初中的英语从句详解

1、 .wd.v 宾语从句一 定义：宾语从句是指在一个句子中充当宾语的句子如：He said that he wanted to be a teacher when he grew up.二宾语从句有三种类型：1由附属连词that引导的宾语从句表示陈述意义，连词that常可被省略。例如：I hope (that) they will have fun. Mary said that she felt sleepy.Cant you see (that) Im a bird?注意：1当主句的谓语动词是think,believe等时，宾语从句尽管要表示否认意义，却不用否认形式，而将think等动词变为

2、否认形式。如：I dont think he will come.我认为他不会来。2两个表示陈述意义的宾语从句并列时，有时省去第一个从句的连词that，但第二个从句的连词that一般不可以省略。如：He told me (that)they could not decide what to do and that they asked my advice.2.由附属连词if或whether引导的宾语从句表示“是否有，能，已经等一般疑问句的含义。例如：I wonder whether (if) he lives here.3.由连接代词who,whom,whose,what,which和连接副词

3、when,where,how,why等引导的宾语从句表示“谁，谁的，什么，哪个，些，何时，何地，怎样，为什么等等特殊疑问句的意义。除了连接词及被修饰的词提前以外，宾语从句用陈述句语序。例如：To masked who could give the message to her mother.Do you know what he said just now? I wondered how old his brother was.三.宾语从句的时态照应：“主现那么从任，主过那么从过，客观真理一般现1当主句是现在时或将来时的时候，宾语从句可以用所需要的任何时态。2主句是过去时，宾语从句一般只能用过

4、去时的某种形式；当从句表达的是客观事实或一般真理时，宾语从句仍然用现在时态。3情态动词must一般不用于过去时，但却可以用于主句是过去时的宾语从句中。四.宾语从句的语序1 宾语从句的连接词后加陈述语序主语在前，谓语在后如：I want to know if he can come tomorrow2 当连接词本身又是宾语从句的主语时，后面直接加谓语动词如：She asked me who had helped himv 状语从句英语中,修饰动词、形容词、副词等的句子成分叫状语。状语的功用：状语说明地点、时间、原因、目的、结果、条件、方向、程度、方式和伴随状况等，根据状语的功能状语从句可分为：时

5、间状语从句、原因状语从句、目的状语从句、结果状语从句、条件状语从句。一时间状语从句：在一个句子中作时间状语的句子。时间状语的连接词：when当时候 while当时候 as当时候 after在以后 before在以前 as soon as一就 since自从到现在 till /until直到才 by the time到为止依旧是连接词后加陈述语序。1. when 当的时候一般情况下：主将从现I will become a teacher when I grow up2. while 当时He visited a lot of places while he was traveling.3. as

6、 在的同时；一边一边He smiled as he stood up.4. after 在之后He left the classroom after he had finished his homework the other day.5. before 在之前Mr. Brown had worked in a bank for a year before he came here.6. as soon as 一就(一般情况下：主将从现)We began to work as soon as we got there.I will write to you as soon as I get h

7、ome.7. since 自以来 到现在表示自过去的一个起点时间到目前(说话时间)为止的一段持续时间。主句一般用现在完成时，从句用一般过去时。Mr Green has taught in that school since he came to China three years ago.(还可以用作介词，本句从句还可以用短语：since three years ago(自三年前以来)表示。)8till /until直到都可以作连词，连接时间状语，也可以作介词，与其它词构成介词短语，在句中作状语。They walked till /until it was dark.Xiao Ming did

8、nt leave home till / until his father came back.9. by the time 到为止 (所在句子的主句应用现在或过去完成时)By the time he gets there , his father has already gone.By the time I got to school, the class had already began.用法辨析：1.when, while和as的区别When 引导的从句的谓语动词可以是延续性的动词，又可以是瞬时动词。并且when有时表示“就在那时。例如：When she came in, I stop

