Corporate Finance - Berk DeMarzo- Test Bank Chapter 30

1、Corporate Finance, 3e (Berk/DeMarzo)Chapter 30 Risk Management30.1 InsuranceUse the following information to answer the question(s) below.Rearden Metal imports ore from South America. Rearden Metal is worried that the South American mines may enter into a long-term contract with the Chinese to sell

2、all of their ore output to China, hence cutting off Rearden Metal's supply. In the event of such a contract with the Chinese, Rearden Metal will face much higher costs for its raw materials causing its operating profits to decline substantially and its marginal tax rate to fall from its current

3、level of 35% down to 10%. An insurance firm has agreed to write a trade insurance policy that will pay Rearden Metal $2,500,000 in the event of the South American supply of ore being cut off. The chance of the South American supply being cut off is estimated to be 20%, with a beta of -2.0. The risk-

4、free rate of interest is 4% and the return on the market is estimated to be 12%. 1) The actuarially fair premium for this insurance policy is closest to:A) $417,000B) $446,000C) $500,000D) $568,000Answer: DExplanation: D) rL = rf + L(rm - rf) = 4% + (-2.0)(12% - 4%) = -12%Insurance Premium = = = $56

5、8,000Diff: 2Section: 30.1 InsuranceSkill: Analytical2) Rearden's NPV for purchasing this policy is closest to:A) $32,500B) $56,750C) $142,000D) $156,250Answer: CExplanation: C) rL = rf + L(rm - rf) = 4% + (-2.0)(12% - 4%) = -12%Insurance Premium = = = $568,000NPV = -Premium(1 - Thigh) + × P

6、r(Loss) × Payment × (1 - Tlow)= -568,182(1 - .35) + (.20)($2,500,000)(1 - .10) = $142,045Diff: 3Section: 30.1 InsuranceSkill: Analytical3) To insure their assets against hazards such as fire, storm damage, vandalism, earthquakes, and other natural and environmental risks firms commonly pur

7、chase:A) key personnel insurance.B) business liability insurance.C) business interruption insurance.D) property insurance.Answer: DDiff: 1Section: 30.1 InsuranceSkill: Definition4) To cover the costs that result if some aspect of the business causes harm to a third party or someone else's proper

8、ty a firm would purchase:A) business interruption insurance.B) property insurance.C) business liability insurance.D) key personnel insurance.Answer: CDiff: 1Section: 30.1 InsuranceSkill: Definition5) To protect the firm against the loss of earnings if the business operations are disrupted due to fir

9、e, accident, or some other insured peril a firm would purchase:A) property insurance.B) key personnel insurance.C) business liability insurance.D) business interruption insurance.Answer: DDiff: 1Section: 30.1 InsuranceSkill: Definition6) Insurance that compensates for the loss or unavoidable absence

10、 of crucial employees in the firm is called:A) key personnel insurance.B) business liability insurance.C) property insurance.D) business interruption insurance.Answer: ADiff: 1Section: 30.1 InsuranceSkill: Definition7) In reality market imperfections exist that can raise the cost of insurance above

11、the actuarially fair price and offset some of these benefits. These insurance market imperfections include all of the following EXCEPT:A) adverse selection.B) agency costs.C) administrative and overhead costs.D) taxation of insurance payments.Answer: DDiff: 2Section: 30.1 InsuranceSkill: Conceptual8

12、) Which of the following statements is FALSE?A) Not all insurable risks have a beta of zero. Some risks, such as hurricanes and earthquakes, create losses of tens of billions of dollars and may be difficult to diversify completely.B) When a firm buys insurance, it transfers the risk of the loss to a

13、n insurance company. The insurance company charges an upfront premium to take on that risk.C) By its very nature, insurance for non-diversifiable hazards is generally a positive beta asset; the insurance payment to the firm tends to be larger when total losses are low and the market portfolio is hig

14、h.D) Because insurance provides cash to the firm to offset losses, it can reduce the firm's need for external capital and thus reduce issuance costs.Answer: CExplanation: C) By its very nature, insurance for non-diversifiable hazards is generally a negative beta asset (it pays off in bad times);

