6高中英语--连词讲座

1、高中英语连词讲座一、概说连词连词是一种虚词，用于连接单词、短语或句子，在句子中不单独用作句子成分。连词的分类：根据构成形式，连词可以分为简单连词【Simple Conjunctions】、复合连词【Compound Conjunctions】、和关系连词【Correlative Conjunctions】.简单连词：就是由一个自由词素构成。例如：and butornorsinceafterbefore等。复合连词：由两个或两个以上的自由词素组合而成。例如：as if as though as soon as in order that so that in case that等。关联连词：也是

2、由两个或两个以上的自由词素组合而成，但它分为两部分，成对使用。例如：bothand, eitheror, not onlybut (also)等。连词根据其在句中的功能可以分为并列连词【coordinating conjunctions】和从属连词【subordinating conjunctions】。并列连词：用来连接属于同一层次并具有同等句法功能的词、词组或分句。如and, but, or, for等。例如：She tried hard but she was unsuccessful. 她努力了，但没有成功。Come either today or tomorrow. 今天或明天来。从

3、属连词：用来连接不同层次，带有主从关系的词、词组或句子。通常用于引导从句以形成句子的一部分或修饰句子的构成要素的叫作从属连词. 由从属连词所引导的句子叫从句,而含有从句的句子叫作复合句.主要引出名词性从句和状语从句。例如:I will come if you want me.如果你让我来我就来。Take the medicine before you go to bed. 觉前服药。并列连词的意义和用法：根据词汇意义，并列连词大体上分为四种：联合关系的连词、转折关系的连词、选择关系的连词、因果关系的连词。以and为代表的表示联合关系、意义引申或内容增补的并列连词，包括and, bothand,

4、 not onlybut (also), neithernor.并列连词and的用法:1. 用在数字里。在英国英语中，三位以上的数，当十位数为零时，则在个位数之前加个连词and。当十位数不为零时，and可加也可不加。但在美国英语中，这个and是可有可无的。例：英式英语：Two thousand nine hundred (and)fifty-six; Two thousand nine hundred and six; 美式英语：Two thousand nine hundred (and)fifty-six; Two thousand nine hundred （and）six;2. 连接同

5、一个动词并列使用，是为了表示连续发生或重复发生的过程。例：They talked and talked and talked. 他们谈了又谈。When will was happy, he laughed and laughed. 当比尔高兴的时候，他就笑个不停。3. and连接两个形容词时翻译。例：He painted the cars black and white. 1. 他把这些汽车漆成了黑色或白色。（把black and white看成具有分离的意义：即有些车漆成黑色，有些车漆成白色。） 2. 他把这些汽车漆成黑白相间的颜色。（把black and white看成具有结合意义：即把每

6、辆车都漆成黑白两种颜色。）4. 使用连词and把两个组成部分连接起来而构成一个整体，这时X and Y并不是指两件并列东西，而是指组合到一起的一件完整的或成套的东西，或集两种身份于一身。因此，如果需要不定冠词，只能在第一个名词之前加aan, 而不能在第二个名词之前加。注意以下区分：Chaplin sits down at the table and eats the shoe with a knife and fork, enjoying every mouthful.卓别林坐在桌子傍，用刀叉吃着鞋子，每一口都是那么享受。Bread and cheese涂奶酪的面包; meat and pot

7、atoes肉炒土豆; fish and chips油煎鱼加土豆片; a cup and saucer一套茶碟茶杯;a student and a teacher一个老师和一个学生（两个人）；a dancer and singer即会跳舞又会唱歌者（能歌善舞者）；（一个人）5. 连接两个动词表目的，相当于不定式。如：come and ; go and ; run and ; hurry up and ;等。Come and meet= come to meet;这种用法主要用于口语中。例：Could you come and see me tomorrow? 你明天能来看我吗？Why did y

