化学词汇组词规律

1、英语化学词汇的组词规律1化学元素（Chemical elements）A音译transliteration锂lithium镁magnesium硒selenium氦helium锰manganese钡barium氟fluorine钛titanium铀uranium氖neon镍nickel钙calciumB意译transcribe or free translation氧oxygen铝aluminium溴bromine氢hydrogen硅silicon钾potassium碳carbon磷phosphorus汞mercury氮nitrogen硫sulphur(sulfur)钠sodiumC意音兼译tr

2、anslation by meaning and pronunciation碘iodine氯chlorine砷arsenic2化学基团chemical groups各种元素element的原子atom组合成分子molecule，按性质可以把分子分为不同的原子团radicle，分子中这些具有相对独特性质的原子团，称为官能团functional group，或范围更广一点，称作化学基团chemical group.-基-烷(正/1)-醇-烯-炔-酮甲/一methylmethanemethanolmethylenemethyneketone乙/二ethylethaneethanolethylenee

3、thyneketene丙/三propylpropanepropanolpropyleneproynepropanone丁/四butylbutanebutanolbutylenebutynebutanone戊/五pentylpentanepentanolpentylene戊二烯pentene 戊烯pentynepentanone己/六hexylhexanehexanolhexylenehexynehexanone庚/七heptylheptaneheptanolheptyleneheptyneheptanone辛/八octyloctaneoctanoloctyleneoctyneoctanone壬

4、/九nonylnonanenonanolnonylenenonynenonanone癸/十decatyldecanedecanoldecylenedecynedecanone说明：-ol表示醇羟基，-an与烷有关，表示是饱和状态，-en与烯有关，有不饱和的意义，相应的饱和状态的羟基即醇-anol，不饱和状态的羟基即酚-enol。在结构较为复杂的醇类化合物中，常常只用-ol；酮-one是相当于用氧o替换了烯-ene中的一个碳，二者均为不饱和结构。ether(醚)，ester(酯)，只要在化学基后加上这两个词，就获得了两组英文词。例如：甲醚methyl ether，甲酯methyl ester。3

5、化合物类别及化学官能团Classes of compounds and functional groups化合物类别烃hydrocarbon酚hydroxybenzene/phenol胺amine烷alkane醚ether亚胺imine烯alkene酮ketone腈nitrile炔alkyne醛aldehyde亚砜sulfoxide苯benzene酸acid砜sulfone醇alcohol酐anhydride碱alkali/base官能团烷基alkyl羟基hydroxyl羰基carbonyl苯基phenyl氨基amino羧基carboxyl苄基benzyl硝基nitryl酰基acyl其他官能团

6、（注意类别）甲酰基formyl甲苯基tolyl/cresyl乙烯基vinyl乙酰基acetyl联苯基biphenyl/diphenyl丁二烯基bivinyl/divinyl丙烯酰基acryl苯氧基phenoxyl聚二烯基polyvinyl硝酰基nitroxyl苯乙基phenethyl亚硝酰基nitrosyl烯丙基allyl硫酰基sulfonyl/sulfuryl巯基mercapto磷酰基phosphoryl4前缀和后缀prefix and suffix（1）前缀A表示取代位置的前缀prefixesexamples正normal-, n-n-phosphate正磷酸盐同分异构，iso-isobu

7、tyl异丁基；isoenzyme同功酶，isoelectric point等电点原，邻ortho-, o-o-hydroxyl benzoate邻羟基苯甲酸偏，间meta-, m-m-xylene =m-dimethylbenzene间二甲苯对para-, p-p-aminophenol对-氨基酚顺cis-cis-platin顺铂（铂platinum）反trans-trans-isomer反式异构体环cyclo-cyclodextrin环糊精B表示取代数量的前缀戊、己、庚等指的是分子式中所含有的碳原子或其他原子的数目，而五、六、七等数字表示在一个独立单位内，共存在几个相同的相对独立的个体。pr

8、efixesexamples单，一mono-monoacid一元酸，monoamine一元胺或单胺（单胺氧化酶为monoamine oxidase）双，二di-或bi-有时二者通用，di-在化学中使用较多三tri-triacetamide三乙酰胺四tetra-tetraacetate四乙酸盐(酯)，ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid乙二胺四乙酸EDTA五penta-pentabutyryl glucose五丁酰葡萄糖六hexa-hexachlorocyclohexane六氯环己烷，即六六六七hepta-heptadiene庚二烯，heptadecane diacid