9、ped eating. 她进来时，我在吃饭。(瞬时动词)When I lived in the countryside, I used to carry some water for him.当的住在农村时，我常常为他担水。延续性的动词We were about to leave when he came in. 我们就要离开，就在那时他进来了。While 引导的从句的谓语动作必须是延续性的，并强调主句和从句的动作同时发生或者相对应。并且while有时还可以表示比照。例如：While my wife was reading the newspaper, I was watching TV.I

10、like playing football while you like playing basketball.我喜欢踢足球，而你喜欢打篮球。比照As 表示“一边一边，as引导的动作是延续性的动作，一般用于主句和从句动作同时发生；as也可以强调“一先一后。例如：We always sing as we walk. 我们总是边走边唱。as表示“一边一边As we was going out, it began to snow. 当我们出门时，开场下雪了。as强调句中两个动作紧接着先后发生，而不强调开场下雪的特定时间as when while都表示主、从句动作同时发生，三者差异如下：as表示“一边

11、。一边的意思when1、还可以表示从句动词的动作在主几句动词的动作之前 或之后发生。2、whenand then; at that moment (正在那个时候)3.常用于常见搭配中while1、 用于时间较长时2、 强调两个动作同时进展，并表示比照时有时这三个连词可以互换，有时不可以。lt was raining hard when (as) I got there.我到那里时，正在下大雨。( 动作同时发生，when可换为as, 但不能换为while，因为get是点动词.)When I had read the article, he called me.我看完这篇文章之后，她给我打了 。(

12、 从句动作发生在主句之前，注意时态表达，只能用when )When I got to the cinema, the film had begun.(当)我到了电影院时，电影已经开演了。(从句的动作发生在主句之后，只能用when,并要注意时态)He was about to leave, when the telephone rang.他正要离开，突然 响了。( 此时不能放在句首。主句动词一般表达 “正在 “即将.while, as不能代替She thought I was talking about her daughter, while, in fact, I was talking ab

13、out my daughter.他以为我在谈她女儿，然而，实际上在谈论我女儿。(表转折，比照，when, as都不能代替它)While the alien was buying a souvenir, the girl called the police.外星人买纪念品时，那女孩给警察打了 。(表示主句，从句的动作同时发生，while后引导的状语从句的动词必须是延续动词不能是点动词，因为它表示较长时间)Mother was worried because little Alice was ill, especially as (when/ while) father was away.妈妈担忧

14、，因为小爱丽丝病了，特别是他父亲不在家的时候。(此时as ,when, while可通用)2. 由till或until引导的时间状语从句。till和until一般情况下两者可以互换，但是在强调句型中多用until。并且要注意的是：如果主句中的谓语动词是瞬时动词时，必须用否认形式；如果主句中的谓语动词是延续性动词时，用肯定或否认形式都可以，但表达的意思不同。例如：I worked until he came back.我工作到他回来为止。I didn't work until he came back.他回来我这才开场工作。3. 由since引导的时间状语从句。since引导的从句的谓语

15、动词可以是延续性的动词，又可以是瞬时动词。一般情况下，从句谓语动词用一般过去时，而主句的谓语动词用现在完成时，表述为：现在完成时+since+一般过去时。但在It is 时间since从句的句型中，主句多用一般现在时。例如：It is five months since our boss was in Beijing.我们老板离开北京有五个月了。知识扩展1. It is since 从.以来多长时间了It is five years since we met last time.2. It is +before(。才。)It was a long time before I went to s

16、leep again.It was an hour before(until) the police arrived.二.原因状语从句：在一个句子中作时间状语的句子。连接词：由连词because, since, as引导, 也可由for, now that 等词引导1.I didnt go to school yesterday because I was ill.2. Since everybody is here, lets begin our meeting.既然。3. As you are in poor health, you should not stay up late.既然。4

17、.I asked her to stay to tea, for I had something to tell her.用法辨析：because , since , as , for辨析1because语势最强，用来说明人所不知的原因，答复why提出的问题。当原因是显而易见的或已为人们所知，就用as或 since。I didnt go, because I was afraid.Since /As the weather is so bad, we have to delay our journey.2由because引导的从句如果放在句末，且前面有逗号，那么可以用for来代替。但如果不是说