8、ou go and do a silly thing like that? 你为什么去做了那样一件傻事？6. 祈使句+and+(一般将来时)。and放在一个祈使句或名词短语后，其中前边的祈使句或名词短语相当于一个条件句的作用。And后面的分句则表示一种结果。按照英语惯用法， and后面的分句要用一般将来时。例：Come early and you will see him. 相当于if you come early, you will see him.早点来，你就能看到他。Tell me the truth and I will give you a sweet.相当于if you tell

9、me the truth, I will give you.告诉我实话，我就给你一块糖果。例题：One more week, _ we will accomplish the task. (上海高考)Aor B. so that C. and D. but7. ，and结构. and在连接三个以上并列成分时，一般只在最后一个前加and,其余的用“，”分开。但需注意的是，有时出于修辞的目的，也可以采用多连词连接的方法，以强调一连串戏剧性事件的发生。例: For lunch, I had noodles, salad and later a peach. 我午饭吃了面条、色拉，后来又吃了一个桃。

10、The wind roared, and the lightning flashed, and the sky was suddenly as dark as night. 狂风吼叫，电光闪闪，天空突然变得像夜一样黑。例争议题：The result of the experiment was not satisfactory, _ we decided to make another one.A. or B. so C. for D. and答案：B。能否选择D呢？解析：连词and也可以表示结果，作“因此、所以”解。因此答案D也可以作为正确答案。但单项选择目的是选出一个最好的、最常用的、最直接

11、的。所以此题还要选B，在答案B不存在的情况下，此题选择D就没问题。bothand（既又）的用法：Both New York and London have traffic problems. 纽约和伦敦都存在交通问题。The new teacher is both kind and knowledgeable. 那位新来的老师既和蔼又有渊博的知识。They can both speak English and speak Japanese well. 他即既能说英语又能说日语。题解both：例题：I like _ two records. A. these both B. both these

12、 C. all these D. these all此题学生容易误选A，受汉语思维的干扰，认为“这两张唱片”的说法是正确的。但要注意both和all在作定语时，要放在定冠词或指示代词之前：both the records, both these records, both her records.例题：_ draw very well.A. These both children B. Both of they C. Both them D. Both these girls例题：-Are the two answers correct? No, _ correct.(全国高考)Ano one

13、 is B. both are not C. neither is D. either is not标准答案为C。但B也无任何错误。Bothnot的意义是半否定，译成“并不都是”，而neither是全否定。看例句：Neither of the substances do not dissolve in water. 这两种物质都不溶于水。Both of the substances do not dissolve in water. 这两种物质并不都溶于水。not onlybut (also)的用法not onlybut also不仅而且（强调后者）在这个连词中，also可以省略，not on

14、ly位于句首时，此部分采用倒装语序，但but also后不倒装。1. not only but also 应连接两个相对称的并列成分。例如： Not only Mr. Lin but also his son joined the Party two years ago. （连接两个主语） I not only play tennis but also practise shooting. （连接两个谓语动词） He plays not only the piano but also the violin. （连接两个宾语） They speak English not only in cla

15、ss but also in the dormitory. （连接两个地点状语） 注 1 ： She not only sings well but also dances beautifully. = She doesn't only sing well but also dances beautifully. 注 2 ：句子 He not only plays the piano but also the violin 不是好的文体，因为 but also 之后的成分与 not only 之后的成分不对称。 2. not only but also 连接两个分句，并且 not on

16、ly 位于句首时，第一个分句中的主语和谓语要部分倒装。Not only does the sun give us light but also it gives us heat. Not only did he speak English correctly， but also he speaks it fluently. Not only is this young man clever but also he is hardworking. 3. not only but also 不能用在否定句中。例如： 误： They don't fear not only hardship

17、but also death. 正： They fear neither hardship nor death. 正： They don't fear either hardship or death. 4. not only but also 连接两个主语时，谓语动词要和与其最近的主语保持人称和数的一致。 Not only the students but also the teacher was against the plan. Not only the teacher but also the students were against the plan. 5. not onl