15、 the insurance payment to the firm tends to be larger when total losses are high and the market portfolio is low.Diff: 2Section: 30.1 InsuranceSkill: Conceptual9) Which of the following statements is FALSE?A) Because insurance reduces the risk of financial distress, it can relax this tradeoff and al

16、low the firm to increase its use of debt financing.B) By lowering the volatility of the stock, insurance discourage concentrated ownership by an outside director or investor who will monitor the firm and its management.C) When a firm is subject to graduated income tax rates, insurance can produce a

17、tax savings if the firm is in a higher tax bracket when it pays the premium than the tax bracket it is in when it receives the insurance payment in the event of a loss.D) In a perfect market without other frictions, insurance companies should compete until they are just earning a fair return and the

18、 NPV from selling insurance is zero. The NPV is zero if the price of insurance equals the present value of the expected payment; in that case, we say the price is actuarially fair.Answer: BExplanation: B) By lowering the volatility of the stock, insurance can encourage concentrated ownership by an o

19、utside director or investor who will monitor the firm and its management.Diff: 2Section: 30.1 InsuranceSkill: ConceptualUse the information for the question(s) below.Your firm faces an 8% chance of a potential loss of $50 million next year. If your firm implements new safety policies, it can reduce

20、the chance of this loss to 3%, but the new safety policies have an upfront cost of $250,000. Suppose that the beta of the loss is 0 and the risk-free rate of interest is 5%.10) If your firm is uninsured, the NPV of implementing the new safety policies is closest to:A) $2.25 millionB) -$.25 millionC)

21、 $2.5 millionD) $2.15 millionAnswer: DExplanation: D) Expected loss without new safety policies = .08 × $50 million = $4 millionExpected loss with new safety policies = .03 × $50 million = $1.5 millionExpected gain from safety program = $4 million - $1.5 million = $2.5 millionNPV = -250,00

22、0 + = $2,130,952Diff: 2Section: 30.1 InsuranceSkill: Analytical11) If your firm is fully insured, the NPV of implementing the new safety policies is closest to:A) $2.15 millionB) $2.5 millionC) $2.25 millionD) -$.25 millionAnswer: DExplanation: D) If the firm is fully insured, the insurance company

23、will pay for the loss regardless if whether the safety program is in force or not. Therefore, the end of period cash flows will be identical with or without the program and the NPV is -$250,000 reflecting the cost of the safety program.Diff: 2Section: 30.1 InsuranceSkill: Analytical12) What is the a

24、ctuarially fair cost of full insurance?Answer: Insurance Premium = The actuarially fair cost of full insurance = = $3.81 millionDiff: 1Section: 30.1 InsuranceSkill: Analytical13) Assuming that your firm will purchase insurance, what is the minimum-size deductible that would leave your firm with an i

25、ncentive to implement the new safety policies?Answer: If the firm is fully insured (no deductible), the insurance company will pay for the loss regardless if whether the safety program is in force or not. Therefore, the end of period cash flows will be identical with or without the program and the N

26、PV is -$250,000 reflecting the cost of the safety program.In order to give the firm the incentive to buy the insurance the NPV of the safety program must be positive.Another way of looking at this is to find the point where the PV of the expected deductible equals the cost of the safety program. Mat

27、hematically we have:(.08 - .03) = $250,000, solving for the Deductible = = $5,250,000To show that this indeed is the correct answer:(.08) = (.03) - $250,000Diff: 3Section: 30.1 InsuranceSkill: Analytical14) Farmville Industries is a major agricultural firm and is concerned about the possibility of d

28、rought impacting corn production. In the event of a drought, Farmville Industries anticipates a loss of $75 million. Suppose the likelihood of a drought is 10% per year, and the beta associated with such a loss is 0.4. If the risk-free interest rate is 5% and the expected return on the market is 10%

29、, then what is the actuarially fair insurance premium?Answer: The expected loss = $75 million × .10 = $7.5 millionSince the beta of the loss is not equal to zero we need to calculate the appropriate discount rate for the loss using the CAPM:r = rf + b (rM - rf)r = .05 + .4(.10 - .05) = .07Insur

