fe3+6Cl-3Na 2S+8HNO3(稀=6NaNO3+2NO+3S+4H2O3S 2-+8H+2NO3-=2NO+3S+4H2O3Na 2SO 3+2HNO3(稀=3Na2SO 4+2NO+H2O3SO

38、32-+2H+2NO3-=3SO42-+2NO+H2O2Na 2SO 3+O2=2Na2SO 4 (Na2SO 3在空气中易变质Na 2SO 3+SNa 2S 2O 3Na 2S+Cl2=2NaCl+S(在水溶液中 S 2-+Cl2=2Cl-+S3. 与碱性物质的作用：Ca(OH2+CuSO4=Cu(OH2+CaSO4 (波尔多液MgCl 2+2NH3·H 2O=Mg(OH2+2NH4ClMg 2+2NH3·H 2O=Mg(OH2+2NH 4+AlCl 3+3NH3·H 2O=Al(OH3+3NH4ClAl 3+3NH3·H 2O=Al(OH2+3NH

39、4+FeCl 3+3NH3·H 2O=Fe(OH3+3NH4ClFe 3+3NH3·H 2O=Fe(OH3+3NH 4+CuSO 4+2NH3·H 2O (不足 =Cu(OH2+(NH4 2SO 4Cu 2+2NH3·H 2O=Cu(OH2+2NH 4+Cu(OH2+4NH3·H 2O=Cu(NH3 4(OH2+4H2OCu(OH2+4NH3·H 2O=Cu(NH3 42+2OH-+4H2O 铜氨溶液CuSO 4+4NH3·H 2O (足 =Cu(NH3 4SO 4+4H2O 总方程式Cu 2+4NH3·H 2O=

40、Cu(NH3 42+4H2O 铜氨溶液AgNO 3+NH3·H 2O=AgOH+NH 4NO 3 2AgOH=Ag2O (灰黑色 +H2OAg 2O+4NH3·H 2O=2Ag(NH3 2+2OH-+3H2O 银氨溶液AgNO 3+2NH3·H 2O=Ag(NH3 2NO 3+2H2OAg +2NH3·H 2O=Ag(NH3 2+2H2O 总方程式ZnSO 4+2NH3·H 2O (不足 =Zn(OH2+(NH4 2SO 4Zn 2+2NH3·H 2O=Zn(OH2+2NH 4+Zn(OH2+4NH3·H 2O=Zn(NH3

41、 4(OH2+4H2OZnSO 4+4NH3·H 2O (足 =Zn(NH3 4SO 4+4H2OZn 2+4NH3·H 2O=Zn(NH3 42+4H2O 总方程式4. 与酸性物质的作用：强酸制弱酸，或不挥发性酸制挥发性酸Na 3PO 4+2HCl=Na2HPO 4+2NaCl PO 43-+2H+=H2PO 4-Na 2HPO 4+HCl=NaH2PO 4+NaCl HPO 42-+H+=H2PO 4-NaH 2PO 4+HCl=H3PO 4+NaCl H 2PO 4-+H+=H3PO 4Na 2CO 3+HCl=NaHCO3+NaCl CO 32-+H+=HCO3-N

42、aHCO 3+HCl=NaCl+H2O+CO2 HCO 3-+H+=CO2+H2O3Na 2CO 3+2AlCl3+3H2O=2Al(OH3+3CO2+6NaCl (物质之间的双水解反应3CO 32-+2Al3+3H2O=2Al(OH3+3CO23Na 2CO 3+2FeCl3+3H2O=2Fe(OH3+3CO2+6NaCl (物质之间的双水解反应3CO 32-+2Fe3+3H2O=2Fe(OH3+3CO23NaHCO 3+AlCl3=Al(OH3+3CO2 (物质之间的双水解反应3HCO 3-+Al3+=2Al(OH3+3CO23NaHCO 3+FeCl3=Fe(OH3+3CO2 (物质之间