18、y but also 中的 not only 不能分开使用，但 but also 却可以分开使用。例如： The area was not only hit by an unexpected heavy rain，but some bridges were also washed away. 6. not only but also 连接两个并列成分时，可以省略 but 或 also ，也可以把 but also 都省 略掉。例如： I not only heard it but （ also ） saw it. He was not only compelled to stay at hom

19、e， （ but ） also forbidden to see his friend. She not only finished the task ahead of time， （ but also ） she came to help us. 7. 也可用 but too / as well 替代 not only but also 中的 but also .例如： She not only sang well but danced gracefully too （ or as well ） 8. 也可以用 besides， furthermore， moreover， in addit

20、ion 等替代 not only but also 中的 but also .例如： Not only was there no food， but also （或 furthermore， besides， moreover， in addition ） there was no water. 9. 也可用 merely， just， simply（简单地；完全，简直；只不过；朴素地） 等替代 not only but also 中的 only .例如： They not merely （ or just， simply ） broke into his office and stole h

21、is books but also tore up his manuscripts（手稿、稿件、原稿、手写本）. 10. not only A but also B = B as well as A， 但前者的强调重点在 B ；后者的强调重点也在 B .（汉译时，要先译 as well as 后面的词）例如： The child is not only healthy but also lively. = The child is lively as well as healthy. 这孩子既健康又活泼。 It concerns not only me but also you. = It c

22、oncerns you as well as me. 这件事不但与我有关，而且也与你有关。The weather is mild today; it is neither hot nor cold. 今天天气很温暖，不冷也不热。It is important for you as well as for me. 这对你和对我都很重要。People who are either under age or over age may not join the army. 年龄不到或者超龄的人都不得参军。 neithernor的用法1. neithernor在否定句后引导一个倒装句，表示“也不”。I

23、dont know about that, neithernor do I care about it. 我不知道那件事，也不关心它。He does not borrow, nor does he lend. 2. neither ofisare的问题：neither of的谓语动词通常用单数。但在非正式语体中，人们越来越多地使用动词的复数来作neither of的谓语。Neither of us has much time. 我们俩谁也没有很多时间。Neither of them are welcome. 他们俩都不受欢迎。John and Mary will have to walk. N

24、either of them have brought their cars.3. 注意：在none of neither of either of any of +复数名词短语之后，我们既可以使用单数动词，也可以使用复数动词。4. neither .nor “既不.也不；不仅而且”连接两个对等的成分（注意：连接两个主语时，主谓采用就近一致原则；连接两个句子时，两句都采用倒装语序。）动词与临近的主语保持一致。即 “就近原则”.Neither you nor I am diligent. = Neither I nor you are diligent. Is neither he nor yo

25、u willing to go? 她和你都不愿去吗？ Neither was the patient allowed to eat nor was he allowed to drink. 既不允许病人吃饭，也不允许病人喝水。例题：I invited Joe and Linda to dinner, but _ of them came.A. neither B. either C. none D. both以but为代表的表示转折关系的并列连词。这类连词主要有 yet（然而，可是），notbut（不是而是），whilewhereas(而，然而-表对比关系) 等。如：But的用法but

26、0;作为连词在大多数情况下都用作并列连词，但有时在一些固定结构中也可用作从属连词。  一、用作并列连词作为并列连词，but 可以连接两个并列的分句或者两个并列的成份，译为“但是”，“可是”。能表示下列意义：1、表示意义转折。例如：They are tired but happy.I was going to write, but I lost your address.Not one but two!2、表示对比或对

27、照，通常与否定词连用。例如：He is not good at maths, but he is good at English.He scarcely knows French, but he speaks English perfectly.3、出现在句首或句与句之间，表示异议，惊奇或吃惊。如：A:I have won the long jump.B:

28、But that's wonderful!4、用在表示歉意的词语之后，引起一个句子，长不能译为“但是”，可以不译出。如：I'm sorry, but I can't come.Excuse me, but can you tell me the way to the library?大学英语语法+自重1、but then, 意思是“不过，另一方”，相当于 neve

29、rtheless, on the other hand”。如：She speaks English fluently, but then she did live in London for four years.2、not that  but that  引导两个并的原因状语从句，that 相当于 because, 意思是“不是因为&#

30、160; 而是因为 ”。如：I haven't worked out the maths problem, not that I have no time for it, but that I can't work it out. 有时 not that  but that 

31、0;结构可单独出现。如：Not that I won't go, but that I don't know which is the way to go.二、用作从属连词。But 在一些固定结构中作从属连词，引导状语从句和名词从句。1、引导条件状语从句。But that 可以用来引导条件状语从句，意思是“倘若，要不是”。 but that 从句用陈述语气，而主句则常用虚拟语气，b

32、ut that 从句可以同否定的 if 从句互换。例如：But that you lent him a large sum of money, he would have gone bankrupt.此句可改为：If you hadn't lent him a large sum of money, he

33、60;would have gone bankrupt.有时 but that 从句出现于含有 not 的主句之后，意思是：“只有 才 ”。例如：He will not find the answer but that he studies it thoroughly.He will not come but that he&#

34、160;is asked.2、引导比较状语从句。用 no sooner  but  结构引导比较状语从句，but 相当于 than 如：It no sooner started raining but it stopped.3、用 not but that (what) 结构引导让步状语从句，意思是“虽然，诚然”。如：He is very stro

35、ng  not but that he will catch cold sometimes. 意思为“他身体很强壮，虽然有时会患感冒”。I've never walked that far, not but what I could do it if I tried. 意思为：我从来没走那么远，虽然我要走还是可以走。4、引导结果状语从句。(

36、1)not so  but (that/what) 或 not such a  but，意思为“不是如此以致于不”。其中 but 的意思是接近于“that  not ”。例如：He is not such a fool but that he can see through Mary.(2)否定句but(that)从句，意思为“

37、每当总是”，其中 but 相当于“thatnot ”，通过双重否定来表达肯定的因果关系。例如：I never go past my old school but I think of the happy years I spent there.意思为：“每当我走过我的母校时，我都想起我在那儿度过的快乐岁月。”5、引导名词性从句，常用于下列结构中：I didn't doubt/de

38、nty/question but thatThere is no doubt/question but(that)这些结构中的 but 或 but that 并无实在意义，相当于连词 that 。例如：there is no doubt but he is the quilty one，意思为：“毫无疑问，犯罪的就是他”。在实际应用中，but 用作连词和介词容易混淆。

39、如果 but 被看作连词，其后的人称代词可以被看成是一个省略的谓语部分的主语。应该是主格形式。例如：Everyone lost fainth in the plan but she.No one found the answer but she.更为常见的是 but 用作介词，这样其后的人称代词“she”可改为格“her”。但是，一般说来，but 和其后的人称代词如果置于谓语动词之前，人称代词用主格形式。如：Evry

40、one but she lost fainth in the plan.No one but she found the answer.He said he was our friend, yet he wouldnt help us. 他说他是我们的朋友，但却不肯帮助我们。语法考题考查but的四个热点一、直接考查连词but在语境中的用法即要求考生根据试题的语境（看其是否有转折意味）来确定连词but的正确使用。这类考题通常会将连词but与连词and, so, or等

41、结合起来考查。同学们做题时要注意比较，尤其要注意比较各个连词填入句子后，比较句意的逻辑性和通畅性。如：1. You have failed two tests. Youd better start working harder, _ you wont pass the course. A. and B. so C. but D. or【解析】D。or的意思是“否则”“要不然”，只有此词填入空格，句意最通顺。2. They wanted to charge $5, 000 for the car, _ we managed to bring the price down. A. but B. s