18、明直接原因，而是多种情况加以推断，就只能用for。He is absent today, because / for he is ill.He must be ill, for he is absent today.三、条件状语从句连接词：if如果, unless (=if not) 如果不、除非(让步)1.If it doesnt rain tomorrow, we will go hiking.2.I will go to the party unless he goes there too.3.You will be late unless you leave immediately.=

19、If you dont leave immediately, you will be late.条件状语从句：主将从现.He will not leave if it isnt fine tomorrow.四、目的、结果状语从句目的状语从句是指在一个句子中充当目的状语的句子。结果状语从句是指在一个句子中充当结果状语的句子目的状语从句连接词so that, sothat , in order that 引导。结果状语从句连接词sothat, suchthat, so much/manythat引导。1. sothat 如此以至于He always studied so hard that he

20、made great progress.2. so that 以至于, 以便于Ill run slowly so that you can catch up with me. (目的)I opened the window so that fresh air might come in. (目的)3. suchthat 如此以至Its such nice weather that all of us want to go to the park.4. in order that=so that 为了We shall let you know the detailssoon in order t

21、hat you can/may make your arrangements.5.比拟：so和 such其规律由so与such的不同词性决定。such 是形容词，修饰名词或名词词组，so 是副词，只能修饰形容词或副词。 so 还可与表示数量的形容词many, few, much, little连用，形成固定搭配。so nice a flowersuch a nice flowerso many / few flowerssuch nice flowersso many peoplesuch a lot of peopleso many 已成固定搭配，a lot of 虽相当于 many，但 a

22、 lot of 为名词性的，只能用such搭配。难点so+形容词或副词 so+形+a(an)+单数可数名词so +many /few+复数可数名词so +much/ little+不可数名词sothat与suchthat皆可引导目的地状语从句和结果状语从句。The boy is so young that he cant go to school.He is such a young boy that he cant go to schoolso +adj/adv.+ that， such +n.+ that 以上两种句型都表示结果so为副词,后接形容词，副词原型，可数名词前有many, fe

23、w；不可数名词前有much, little修饰时，应采用句型：so many (few, much, little )+n.such为形容词, 后只能接名词。这名词既可以地可数的，也可以是不可数的。如果这名词是可数的,那么必须在名词前加不定冠词a(an). 常见的形式是:such a (beautiful)garden, such(nice)people.五、让步状语从句让步状语从句是指在句子中作让步的状语的句子连接词：though, although.，whetheror not难点：though, although当“虽然讲, 都不能和but连用. Although/thoughbut的格

24、式是不对的.但是他们都可以同yet (still) 连用. 所以thought (although)yet(still)的格式是正确的.Wrong: Although he is rich but he is not happy.Right : Although he is rich, yet he is not happy.虽然他很富有, 然而他并不快乐.Right : Although we have grown up, our parents treat us as childrenRight : Although we have grown up, our parents still

25、treat us as children.尽管我们已经长大了,可是我们的父母仍把我们看作小孩.although, though 辨析although不能作并列连词，although不能作副词，放在词尾表示强调时要用even though.1、Even though I didnt under a word, I kept smiling. 尽管【典型例题】1 _she is young, she knows quite a lot.A. WhenB. HoweverC. AlthoughD. Unless2)ever if, even though.即使Well make a trip eve

26、n though the weather is bad.3) whetheror not不管都Whether you believe it or not, it is true.no matter 从句构造："no matter +特殊疑问词疑问词+陈述语序" 或"特殊疑问词+后缀ever+陈述语序"No matter what happened, he would not mind.Whatever happened, he would not mind.替换：no matter what = whatever no matter who = whoe

27、verno matter when = whenever no matter where = whereverno matter which = whichever no matter how = however注意：no matter 不能引导主语从句和宾语从句。错No matter what you say is not useful now.对Whatever you say is not useful now. 你现在说什么也没用了。(Whatever you say是主语从句)错Prisoners have to eat no matter what theyre given,对Pr