43、的双水解反应3HCO 3-+Fe3+=2Fe(OH3+3CO23Na 2S+Al2(SO4 3+6H2O=2Al(OH3+3H2S (物质之间的双水解反应3S 2-+2Al3+3H2O=2Al(OH3+3H2S3NaAlO 2+AlCl3+6H2O=4Al(OH3+3NaCl(物质之间的双水解反应3AlO 2-+Al3+6H2O=4Al(OH33NaAlO 2+FeCl3+6H2O=3Al(OH3+Fe(OH3+3NaCl3AlO 2-+Fe3+6H2O=3Al(OH3+Fe(OH3NaAlO 2+NH4Cl+2H2O=Al(OH3+NH3·H 2O+NaClAlO 2-+NH4+2

44、H2O=Al(OH3+NH3·H 2ONa 2CO 3+H2O+CO2=2NaHCO3CO 32-+H2O+CO2=2HCO3-Na 2CO 3+H2O+2SO2=2NaHSO3+CO2 (1:2CO 32-+H2O+2SO2=2HSO3-+CO22Na 2CO 3(足 +H2O+SO2=Na2SO 3+2NaHCO3 (CO2中的SO 2不能用Na 2CO 3洗气2CO 32-+H2O+SO2=SO32-+2HCO3- (2:1Na 2CO 3+SO2=Na2SO 3+CO2 (1:1CO 32-+SO2=SO32-+CO2NaHCO 3+SO2=NaHSO3+CO2 (CO2中的

45、SO 2可能用NaHCO 3洗气2HCO 3-+SO2=2HSO3-+CO22NaHCO 3+SO2=Na2SO 3+2CO2+H2O2HCO 3-+SO2=SO32-+2CO2+H2ONa 2SiO 3+2HCl=H2SiO 3+NaCl 或Na 2SiO 3+2HCl+H2O=H4SiO 4+2NaClSiO 32-+2H+=H2SiO 3 或SiO 32-+2H+H2O=H4SiO 4Na 2SiO 3+CO2+2H2O=H2SiO 3+Na2CO 3SiO 32-+CO2+2H2O=H4SiO 4+CO32-5. 盐与盐复分解反应Na 2SO 4+BaCl2=BaSO4+2NaCl(沉

46、淀不溶于盐酸、硝酸SO 32-+Ba2+=BaSO4Na 2SO 3+BaCl2=BaSO3+2NaCl (沉淀溶于盐酸, 在硝酸中生成新的沉淀, 沉淀不消失 SO 32-+Ba2+=BaSO3Na 2CO 3+BaCl2=BaCO3+2NaCl(沉淀溶于盐酸、沉淀消失CO 32-+Ba2+=BaCO3Na 2CO 3+CaCl2=CaCO3+2NaCl (NaHCO3不反应CO 32-+Ca2+=CaCO3AgNO 3+NaCl=AgCl+NaNO3 Ag +Cl-=AgClAgNO 3+NaBr=AgBr+NaNO3 Ag +Br-=AgBrAgNO 3+KI=AgCl+KNO3 Ag +

47、I-=AgI3AgNO 3+Na3PO 4=Ag3PO 4+3NaNO3 3Ag +PO43-=Ag3PO 4CuSO 4+Na2S=CuS+Na2SO 4 Cu 2+S 2-=CuSFeCl 3+3KSCN=Fe(SCN3+3KClFe 3+3SCN-=Fe(SCN3 (血红色，用于Fe 3+的特性检验6. 不稳定性: Na 2S 2O 3+H2SO 4=Na2SO 4+S+SO2+H2OS 2O 32-+2H+=S+SO2+H2ONH 4Cl NH 3+HClNH 4I NH 3+HI 2HIH 2+I2 NH 4I NH 3+H2+I2NH 4HCO 3NH 3+H2O+CO22KNO

48、32KNO 2+O22Cu(NO3 32CuO+4NO2+O22AgNO 32Ag+2NO2+O2(保存在棕色瓶中5NH 4NO 34N 2+2HNO3+9H2O10NH 4NO 38N 2+4NO2+O2+20H2O(硝酸铵爆炸反应2KMnO 4K 2MnO 4+MnO2+O22KClO 32KCl+3O22NaHCO 3Na 2CO 3+H2O+CO2Ca(HCO3 2CaCO 3+H2O+CO2CaCO 3CaO+CO2 MgCO 3MgO+CO2九、电离方程式1. 酸的电离(H2SO 4、HNO 3、HCl 、HBr 、HI 、H 3PO 4、HF 、H 2SO 3、CH 3COOH