42、o C. when D. since【解析】A。前后两分句之间是转折关系，故用but。3. Somebody wants you on the telephone._ no one knows Im here. A. For B. And C. But D. So【解析】C。“有人打电话来找我”与“没有人知道我在这里”是转折关系，故填but。二、利用but的转折语境考查其他知识点即根据题干中连词but的转折性语境来确定相关知识点的选择。此时尤其要注意前后相关信息的对比、对照或互为相反义。如：1. He has made a lot of films, but _ good ones. A. a

43、ny B. some C. few D. many【解析】C。由于句中用了转折连词but，所以要填few与前面的many相对比。2. Its hard for him playing against me. Ive got nothing to play for, but for him, he needs to win so _.A. far B. well C. little D. badly【解析】D。句中的badly不是表示“糟糕地”，而是表示“很”“非常”，这样用的badly主要与表示“想要”或“需要”的词语或短语（如want, need, be in need of等）连用。如：O

44、ur school is badly in need of English teacher. 我们学校急需英语教师。/ He wants to buy a new car badly. 他很想买辆新车。3. I told your friend how to get to the hotel, but perhaps I _ have driven her there. A. could B. must C. might D. should【解析】D。比较：“could+have+过去分词”的意思是“本来可以”“本来应该”“本来能够”；“must+have+过去分词”的意思是“一定已经”；“m

45、ight+have+过去分词”的意思是“本来可以”“本来可能”；“should+have+过去分词”的意思是“本来应该”。根据句意，显然只有D最佳。三、考查but的相关结构或句式如考查notbut, not onlybut (also)等句式的搭配和运用。如：1. Between the two generations, it is often not their age, _ their education that causes misunderstanding. A. like B. as C. or D. but【解析】D。题目考查notbut的用法，其意为“不是而是”。全句意为：两代

46、人之间引起的误解往往不是他们的(不同)年龄，而是他们所受的(不同)教育。2. Reality is not the way you wish things to be, nor the way they appear to be, _ the way they actually are.A. as B. or C. but D. and【解析】C。此题也是考查notbut结构。全句意为：现实不是你想象出来的事物的状态，也不是事物表象给人的感觉，而是其本来的样子。四、考查连词but与定语从句的相互干扰大家知道，在含有定语从句的复合句中，我们是不能在主句与从句之间使用并列连词的。但是，命题者有时却

47、会利用连词but与定语从句的相互干扰性来考查考生的辨别能力。如：1. I dont mind her criticizing me, but _ is how she does it that I object to.A. it B. that C. this D. which【解析】A。此题考查it is.that这一强调句句型。句意为：我不介意她批评我，我反对的是她批评我的方式。由于句中使用了并列连词but，所以绝对不能选D。2. The doctor advised Vera strongly that she should take a holiday, but _ didnt hel

48、p. A. it B. she C. which D. he【解析】A。用it代替前面整句话的内容。但若去掉but，则选which。连词while的用法连词while是高考一个命题的热点（每年必考），一、考查表示时间的用法，其意为“当的时候”。如：We must strike while the iron is hot. 我们要趁热打铁。 Stand still while I take your photograph. 我给你拍照时站着不要动。Have we got enough books to read while we are on holiday? 假期里我们有足够的书看吗?Were

49、 there any calls for me while I was out? 我出去的时候，有人来过电话吗? She hates anyone listening while she is telephoning. 她打电话时不愿让任何人听。二、考查表示让步的用法，其意为“尽管”“虽然”。如：While the work was difficult, it was interesting. 虽然工作有难度，但很有趣。 While I understand what you say, I cant agree with you. 虽然我理解你的意思，但我还是不同意。三、考查表示对比的用法，其