28、isoners have to eat whatever theyre given.囚犯们只能给什么吃什么v 定语从句定语是指在句子中用来修饰名词、代词的成分定语从句是指在一个句子中作定语的句子，定语从句要放在所修饰的词后如：I have met the doctor who is in the No.1 hospital.定语从句的连接词：1.连接代词：who、which、whom、whose、that2.连接副词：when、where、why选用连接词的关键是看先行词(定语从句所修饰的名词或代词)一、连接代词的选用：1.who指人，先行词为人,在从句中做主语Yesterday I help

29、ed an old man who lost his way.2. whom指人，先行词为人,在定语从句中充当宾语，常可省略。Mr. Liu is the person (whom) you talked about on the bus.注意：关系代词whom在口语和非正式语体中常用who代替，可省略。3.which指物，先行词为物,在定语从句中做主语或者宾语，做宾语时可省略This is the pen (which) he bought yesterday.4. that指人时，相当于who或者whom；指物时，相当于which。在定语从句中做主语或者宾语，做宾语时可省略。The num

30、ber of the people that/who come to visit the city each year rises one million.Where is the man that/whom I saw this morning?5. whose通常指人，也可指物，在定语从句中做定语,译成".的"He has a friend whose father is a doctor.指物时，常用以下构造来代替Do you like the book whose cover is yellow?=Do you like the book the color of

31、which is yellow?介词+连接代词引导的定语从句连接代词在定语从句中做介词宾语时,从句常由介词+连接代词引导The school (that/which) he once studied in is very famous.The school in which he once studied is very famous.注意：1. 含有介词的动词短语一般不拆开使用，如：look for, look after, take care of等This is the watch which/that I am looking for. (T)This is the watch for

32、 which I am looking. (F)2. 假设介词放在连接代词前，连接代词指人时用whom，不可用who或者that；指物时用which，不能用that；连接代词是所有格时用whoseThe man with whom you talked is my friend.The plane in which we flew to Canada is very comfortable. (T)3. “介词+连接代词前可有some, any, none, both, all, neither, most, each, few等代词或者数词He loved his parents deepl

33、y, both of whom are very kind to him.In the basket there are quite many apples, some of which have gone bad.There are forty students in our class in all, most of whom are from big cities二、连接副词的选用：1. when指时间，在定语从句中做时间状语I still remember the day when I first came to the school.2. where指地点，在定语从句中做地点状语Sh

34、anghai is the city where I was born.3. why指原因，在定语从句中做原因状语Please tell me the reason why you missed the plane.注意：关系副词引导的从句可以由“介词+关系代词引导的从句替换The reason why/ for which he refused the invitation is not clear,From the year when/in which he was going to school he began to know what he wanted when he grew u

35、p.Great changes have taken place in the city in which./where I was born.三、判断关系代词和关系副词的方法: 准确判断先行词在定语从句中的成分(主、谓、宾、定、状)例1. Is this the museum _ you visited a few days ago?A. whereB. thatC. on whichD. the one例2. Is this the museum _ the exhibition was held?A. whereB. thatC. on whichD. the one关系词的选择依据在从

36、句中所做的成分，先行词在从句中做主、定、宾语时，选择关系代词(who, whom, that, which, whose)；先行词在从句中做状语时，应选择关系副词( where 地点状语，when 时间状语，why 原因状语)四、介词+连接词用法说明1介词后面的关系词不能省略。2that前不能有介词。3某些在从句中充当时间，地点或原因状语的"介词+关系词"构造可以同关系副词when ,where和why 互换如：This is the house in which I lived two years ago.This is the house where I lived t

37、wo years ago.Do you remember the day on which you joined our club?Do you remember the day when you joined our club?This is the reason why he came late. This is the reason for which he came late.五限制性定语从句和非限制性定语从句限制性定语从句举例：china is a country which has a long history.非限制性定语从句举例：his mother, wholoves him

