从认知的角度理解反讽言语的语用效力：对立效

1、从认知的角度理解反讽言语的语用效力：对立效从认知的角度理解反讽言语的语用效力：对立效 从认知的角度理解反讽言语的语用效力：从认知的角度理解反讽言语的语用效力：对立效应对语用功能的影对立效应对语用功能的影响响 Understanding Pragmatic Effects of Understanding Pragmatic Effects of Verbal Irony from a Cognitive Verbal Irony from a Cognitive Perspective: Contrast Effects on Perspective: Contrast Effects on

2、Some Major Pragmatic FunctionSome Major Pragmatic Functions s 【作者】 张广颖； 【导师】 牛毓梅； 【作者基本信息】 山东大学， 英语语言文学， 2007， 硕士 【摘要】 传统反讽言语研究主要集中在修辞与审美两个方面。自二十世纪七十年代以来，语用学、心理语言学以及认知语言学为反讽言语的研究提供了一个崭新的舞台。随着反讽言语理解成为研究的热点，许多语言学家开始从语用和认知的角度探讨反语理解。以言语理解与人的认知能力的关系为基础，越来越多的语言学家扩展了一种叫做认知偏差作用模式的认知机制及其与理解修辞言语能力之间内在联系的研究。Co

3、lston 等人的研究表明，这种认知偏差机制产生的对立效应能够对修辞性言语的语用效力，特别是反讽话语使用者的批评程度产生预测作用。本文主要采用 Colston 的理论框架从反讽言语体现的几个最主要功能方面(指责批评，惊讶，幽默，期望，赞美)考察对立效应对反讽话语语用效力的预测作用。论文首先就对立性及其与反讽话语理解的关系、对立效应对反讽话语语用效力的预测作用，以及个别相关理论进行了回顾阐述。本研究以问卷调查的形式进行研究取证，试图探讨除批评指责功能之外，反讽言语的其他主要语用功能(幽默，惊讶，期望，赞美，自我保护程度)的表现力度与认知模式下的对立效应之间的关系。不同角色的受试对象(说话人，听话

4、人，旁听者)选择各个表达方式的频率，以及四种表达方式(与认知语境稍微相反，完全相反，稍微一致，完全一致)所占百分比等数据的统计和分析均利用SPSS11.0 完成。调查表明，上述五种主要语用功能的表现程度(语用效力)与交际信息和认知语境之间的对立程度基本成正比，说话人的自我保护功能除外：交际信息与认知语境之间的对立性较弱的反讽话语可以增加表达方式的趣味性、说话人的幽默感，从而保护了听话人的面子；当对立性达到一定程度，反讽话语的表达效果无异于直接的指责批评，并且对立性越大，越不利于说话人的自我保护。反讽表达可以和没有任何对立性可言的直意陈述表达效果基本一致。调查结果最后还就影响反讽言语语用效力的个

5、别因素(语境的负面效果、性别)进行了说明讨论。最后，本文对本次调查研究的局限性、所得到的启发及意义进行了总结分析。从认知语用学的角度研究修辞性言语有望使我们对修辞性言语，特别是反讽话语的认识和理解上升到一个新的高度。 更多还原 【Abstract】 Traditional study takes irony as a figure of speech that achieves emphasis and thus has been focusing on the rhetorical and aesthetical aspects of it. Since 1970s, pragmatics,

6、 psycholinguistics and cognitive linguistics have provided a new perspective for the study of irony, and the study on the comprehension or interpretation of irony began to shift to the pragmatic and cognitive investigation. Especially in recent years, with the interpretation of irony becoming the ma

7、in focus, more and more linguists tend to explore irony from a cognitive perspective since there is a close relationship between peoples comprehension ability and cognition. Based on this, more researches are conducted, which mainly focus on the relationship between a cognitive mechanism of human be

8、ings named patterns of perceptual or cognitive biasing effects and the interpretation of figurative language.Studies have demonstrated that contrast vs. assimilation effects caused by this cognitive biasing mechanism have prediction effects on the comprehension of pragmatic functions of figurative l