50、意为“而”“但”。如：Some people waste food while others havent enough. 一些人糟踏食物而另一些人却食不果腹。I went swimming while the others played tennis. 我去游泳，而其余的人则去打网球了。Prices are rising sharply, while incomes are lagging far behind. 物价飞涨而收入却远远落后。注：这样用时，while引出的句子通常位于末，但有时也可位于句首。如：While most children learn to read easily,

51、some need extra help. 大多数儿童学会阅读很容易，有一些儿童却需要特别帮助。While Deauville is a holiday resort, Trouville is more of a working town. 特维尔是个度假胜地，而特鲁维尔更多的却是个工业城市。四、考查其省略用法，即主句与从句主语相同，且从句谓语动词含有动词be时，通常可省略从句主语和动词be。如：While (he was) in prison, she wrote her first novel. 她在狱中写出了第一部小说。 He had strayed from home while s

52、till a boy. 他小时候就离开家到处流浪了。 He fell asleep while (he was) doing his homework. 他做着做着功课就睡着了。I was only listening to the radio with half an ear, while (I was) preparing some food. 我正在做吃的东西，没太留心听收音机。 【 】1. She just sits there reading her story book, _ I do all the work. A. until    &#

53、160;      B. while         C. because       D. though【 】2. Their economy has expanded enormously, _ ours, by contrast, has declined. A. while         B. unless 

54、       C. in case         D. which【 】3. Could you watch my bags for me, _ I go to the toilet? A. though       B. unless        C. what     &

55、#160;     D. while【 】4. The professor is typing his own letters _ his secretary is ill. A. what          B. which        C. if            &#

56、160;  D. while【 】5. She said she was going to the shops and sked me whether I wanted anything _ she was out. A. though       B. while         C. which        D. before【 】6. Tea is the most p

57、opular drink, _coffee comes second. A. since         B. until           C. what          D. while【 】7. Schools in the north tend to be better equipped, _ those in th

58、e south are relatively poor. A. since         B. before        C. while         D. because【 】8. It is no accident that men fill most of the top jobs in nursing, _ women remain on the lo

59、wer grades. A. after          B. since          C. while         D. which【 】9. _ trying to open the can, I cut my hand. A. Though       B. B

60、ecause     C. For         D. While【 】10. Some people prefer a vegetarian diet, _ others prefer a meat-based diet. A. though       B. while         C. which  

61、60;     D. for【 】11. He didnt ask me in; he kept me standing at the door _ he read the message. A. while         B. before        C. after          D. which【 】1

62、2. Nows the time to buy a car, _ the interest rates are low. A. but            B. which        C. while         D. until【 】13. The couple took good care of the baby _ occ

63、upied by their work.A. while         B. after          C. which        D. since【 】14. How did you spend your time _ you were on holiday? A. although     &#

64、160; B. while       C. which        D. since【 】15. Because Jane had once had a bad accident _ driving, she was afraid to try it again. A. though       B. unless        C.

65、 for             D. while【参考答案】0105 BADDB  0610 DCCDB 1115 ACABD以because为代表的表示因果关系的并列连词。这类连词主要有 for, so 等：连词because的用法1） because语势最强，用来说明人所不知的原因，回答why提出的问题，是句子中的重要部分，常放在句末，不能用其它三个替换。逗号可加可不加。 You can trust those products because the qua

66、lity never changes. I havent been to the cinema lately, because I am too busy. I didnt go, because I was afraid. 2）当原因是显而易见的或已为人们所知，就用as或 since。since稍正式一些。 Since /As the weather is so bad, we have to delay our journey. 3） 由because引导的从句如果放在句末，且前面有逗 号，则可以用for来代替。但如果不是说明直接原因，而是多种情况加以推断，就只能用for。 He is absent today, because / for he is ill. He must be ill, for he is absent today. 4）当because引导的从句与否定的主句连用，而主句又位于句首时，之前不用逗号，因为主句动词否定的是其后的全部内容。为了突出because从句，because 前常加上副词，如：just, only, simply, chiefly等