38、 very much, is strict with him.要注意区分以下几个句子的不同his brother who is now a doctor always encourages him to go to college.他那当医生的哥哥常鼓励他要考上大学。他还有其他的哥哥his brother, who is now a doctor, always encourages him to go to college.他的哥哥是当医生的，常鼓励他要考上大学。他只有一个哥哥关系代词as和which 引导的定语从句as和which引导非限制性定语从句，有一样之处也有不同之处。具体情况是：1

39、as和which都可以在定语从句中做主语或者宾语，代表前面整个句子。(1) he married her, as/which was natural.(2) he was honest, as/which we can see.2. as引导非限制性定语从句，可放在主句之前，或者主句之后，甚至可以切割一个主句；which引导的非限制性定语从句只能放在主句之后。另外，as有“正如，正像的意思as is known to all, china is a developing country.he is from the south, as we can see from his accent.jo

40、hn, as you know, is a famous writer.he has been to paris more than several times, which i don't believe.注意：当主句和从句存在逻辑上的因果关系时，常用whichtom was always late for school, which made his teacher angry.3. 领先行次受such, the same修饰时，常用asi have never heard such a story as he tells.he is not such a fool as he l

41、ooks.this is the same book as i lost last week.注意：领先行次由the same修饰时，偶尔也用that引导定语从句，但是和由as 所引导的定语从句意思不同she wore the same dress that she wore at mary's wedding.她穿着她在mary婚礼上穿过的一条裙子。she wore the same dress as her young sister wore.她穿着和她妹妹所穿的一样的裙子。以the way为先行词的定语从句通常由in which, that引导，而且通常可以省略。the way

42、in which/ that/./ he answered the question was surprising.but 有时也可以做关系词引导定语从句there are very few but understand his idea. ( but= who don't )定语从句只能用that的几种情况1领先行词是anything, everything, nothing (something 除外), few, all, none, little, some等代词时，或者是由every, any, all, some, no, little, few, much等修饰时Have

43、 you taken down everything that Mr. Li has said?All that can be done has been done.There is little that I can do for you.注意：领先行词指人时，偶尔也可以用whoAny man that/who has a sense of duty wont do such a thing.2. 领先行词被序数词修饰The first place that they visited in London was the Big Ben.3. 领先行词被形容词最高级修饰时This is the

44、 best film that I have seen.4. 当形容词被the very, the only 修饰时This is the very good dictionary that I want to buy,领先行词指人时，偶尔也可以用whoWang Hua is the only person in our school who will attend the meeting？5. 领先行词前面有who, which等疑问代词时Who is the man that is standing there?6. 领先行词既有人，也有动物或者物体时Can you remember th

45、e scientist and his theory that we have learned?v 同位语从句一一般来说，在主从复合句中，用作同位语的从句叫同位语从句。它通常跟在某些名词之后，用以说明或解释该名词表示的具体内容。可以跟同位语从句的名词通常有：advice, decision, fact, hope, idea, information, message, news, promise, proposal, reply, report, suggestion, word消息，problem， question, doubt, thought等。They were delighted

46、 at the news thattheir team had won.有时同位语从句可以不紧跟在被说明的名词后面，而被别的词隔开。如：The thought came to him that Tom might have returned the book.二引导词1.The news thatMr. Li will be our new English teacher is true.2. He hasnt made the decision whether he will go there.3. The questionwho should do the work is being di

47、scussed at the meeting.4. I have no idea what the boy is doing in the next room now.5. We havent yet settled the question wherewe are going to spend our summer vacation this year.6. I have no idea howI can get to the railway station.7. I have no idea whenhe will be back小结：that引导同位语从句时无词义，也不充当任何成分，但通

48、常不可以省略，如句1；whether引导同位语从句时意为“是否，通常不能用if来代替,如句2;连接代词who, what等可以引导同位语从句，如句3， 4；连接副词where, how, when等可以引导同位语从句， 如句5，6，7。(三) that 引导的同位语从句和定语从句意义不同：同位语从句用来进一步说明前面名词的内容；而定语从句用来修饰、限定前面的先行词。试比拟：1. The news that our team has won the final match is encouraging.2. The news that you told us is really encourag