9、anguage, especially on the degree of criticism expressed by the verbal irony speakers. Actually in their early studies Colston and Keller have stated that there is a potential link between patterns of perceptual or cognitive biasing effects and the interpreting effects in verbal irony. Based on this

10、 framework this thesis intends to explore the link between this kind of cognitive pattern and other major pragmatic functions of verbal irony besides criticism, e.g. negation, expectation, humor, surprise, compliment, etc, and also whether they are always in direct proportion to the degree of contra

11、st.In this study, a questionnaire composed of twelve scenarios in six pairs, with each representing one certain attitude of the speakers, is adopted. Descriptive analysis in terms of several major pragmatic functions of ironic utterances is carried out. All statistics, including the frequency of eac

12、h statement in each scenario and the percentage of different selections, are conducted with the employment of SPSS11.0. The results from this study demonstrate that contrast effects have the same prediction effects on the comprehension of other major pragmatic functions expressed by ironic utterance

13、s, and most of them are in direct proportion to the contrast effects except onespeakers self-protection effect Moreover, being expressed in an ironic way, the same expressing effects will be reached as the speaker expresses his intended attitudes literally, which creates no contrast effect at all. F

14、actors that may affect the pragmatic effects of ironic utterances are discussed, e.g. negative consequence and gender.Limitations of the present study are mentioned in the last part of this thesis. Some implications for further research are also put forward. It is expected that this study of the com

15、prehension of ironic utterances from a cognitive pragmatic perspective will promote our perception or comprehension about ironic utterances to a higher status. 更多还原 【关键词】 反讽言语； 对立性； 对立效应和同化效应； 语用功能； 预测作用； 【Key words】 verbal irony； contrast； contrast vs. assimilation effects； pragmatic functions； pre

16、diction effects； 参考文献： 转喻在新闻语篇的语义表征及语用功能 转喻在人类语言创造的过程和人类交际中发挥着无可替代的作用。基于转喻的最佳关联原则,本研究从认知语用角度分析转喻在新闻语篇中的语义表征及语用功能。归纳了新闻语篇中转喻语义表征的两种类型. 收录数据库：中文科技期刊数据库 来源：当代外语研究 2010 年 第 5期 作者：朱东华 机构：广东肇庆学院 英汉文学作品中的模糊语及其语用功能 模糊语是一种客观存在的语言现象,具有不确定性、不精确性及相对性等特点;它以各种表达方式被广泛运用于文学作品中,达到一种积极的修辞效果,使语言简洁、明快、生动、含蓄、幽默,留给读者产生想象

17、. 收录数据库：中文科技期刊数据库 来源：西安文理学院学报：社会科学版 2010 年 第 2 期 作者：李碧云 机构：渭南师范学院外国语言文学系 英语本族语者与贵州大学英语专业学生话语标记语使用情况对比调查 本研究邀请了三十位英语本族语者及三十位贵州大学英语专业的学生,采用转写谈话录音及请受试者填写话语标记语测试题的方法,对话语标记语的使用进行了讨论。本研究分析结果表明:中国英语学习者使用. 收录数据库：中文科技期刊数据库 来源：消费导刊 2010 年 第 7 期 作者：项真珍 曾贤模 机构：贵州大学外国语学院 从认知的角度理解反讽言语的语用效力：从认知的角度理解反讽言语的语用效力：对立效应对

18、语用功能的影对立效应对语用功能的影响响 Understanding Pragmatic Effects of Understanding Pragmatic Effects of Verbal Irony from a Cognitive Verbal Irony from a Cognitive Perspective: Contrast Effects on Perspective: Contrast Effects on Some Major Pragmatic FunSome Major Pragmatic Functionctions s 【作者】 张广颖； 【导师】 牛毓梅； 【作

19、者基本信息】 山东大学， 英语语言文学， 2007， 硕士 【摘要】 传统反讽言语研究主要集中在修辞与审美两个方面。自二十世纪七十年代以来，语用学、心理语言学以及认知语言学为反讽言语的研究提供了一个崭新的舞台。随着反讽言语理解成为研究的热点，许多语言学家开始从语用和认知的角度探讨反语理解。以言语理解与人的认知能力的关系为基础，越来越多的语言学家扩展了一种叫做认知偏差作用模式的认知机制及其与理解修辞言语能力之间内在联系的研究。Colston 等人的研究表明，这种认知偏差机制产生的对立效应能够对修辞性言语的语用效力，特别是反讽话语使用者的批评程度产生预测作用。本文主要采用 Colston 的理论框

