as_though和that引导的倒装让步状语从句

1、知识集锦as、though和that弓导的倒装让步状语从句邢殿普© 1994-2010 China Academic Journal Electronic Publishing House. All rights reserved. hltp:A'、ki.ncl© 1994-2010 China Academic Journal Electronic Publishing House. All rights reserved. hltp:A'、ki.ncl让步状语从句表示某种障碍或不利的情况, 但这些因素并不能阻止主句动作的发生。让步状 语从句一般由从属连词

2、although, though、even if 和even though等引导，从句一般用正常语序。但 在正式语体或文学作品中，为了强调让步意义, 也可用as、though和that引导倒装的让步状语从 句，这三个词均表示“虽然”、“尽管”、“无论” 等让步意义。在英语考试中，经常考查这种特殊 的表达方式，而这些特殊用法又是教学中容易忽 视或强调不够的薄弱环节，并且有些语法书在论 述这类倒装句时经常出错，他们对这三个词的用 法区别要么避而不谈，要么混为一谈，所以很有 必要对该类倒装句进行探讨。英语中的让步状语从句在意义上与主句相反, 实际上却使主句的意义更进一步，并使其在语义 上更加鲜明。而

3、倒装的让步状语从句更加强调了 让步意义，它比正常语序的让步状语从句语气更 强烈。如：Small as it was, the robe was too big for him.这 罩衫虽然小，可给他穿却太大了。Small as it was 意思 上等于 Though it was small,但修辞效果却不一样。后者为一般的让步 状语从句，句子重心在主句；而前者不仅强调主 句，也强调从句，通过强调从句反衬主句。下面笔者结合高考英语试题，谈一谈这类倒 装句的几种类型，对这三个从属连词的用法进行区分，并提示使用这些句型时应注意的几个问题。一、倒装句的几个句型1句型I：表语（形容词）+ as /

4、though / that +主语+连系动词1）, his idea was accepted by all thepeople at the meeting. （2007 年高考重庆卷）A. Strange as might it soundB. As it might sound strangeC. As strange it might soundD. Strange as it might sound2）Unsatisfiedwith the payment, hetook the job just to get some work experience. （2009年高考重庆卷）A.

5、 though was heB. though he wasC. he was thoughD. was he though在句型I中所用的动词通常为表示“是”、 “看起来”、“听起来”等意义的连系动词，如be, seem, appear, sound等，在句首的形容词其实是作 这些动词的表语，但为了强调让步意义而把它们 前移至句首。从句的主语与谓语的顺序为：主语 是代词、连系动词是be时，主语位于be之前； 从句的主语若是名词，这时要视主语的长短而定： 如主语不长，可把它放在be之前或之后；若主 语比校长，还是把它放在be之后为好（杨元兴, 2007 ：10 如：I 97 1Proud as

6、 these nobles are / Proud as are these nobles, they are afraid to see me尽管这些贵族很高 傲，但他们却害怕见我。（主语较短）But great as is the influence of the motives we have been considering, there is one which outweighs them all.虽然我们一直在考虑的一些动机具有重大 影响，但有一种影响要超过所有这些动机。（主语 较长）Strange as it sounds, I was so in love with her

7、that I believed her.尽管听起来很怪，但我是如此爱 她所以相信了她的话。Wounded as he was. he refused to come back from the front.他虽然受了伤，但仍然坚持不下火 线。Exhausted though she was, there was no hope of her being able to sleep.虽然她精疲力竭，但还是睡 不着。Difficult that the task was, they managed to accomplish it in time.虽然任务很艰巨，但他们还 是设法及时完成了。2.