9、十七烷二酸八octa-octadecyl bromide十八烷基溴, octyl formate甲酸辛酯C表示旋光性的前缀prefixesexamples右旋dextro-Dextroglucose右旋葡萄糖左旋levo-Levodopa左旋多巴（抗帕金森药）消旋dl-dl-methyldopa消旋甲基多巴（抗高血压）D表示氧化程度的前缀prefixesexamples高，过per-potassium permanganate高锰酸钾，calcium perphosphate过磷酸钙低，亚proto-protochloride低氯化物，氯化亚某stannum/tin protochloride

10、氯化亚锡次hypo-hypochlorous acid次氯酸焦pyro-sodium pyrophosphate焦磷酸钠E其他常用前缀： prefixesexamples聚poly-polypropylene聚丙烯微，弱，亚sub-subacid微酸（性），subacidity弱酸性半semi-semi-synthesis半合成假，伪，异pseudo-pseudobutylene 2-丁烯，异丁烯pseudo-sapogenins假皂苷类（2）后缀A糖-ose例：葡萄糖glucoseB酶-ase或enzyme例：乳糖酶lactase；胞内酶intracellular enzymeC醛-al或a

11、ldehyde例：氯醛chloralD胺-amine例：氯胺chloramineE苯胺-aniline例：硝基苯胺nitroaniline F酰胺-amide例：乙酰胺acetamideG酰亚胺-imide例：聚酰亚胺polyimideH后缀-ide、-ate、-ite的比较与分析例：硫酸 sulfuric acid亚硫酸 sulfurous acid硫化物 sulfide ：硫化钠 sodium sulfide硫酸盐 sulfate ：硫酸钠 sodium sulfate亚硫酸盐 sulfite ：亚硫酸钠 sodium sulfite磷酸 phosphoric acid亚磷酸 phosph

12、orous acid磷化物 phosphide： 二磷化钙calcium phosphide磷酸盐 phosphate： 磷酸钙calcium phosphate亚磷酸盐 phosphite：亚磷酸钙calcium phosphite硝酸 nitric acid亚硝酸 nitrous acid氮化物 nitride： 一氮化三钠 sodium nitride硝酸盐nitrate： 硝酸钠 sodium nitrate亚硝酸盐 nitrite： 亚硝酸钠sodium nitrite碳酸 carbonic acid含碳的 carbonous碳化物 carbonide： 碳化钙calcium car

13、bonide碳酸盐 carbonate： 碳酸钠sodium carbonate特例：盐酸hydrochloric acid，只有氢氯化物hydrochloride的形式，翻译成盐酸某某某。5翻译方法methods of translation（1）顺式翻译例：polytetrafluoroethylene（PTFE）聚四氟乙烯，poly（聚），tetra（四），fluoro（氟，氟基），ethylene（乙烯）hydrocyanic acid 氢氰酸acrylonitrile dipolymer 丙烯腈二聚物（2）反式翻译例：A化学酸与化学元素化合时：Sodium hydroxide（氢氧化

14、钠），英文中钠在前，中文里钠在后。B化学酸与化学基团化合时：Butyl acetoacetate，aceto是acetyl（乙酰基、醋酸基）的变体Ethyl thiocarbonate thio与sulfuric的差别：thio是“含硫的，硫代的”，指硫代替了其他原子，如噻吩，英文名为thiofuran，直译为“硫代呋喃”，相当于把呋喃中的氧用硫代替，得到的化合物。Sulfuric的含义则是以硫为基础，与其他原子形成的基团或化合物，看下面的词sodium thiosulphate（硫代硫酸钠），硫代替了硫酸根上的一个氧。1-异丙氨基-3-对-(2-甲氧乙基)苯氧基-2-丙醇1-4-(2-甲氧乙

15、基)苯氧基-3-(1-甲基乙基) 氨基 -2-丙醇1-(isopropylamino)-3-p-(2-methoxyethyl) phenoxy-2-propanol 1-4-(2-methoxyethyl) phenoxy-3-(1-methylethyl) amino propan-2-ol#Develop的译法 表示（开始）得了某种疾病 Some people develop skin rashes when they take sulfas. 有些人服用磺胺药物后会出现皮疹。 If one is discovered to have developed high blood-press

16、ure or heart-disease, he is immediately transferred to light work. 如果发现谁得了高血压或心脏病，就立即调去做较轻松的工作。 Lung fever develops from flu. 肺炎是由流行性感冒引起的。 She developed symptoms of consumption. 她出现了肺结核症状。 He developed a cough. 他开始咳嗽了。 用于动、植物的生长等 The bud developed into a blossom. 花蕾开出了鲜花。 Land animals are believed