20、架从反讽言语体现的几个最主要功能方面(指责批评，惊讶，幽默，期望，赞美)考察对立效应对反讽话语语用效力的预测作用。论文首先就对立性及其与反讽话语理解的关系、对立效应对反讽话语语用效力的预测作用，以及个别相关理论进行了回顾阐述。本研究以问卷调查的形式进行研究取证，试图探讨除批评指责功能之外，反讽言语的其他主要语用功能(幽默，惊讶，期望，赞美，自我保护程度)的表现力度与认知模式下的对立效应之间的关系。不同角色的受试对象(说话人，听话人，旁听者)选择各个表达方式的频率，以及四种表达方式(与认知语境稍微相反，完全相反，稍微一致，完全一致)所占百分比等数据的统计和分析均利用SPSS11.0 完成。调查表

21、明，上述五种主要语用功能的表现程度(语用效力)与交际信息和认知语境之间的对立程度基本成正比，说话人的自我保护功能除外：交际信息与认知语境之间的对立性较弱的反讽话语可以增加表达方式的趣味性、说话人的幽默感，从而保护了听话人的面子；当对立性达到一定程度，反讽话语的表达效果无异于直接的指责批评，并且对立性越大，越不利于说话人的自我保护。反讽表达可以和没有任何对立性可言的直意陈述表达效果基本一致。调查结果最后还就影响反讽言语语用效力的个别因素(语境的负面效果、性别)进行了说明讨论。最后，本文对本次调查研究的局限性、所得到的启发及意义进行了总结分析。从认知语用学的角度研究修辞性言语有望使我们对修辞性言语

22、，特别是反讽话语的认识和理解上升到一个新的高度。 更多还原 【Abstract】 Traditional study takes irony as a figure of speech that achieves emphasis and thus has been focusing on the rhetorical and aesthetical aspects of it. Since 1970s, pragmatics, psycholinguistics and cognitive linguistics have provided a new perspective for the

23、 study of irony, and the study on the comprehension or interpretation of irony began to shift to the pragmatic and cognitive investigation. Especially in recent years, with the interpretation of irony becoming the main focus, more and more linguists tend to explore irony from a cognitive perspective

24、 since there is a close relationship between peoples comprehension ability and cognition. Based on this, more researches are conducted, which mainly focus on the relationship between a cognitive mechanism of human beings named patterns of perceptual or cognitive biasing effects and the interpretatio

25、n of figurative language.Studies have demonstrated that contrast vs. assimilation effects caused by this cognitive biasing mechanism have prediction effects on the comprehension of pragmatic functions of figurative language, especially on the degree of criticism expressed by the verbal irony speaker

26、s. Actually in their early studies Colston and Keller have stated that there is a potential link between patterns of perceptual or cognitive biasing effects and the interpreting effects in verbal irony. Based on this framework this thesis intends to explore the link between this kind of cognitive pa

27、ttern and other major pragmatic functions of verbal irony besides criticism, e.g. negation, expectation, humor, surprise, compliment, etc, and also whether they are always in direct proportion to the degree of contrast.In this study, a questionnaire composed of twelve scenarios in six pairs, with ea

28、ch representing one certain attitude of the speakers, is adopted. Descriptive analysis in terms of several major pragmatic functions of ironic utterances is carried out. All statistics, including the frequency of each statement in each scenario and the percentage of different selections, are conduct

29、ed with the employment of SPSS11.0. The results from this study demonstrate that contrast effects have the same prediction effects on the comprehension of other major pragmatic functions expressed by ironic utterances, and most of them are in direct proportion to the contrast effects except onespeak

30、ers self-protection effect Moreover, being expressed in an ironic way, the same expressing effects will be reached as the speaker expresses his intended attitudes literally, which creates no contrast effect at all. Factors that may affect the pragmatic effects of ironic utterances are discussed, e.g. negative consequence and gender.Limitations of the present study