8、句型 II：表语（名词）+ as / though / that + 主语+连系动词, he talks a lot about his favorite singers after class. （2005年高考重庆卷）A. A quiet student as he may beR. Quiet student as he may beC. Be a quiet student as he mayD. Quiet as he may be a student句型II与句型I基本相同，只是充当表语的 是名词，连系动词为be。这时要特别注意：位于 句首的名词前习惯上不用冠词。如：Boy as

9、/ though / that he is, he likes to play with girls.他虽是个男孩，却喜欢与女孩玩。Newcomer as / though / that he is. he knows whats the right thing to do.尽管他是个新手.他却 知道该做些什么。Child though he was. he knew something of electricity.虽然他是孩子，却懂得一些电的知识。Strong man that he is. he has been severely put1981to test during the pa

10、st few weeks.尽管他是个很强壮 的人，但他在过去的几个星期中经受了严峻的考 验。3. 句型ID：状语（副词）+ as / though +主语 +谓语（+宾语）, I have never seen anyone who's as capable as John. （2001 年高考上海卷）A. As long as I have travelledB. Now that I have travelled so muchC. Much as I have travelledD. As I have travelled so much如果从句中有修饰谓语动词的副词，我们可 将

11、其前移至从句之首。as / though之后的成分按照 “主语+谓语（+宾语）”的语序排列。从句中的 谓语动词都是行为动词而非连系动词。that般不 用于此句型。如：Fast as you read, you can't finish the book in two days.尽管你读得很快，你也不能在两天之内 读完这本书。Much as I admire his courage, I don't think he acted wisely.尽管我钦佩他的勇气，但我认为他的 举动并不明智。Hard as he worked at English, he didn't p

12、ass the exam.他在英语上下了不少工夫，却没有通过考 试。Carefully as I typed, I made several mistakes.尽 管我打字很细心，但还是出了些错误。Rashly as he acted, he had some excuse.虽然他 的举止鲁莽，但也不是没有理由。Bravely though they fought, they had no chance of winning.他们虽然英勇战斗，却毫无获胜的机 会。4. 句型IV：主动词+ as / though +主语+助 动词, Carolina couldn't get the d

13、oor open.（2005年高考广东卷）A. Try as she mightB. As she might tryC. She might as tryD. Might she as try如果从句中没有修饰谓语动词的副词，我们 © 1994-2010 China Academic Journal Electronic Publishing House. All rights reserved. hltp:A'、ki.ncl可将谓语中的主动词(即动词原形)前移至从句 句首，从句的主语后通常跟will、would、may和 might等情态助动词。主动词如带有宾语，它们一

14、起前移至句首。此句型中的主动词多为行为动词。 that般不用于此句型。如：Search as they would, they could find nobody in the house.尽管他们搜索了房子，但没找到任何 人。Detest him as you may, we must acknowledge his greatness.你也许讨厌他，但我们必须承认他的 伟大。Try as we might, we could not bring him around to accept our views.不管我们做了多少努力，还是 不能使他接受我们的看法。Sneer unkindly t

15、hough you may. John is very popular.尽管你可能恶意讥笑，约翰可是非常受人 欢迎。在此句型中，若没有上述主语后的情态助动 词，主动词前移后，我们就要根据句子的时态, 在从句的主语后选用助动词do的适当形式(do/ does/did)0 如：Try as he does、he always fails in exams.无论他 怎么努力，考试总是不及格。Fail as I did, I would try again.虽然失败了，我 还要冉试一次。Lose money as I did, I got a lot of experience.尽 管亏了钱，但是我得

16、到了不少经验。二、as、though和that的用法区别在一些英语语法书和论文中，作者没有对这 三个从属连词的用法进行区分，有些论述甚至是 错误的。例如张鑫友(1993)说，“从属连词as 和tha【引导的让步状语只能用倒装语序。这时, as、that和though三个连词可以通用。”他举岀了 下列例句：Crowded as (that / though) the restaurant was, they tried to find a table.虽然餐馆里挤满了人，他 们还是试图找到了一个桌位。Early as (that / though) we got there, our teach