17、to have developed from sea animals. 陆地动物被认为是由海洋动物进化而来的。 Warm rains and summer suns develop the plants. 和暖的雨水和夏日的阳光促使植物生长。 The fetus develops lungs relatively late in the gestation period. 在妊娠期胎儿的肺生长得相对慢些。 An example is the fine strain of rice we have developed. 我们培育出的优良品种就是一例。 Sure enough, 80 percen

18、t of the plants developed the disease. 果然，80%的庄稼都染上了这种病。 A chicken develops in the egg. 鸡在蛋中发育。 （电影、相照）胶卷的冲洗等也常用此词 The photographers developed the film by treating it with chemicals. 摄影师用化学药剂使底片显影。 He was in the dark room developing his films. 他在暗室洗相片。 This type of film develops in twenty minutes. 冲

19、洗此类软片需要20分钟。 在科技文章中，除经常译成“研制、发展、开发、设计”等外，还可以译成： Another American, Henry Ford, developed the idea of the assembly line. 另一个名叫亨利·福特的美国人萌发了装配线的主意。 A series of volcanic eruptions developed along the fault. 一系列的火山爆发正在断层带酝酿。 此外，develop一词有时可不必译出。 如 a motor that develops 100 h.p. 一台100马力的发动机。Package In

20、sertThe information in a package insert follows a standard format for every medication. After some identifying information such as the Brand Name and Generic Name of the product, the following sections appearsections l Description 性状 l Clinical Pharmacology 药理作用l Indications and Usage 适应症l Contraind

21、ications 禁忌症l Warning 注意事项l Precautions 注意事项l Adverse Reactions 不良反应l Overdosage 药物过量l Dosage and Administration 用法用量l How Supplied 外观、包装、及贮藏Package inserts for some medicines also include sections such as Drug Interactions, Drug Abuse and Dependence. If matters on Drug Abuse and Dependence are pote

22、ntial problems, and some begin with "Box Warnings," which highlight especially serious (often life-threatening) adverse reactions that have been reported.Drug Namel Brand Name 商品名 =Trade Name (name with registered trademark)l Generic Name 非专利名称, 通用名l 翻译方法: 音译: Atropine 阿托品 谐音译: Reserpine 利

23、血平 意译: Tablet Tribromidi 三溴片 意音结合:Neostigmine Bromide溴化新斯的明 中文译名的转化:Penicillin盘尼西林青霉素Descriptionl chemical name and structurel Dosage form and administration tablet form, capsule, liquid, etc. given-by mouth (oral administration), by injection, by adding it to a solution being given via an intraveno

24、us (IV) line (parenteral administration), and so forth. l inactive ingredients filler, artificial color,or flavoring Clinical Pharmacology l How the medicine works in the body: absorption, elimination, and effects at various concentrations. l Studies in different groups of people: children, elderly

25、people, women, or people of different races. l (Sometimes) The results of studies for different purposes药理作用的常见相关标题l Clinical Pharmacologyl Clinical Datal Clinical Usel Clinical Effectl Mode of Mechanism of Actionl Pharmacological Actionsl Therapeutical Actionl Toxicology Indications and Usagel Uses

26、 (indications) approved by regulatory agenciesl 相关词汇: indication 适应症 action and use 作用与用途 usage 用途 treatment 主治Dosage and Administrationl 常见给药途径: orally 口服 intramuscularly 肌注 intravenously 静注 subcutaneously 皮下 locally 局部给药l 剂量单位: mg, ml, IU (International Unit)l 性别 male, femalel 年龄 adult, children,

27、infant, newborn children under 18 years old children under 12 years of age children aged 6-10 years over 10 years of agel 服药时间和次数: every day, a day, per day, daily every other day, two-daily every eight hours, eight-hourly once/twice/three times a day per kilo of body weight mg/kg/dayl 剂量和服法 once da

28、ily for 10-15 days or 0.5-1.0 mg/kg/day One capsule daily, before breakfast or 10-14 hours before retiring. - or adhere to the instructions of the physician 遵医嘱Warnings, Precautionsl Warnings: serious side effects Box Warning: especially severe or life-threatening problemsl Precautions: advises how

29、to use the medication most safely and effectively Laboratory tests before taken or during in use Activities required special caution Information on pregnancy/ nursingmothers/ children/ older people Drug/food Interactionsl 常用标题: causions, precausions, warning, note, notice, attentionAdverse Reactionsl all the side effects reported Everything that happened to people (and sometimes also animals) regardless of whether it actually had any connection to the medicine. l 常见标题: adverse reactions, by-effects, side effects, toxicity reactionsContraindications l c