49、ing.that的功能不同：that引导同位语从句时是一个纯连词，不充当任何成分；而引导定语从句时，不仅起连接作用，而且还指代先行词并在从句中充当主语、宾语等成分。试比拟：1. Dad made a promise that he would buy me a CD player if I passed the English test.2. Dad made a promise that excited all his children.可否省略：that在引导同位语从句时，通常不可省略。在引导定语从句时，假设在从句中作宾语，通常可以省略，假设作主语那么不可以省略。v 主语从句1 由连词th

50、at引导的主语从句:引导词that无含义,在句中不做成分,不可以省。That you will win the medal seems unlikely.你想获得奖牌看起来是不可能的。2 用连词whether 引导的主语从句:whether有含义(是否),在句中不做成分,不可以省。Whether she is coming or not doesnt matter too much.她来不来都无关紧要。3 用连接代词引导的主语从句(在由连接代词who, whose, whom, which, what, whoever, whomever, whichever, whatever引导的名词性从

51、句中，其连接代词在句中起名词性作用，担当一定成分).What you need is more practice.你所需要的是更多的训练。Whatever we do is to serve the people.我们无论做什么都是为人民效劳。4用连接副词when, where, why, how引导的名词性从句(其连接副词有含义,在句中作状语。)Where we should leave it is a problem.注意1.it 做形式主语,而将主语从句放在句末尤其是当谓语较短时。That light travels in straight lines is known to all.=

52、It is known to all that light travels in straight lines.众所周知光沿直线传播。(当what引导的主语从句表示“的东西时，一般不用it作形式主语。)错:It is a book what he wants.对:What he wants is a book. 他想要的是本书。固定用法和译法1It is +名词+从句It is a fact that 事实是It is good news that 是好消息It is a question that 是个问题It is common knowledge that 是常识类似的名词还有：a pi

53、ty；a wonder；a good thing；no wonder；surprise等。2It is +形容词+从句It is necessary that 有必要It is clear that 很清楚It is likely that 很可能It is important that 重要的是类似的形容词还有：strange; natural; obvious; true; good; wonderful; possible; unlikely; quite; unusual; certain; evident; worth-while; surprising; interesting;

54、astonishing, etc.3It is +过去分词+从句It is said that 据说It is reported that 据报道It has been proved that 已证明It must be proved that 必须指出类似的过去分词还有：known; estimated; expected; believed; thought; hoped; noted; discussed; required; decided; suggested; demanded; made clear; found out,etc.。当“及物动词+ 宾语较短时，也可用这种构造。It

55、 shocked me that Peter did not tell anybody where he was.让我吃惊的是彼得没有告诉任何人他在哪里。2.只用whether不用if引导主语从句.v 表语从句一. 在复合句中作表语的从句, 就叫做表语从句。表语从句一般放在系动词之后,构造是“主语+系动词+表语从句。连系动词：be动词、表示持续的系动词keep, remain, stay、感官动词feel(摸起来，感觉) , smell(闻起来) , sound(听起来) , taste(尝起来，吃起来) 等、表示变化的系动词become, grow, turn, fall, get, go,

56、、表终止的系动词prove, turn out(结果是，证明是)、seem, appear看起来···连系动词通常不用于被动语态和进展时态中。He has become what he wanted to be ten years ago.他已经成为了他10年前想成为的。His suggestion is that we should stay calm.他的建议是，我们应该保持冷静。二表语从句的引导词1.附属连词：that / whether /as if /as though/as/because(1) that引导表语从句本身没有词义，在句中只起连接作用，不充当句子成分，一般不能省略。That fact is that more than seventy percent of the earths surface is covered by water.连接词that一般不能省略，但当主句中含动词do的某种形式时，that可以省略。What I want to do is (that) I can go up to him and thank him. 我想做的事是走到身边去感谢他。(2) whether引导表语从句表示“是否,但不充当句子的成分。The q