30、ance Premium = So the actuarially fair cost of full insurance = = $7.01 millionDiff: 2Section: 30.1 InsuranceSkill: Analytical30.2 Commodity Price RiskUse the following information to answer the question(s) below.d'Anconia Copper expects to produce 500 million pounds of copper next year, with pr

31、oduction costs of $0.75 per pound. Depending upon the economic conditions over the next year, d'Anconia Copper expects the price of copper next year to be either $1.40, $1.50, or $1.60 per pound, with each outcome being equally likely. d'Anconia Copper expects to sell all of its copper at th

32、e going price.1) If the going price next year is $1.40 per pound, d'Anconia Copper's operating profit next year will be closest to:A) $325 millionB) $365 millionC) $375 millionD) $425 millionAnswer: AExplanation: A) Operating profit = Sales - COGS = 500 million pounds × $1.40/pound - 50

33、0 million pounds × $0.75/pound = $325 millionDiff: 1Section: 30.2 Commodity Price RiskSkill: Analytical2) If the going price next year is $1.60 per pound, d'Anconia Copper's operating profit next year will be closest to:A) $365 millionB) $375 millionC) $425 millionD) $800 millionAnswer:

34、 CExplanation: C) Operating profit = Sales - COGS = 500 million pounds × $1.60/pound - 500 million pounds × $0.75/pound = $425 millionDiff: 1Section: 30.2 Commodity Price RiskSkill: Analytical3) If d'Anconia Copper enters into a contract to supply copper to end users at an average pric

35、e of $1.48 per pound, then d'Anconia Copper's operating profit next year will be closest to:A) $325 millionB) $365 millionC) $375 millionD) $425 millionAnswer: BExplanation: B) Operating profit = Sales - COGS = 500 million pounds × $1.48/pound - 500 million pounds × $0.75/pound = $

36、365 million Diff: 1Section: 30.2 Commodity Price RiskSkill: Analytical4) The risk that the firm will not have, or be able to raise, the cash required to meet the margin calls on its hedges is called:A) liquidity risk.B) basis risk.C) commodity price risk.D) speculation risk.Answer: ADiff: 1Section:

37、30.2 Commodity Price RiskSkill: Definition5) The risk that arises because the value of the futures contract will not be perfectly correlated with the firm's exposure is called:A) commodity price risk.B) basis risk.C) liquidity risk.D) speculation risk.Answer: BDiff: 1Section: 30.2 Commodity Pric

38、e RiskSkill: Definition6) Which of the following statements is FALSE?A) Horizontal integration entails the merger of a firm and its supplier or a firm and its customer.B) Like insurance, hedging involves contracts or transactions that provide the firm with cash flows that offset its losses from pric

39、e changes.C) For many firms, changes in the market prices of the raw materials they use and the goods they produce may be the most important source of risk to their profitability.D) Because an increase in the price of the commodity raises the firm's costs and the supplier's revenues, these f

40、irms can offset their risks by merging.Answer: AExplanation: A) Vertical integration entails the merger of a firm and its supplier or a firm and its customer.Diff: 2Section: 30.2 Commodity Price RiskSkill: Conceptual7) Which of the following statements is FALSE?A) Firms generally do not possess bett

41、er information than outside investors regarding the risk of future commodity price changes, nor can they influence that risk through their actions.B) Cash flows are exchanged on a monthly basis, rather than waiting until the end of the contract, through a procedure called marking to market.C) The fi

42、rm may speculate by entering into contracts that do not offset its actual risks.D) When a firm authorizes managers to trade contracts to hedge, it opens the door to the possibility of speculation.Answer: BExplanation: B) Cash flows are exchanged on a daily basis, rather than waiting until the end of

43、 the contract, through a procedure called marking to market.Diff: 2Section: 30.2 Commodity Price RiskSkill: Conceptual8) Which of the following statements regarding futures contracts is FALSE?A) Both the buyer and the seller can get out of the contract at any time by selling it to a third party at t