17、er was there before us.尽管我们到那里很早，我们的 老师还是比我们先到。Search that (though / as) they would, they could find nothing in the house.尽管他们搜索了房子，但 却什么东西也找不到。笔者认为，在上述三个句子中，只有第一个 是符合规范的I that不能用于第二和第三个句子 中。从一些权威的英语语法书的论述看来，这三 个词在使用的频率和语气上都是有区别的：1. 它们的使用频率有高低之分在这三个词中，as的使用频率最高though 次之，而that的使用频率最低。as和though在 上述四个句

18、型中可以互换使用，但以as为常见。 只有在句型I和句型II中这三个词才可以换用， 在句型III和句型IV中一般不能用that。夸克 (1989)说，“that也可以用在像as样的强制性 语序中表示让步，但在美国英语中只有作主语补 语的名词短语可以前置；但是在英国英语中， 一个作主语补语的形容词短语也可放到句首。”他 举了以下两个例句：-Fool that he was, he managed to evade his pursuers. (= Even though he was a fooL.)尽管他很 傻，但他还是设法摆脱了追赶他的人。Poor that they were, they g

19、ave money to charity. (=Even though they were poor.)虽然他们很穷， 但他们还是捐钱给慈善事业。根据他的说法，在此句型中，只有表语(形 容词或名词)在句首时才能使用that,而状语(副 词)或主动词在句首时不能使用that。2. 它们的语气有强弱之分从语气上说，as的语气最为强烈，而though 和that的语气则弱一些。三、使用此类句型时要注意的几个问题1. 倒装语序的强制性与非强制性在让步状语从句中，倒装语序对于though来 说是非强制性的，即though引导的从句可以采用 倒装语序，也可采用正常语序；而对于as和that 来说，采用倒装

20、语序是强制性的，因为as和thatI 99 | 若在句首就不是让步状语从句了。如：Old hand though he was, this had flustered him. （可转涣为：Though he was an old hand,.）他虽然 老练，但这事还是使他慌张。Child as he is, he can tell black from white.（不 能转换为：As he is a child, .）虽然他是个孩子, 但他能分辨是非。Strong man that he is, he can not lift that big stone.（不能转换为：That he i

21、s a strong man,.）他 虽然是个壮汉，也举不起那块大石头。2. as引导的倒装的从句是表示让步还是表示 原因血引导的倒装语序的从句，有时表示让步, 有时表示原因。这两类从句在结构形式上完全相 同，所以只能从上下文和句子内容两个方面来区 分它们（吴晓真，1995）。首先应该将采用该结构的句子放到上下文中 去理解，而不要把它们孤立起来。如：Youngsters as we were, we liked this kind of music.虽然/因为我们是年轻人，我们喜欢这种 音乐。这时，读者应该先看一下上下文，搞清楚 “这种音乐”是哪一种音乐，然后才能正确理解 这个句子。如果这种音

22、乐指的是京剧，一般年轻 人不喜欢，这时就应把该句理解为：Although we were youngsters, we liked this kind of music.（虽然 我们是年轻人，但我们喜欢这种音乐。）该从句表 达的是让步。如果这种音乐指的是流行音乐，这 时就应把该句理解为：Since /As/ Because we were youngsters, we liked this kind of music.（因为我们 是年轻人，所以我们喜欢这种音乐。）该从句表达 的是原因。其次，要认真研究这种句子的从句与主句之 间的语义关系：如果从句与主句之间在意义上是 相互对立的关系，从句为让步

23、状语从句；如果从 句与主句之间是正常的因果关系，从句则为原因 状语从句。如：I could feel the chilliness of the church, beautiful as "w©教堂虽然很標亮，但我却觉得它阴森森的。在上例中，chilliness是一种使人不舒服的感 |100|觉，而beautiful则是一种使人愉悦的感觉，因此 两个相互对立的感觉就决定了该从句表示的是让 步关系。再如：The Carnival was an extremely colourful affair, dominated as it was by exhilarating performances of samba.振奋人心的桑巴舞表演使狂欢节成为一场 五彩缤纷的盛事。句中的 colourful 和 exhilarating