49、、H 2CO 3、H 2S 、HNO 2、C 6H 5OH 、HCN 、HClOH 2SO 4=2H+SO42- 或：H 2SO 4+2H2O=2H3O +SO42-HNO 3=H+NO3- 或：HNO 3+H2O=H3O +NO3- (以下雷同HCl=H+Cl-HBr=H+Br-HI=H+I-H 3PO 4H +H2PO -4 H 2PO -4H +HPO-24 HPO -24H +PO-34 HFH +F- H 2SO 3H +HSO-3 HSO -3H +SO-23 CH 3COOHH +CH3COO - H 2CO 3H +-3HCO -3H C O H +-23CO H 2SH +-

50、HS -HS H +-2S HNO 2H +NO-2C 6H 5OH H +C6H 5O - (苯酚不是酸，显酸性 HCN H +CN- HClO H +ClO-H 2O H +OH-2H 2O H 3O +OH-2. 碱的电离(NaOH、KOH 、Ba(OH2、Mg(OH2、Al(OH3、NH 3·H 2ONaOH=Na+OH- KOH=K+OH-Ba(OH2=Ba2+2OH- Mg(OH2Mg 2+2OH-Al(OH3Al 3+3OH- 酸式电离：Al(OH3H +-2AlO +H2O NH 3·H 2O +4NH +2OH- Ca(OH2=Ca2+2OH- (澄清石灰

51、水Ca(OH2Ca 2+2OH-(石灰悬浊液 3. 盐的电离(NaCl、Na 2SO 4、NaHSO 4、Na 2SO 3、NaHSO 3、MgSO 4、CaSO 4、Al 2(SO4 3、CuSO 4、AlCl 3、AgNO 3、CH 3COONa 、NH 4NO 3、FeCl 3、Na 2CO 3、NaHCO 3、Na 2S 、NaHS 、NaH 2PO 4、Na 2HPO 4、Na 3PO 4、KI 、NaBr 、NaClO 、AgCl 、CaCO 3NaCl=Na+Cl-Na 2SO 4=2Na+-24SO NaHSO 4=H+Na+-24SO Na 2SO 3=2Na+-24SO N

52、aHSO 3=Na+HSO3- (错误书写：NaHSO 3=Na+H+SO42-MgSO 4=Mg2+-24SO Al 2(SO4 3=2Al3+3-24SO CuSO 4=Cu2+-24SO AlCl 3=Al3+3Cl-AgNO 3=Ag+NO3CH 3COONa=CH3COO -+Na+NH 4NO 3=NH4+NO3-FeCl 3=Fe3+3Cl-Na 2CO 3=2Na+-23CONaHCO 3=Na+-3HCO (错误书写：NaHCO 3=Na+H+-23CO Na 2S=2Na+-2SNaHS=Na+HS- (错误书写：NaHS=Na+H+-2S NaH 2PO 4=Na+H2P

53、O -4Na 2HPO 4=2Na+HPO-24 (错误书写：Na 2HPO 4=2Na+H+PO-34Na 3PO 4=3Na+PO-34KI=K+INaBr=Na+Br NaClO=Na+ClO AgClAg +-Cl (难溶、微溶物质在水中发生微弱电离 CaCO 3Ca 2+-23CO (错误书写：CaCO 3=Ca2+CO-23 CaSO 4Ca 2+SO-24(错误书写：CaSO 4=Ca2+SO- 24 3、熔融电离 NaClNa +-Cl MgCl 2Mg 2+2-Cl Na 2O 2Na +O2 Al 2O 32Al 3+3O2十、水解反应1. 单水解-可逆水解NH 4Cl+H2O NH 3·H 2O+HCl NH 4+H2O H +NH3·H 2OFeCl 3+3H2O Fe(OH3+3HCl Fe 3+3H2O Fe(OH3+