44、he current market price.B) Futures prices are not prices that are paid today. Rather, they are prices agreed to today, to be paid in the future.C) Futures contracts are traded anonymously on an exchange at a publicly observed market price and are generally very illiquid.D) Traders are required to po

45、st collateral, called margin, when buying or selling commodities using futures contracts.Answer: CExplanation: C) Futures contracts are traded anonymously on an exchange at a publicly observed market price and are generally very liquid.Diff: 2Section: 30.2 Commodity Price RiskSkill: Conceptual9) Whi

46、ch of the following statements regarding long-term supply contracts is FALSE?A) The market value of the contract at any point in time may not be easy to determine, making it difficult to track gains and losses.B) Long-term supply contracts are designed to eliminate credit risk.C) Long-term supply co

47、ntracts insulate the firms from commodity price risk.D) Long-term supply contracts are bilateral contracts negotiated by a buyer and a seller. Answer: BExplanation: B) Long-term supply contracts are designed to eliminate price risk but introduce credit risk.Diff: 2Section: 30.2 Commodity Price RiskS

48、kill: Conceptual10) Which of the following statements is FALSE?A) Long-term supply contracts such contracts cannot be entered into anonymously; the buyer and seller know each other's identity. This lack of anonymity may have strategic disadvantages.B) A futures contract is an agreement to trade

49、an asset on some future date, at a price that is locked in today.C) An alternative to vertical integration or storage is a long-term supply contract.D) Long-term supply contracts are unilateral contracts negotiated by a seller.Answer: DExplanation: D) Long-term supply contracts are bilateral contrac

50、ts negotiated by a buyer and a seller.Diff: 2Section: 30.2 Commodity Price RiskSkill: Conceptual11) What are some of the disadvantages of long-term supply contracts?Answer: Such contracts have several potential disadvantages. First, they expose each party to the risk that the other party may default

51、 and fail to live up to the terms of the contract. Thus, while they insulate the firms from commodity price risk, they expose them to credit risk. Second, such contracts cannot be entered into anonymously; the buyer and seller know each other's identity. This lack of anonymity may have strategic

52、 disadvantages. Finally, the market value of the contract at any point in time may not be easy to determine, making it difficult to track gains and losses, and it may be difficult or even impossible to cancel the contract if necessary.Diff: 2Section: 30.2 Commodity Price RiskSkill: Conceptual12) You

53、r oil refinery will need to buy 250,000 barrels of crude oil in one week and it is worried about crude oil prices. Suppose you go long 250 crude oil futures contracts, each for 1000 barrels of crude oil, at the current futures price of $68 per barrel. Suppose futures prices change each day over the

54、next week as follows:Day12345Futures Price6565.56867.2570What is the daily and cumulative mark to market profit or loss (in dollars) that you will have on each of the next five days?Answer: Day123 45Futures Price6565.56867.25 70Daily mark to market profit/loss (one contract)-30.52.5-0.752.75Daily ma

55、rk to market profit/loss (250 contracts)-750125625-187.5687.5Cumulative mark to market profit/loss (one contract)-3-2.50-0.752Cumulative mark to market profit/loss (250 contracts)-750-6250-187.5500Diff: 2Section: 30.2 Commodity Price RiskSkill: Analytical30.3 Exchange Rate RiskFor the following prob

56、lems, please include a copy of the cumulative standard normal tables.1) Suppose the current exchange rate is $1.62/£, the interest rate in the united states is 5.25%, the interest rate in the United Kingdom is 4%, and the volatility of the $/£ exchange rate is 18%. Using the Black-Scholes

57、formula, the price of a six-month European call option on the British pound with a strike price of $1.60/£ will be closest to:A) $0.040/£B) $0.059/£C) $0.078/£D) $0.097/£Answer: DExplanation: D) FT = S × = = $1.62 × 1.005992 = d1 = + = + = 0.208172 or 0.21d2 = d1 - = .208172 - .18 = .080893 or .08C = N(d1) - N(d2) = (.5832) - (0.5219) = where N(.21) = .5832 and N(.08) = .5319 from the cumulative standard normal tables.Diff: 3Section: 30.3 Exc