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1、初中英语语法基点与练习 第一部分 英语基础知识(常识)一 世界上讲英语的国家联合国工作语言之一二 字母 26 印刷体1 书写体 大 写 书写形式 小 写 2其中y有时作为元音字母,有时作为辅音字母。3注意大小写字母的书写笔顺,笔划和连笔方式。4大写字母的条件:1) 句子开头的第一个字母。a.句号、问号、惊叹号后面的句首单词首字母大写。b.在冒号后面, 如果是一个句子,其开头首字母大写;如果不是句子则不大写。 The angels told the shepherds: The special boy had been born . The universes means: the earth,

2、 the sun, the moon and the stars, and the space between them.c.在逗号,分号后不大写。The future is bright; the road is tortuous. 注意:如果直接引语中间有插入语,直接引语的前半部分用逗号,后半部分开头词不大写;前半句若用句号、问号、叹号,或插入语用了问号,后半句开头词大写。2) 姓和名的首字母。3) 国家,城市,乡镇等的地名的首字母。4) 表示民族概念的词。5) 职务或称呼首字母。6) 字母“I”表示“我”时永远大写。7) 专写名词和作为序号的名词的首字母8) 专有名词的首字母缩写9) 诗

3、歌的每行开头一般都要大写。10) 节日、月份和星期几首字母,但季节首字母不大写。 11) 书刊报纸电影歌曲等的名字要大写。其规则如下: 第一词汇首字母 除冠词、介词、和and , or , as 等词之外, 其余的都大写 单音节词不大写12) 称呼语和职称与人名连用时要大写 13) 全大写5字母中可单独作为单词:a , I 三 语音1 音素 元音:单元音 前元音,中元音,后元音 双元音 辅音:爆破音、摩擦音、破擦音、边侧音、鼻音2 音标3 国际音标4 音节5 开音节发音规则6 闭音节7 重读闭音节及发音规则8 R 音节9 字母组合10 字母组合及其发11 重音 单词中重音分布规律 1)单音节词

4、 2)双音节词 3)多音节词12 句子重音13 重读14 语调15 连读16 失去爆破17 节奏18 同化第二部分 词汇 一、构词法:1、派生 词根 词缀: 前缀,后缀2、合成 homesick three-legged well-known one-eyed 合成词构成中的名次非最后名词没有复数,例如,five-year-old 3、转化、词性之间的转化带来用法的不同 n-v: co lour v-n: wash ,smoke go , swim adj-v. prep-adv 二名词 1名词的分类 名词 2名词的数 主谓一致关系 Eg: The woman with two girls _

5、 standing under the tree.(are/is) 3名词变复数的规则变化和不规则变化 (一)规则变化: 单词以“辅音字母+y”结尾 单词以s,x,sh,ch,结尾 单词以字母o 结尾 :有生命的名词: 词后加-s, 如:tomato, potato , hero 无生命的名词:词后加-es 如: 单词以 f,fe 结尾。(初中阶段) 一般情况: Germans(二). 不规则变化1.man-men woman-women child-children2.people-people sheep-sheep Chinese, Japanese3.zoo, zero, photo,

6、 radio kilo-s tomato, potato hero -es4.knife , wife, half knives, wives, halves 4.名词的量化表达:1) 可数名词 a basket of applestwo boxes of books2)不可数名词:three bottles of milk five small pieces of blue paper3) 成双、成对,视为单数: A pair of glasses is on the table. (注意主谓一致) 5.名词的格 普通格(又称通格,即名词本身) 所有格;1)A and Bs: 两者共同所有

7、eg: This is Lucy and Lilys room. 2)As and Bs 两者分别所有 eg: These are Lucy and Lilys rooms.3.所有格的构成:) 单数名词:单词不以s 结尾: 在词尾加 “ s ” 单词以s 结尾, 在词尾加 “s” 或 “ s ”) 以s结尾的复数:在词尾加 “ ” (表示有生命的东西才有所有格)*特殊例子.1)时间和距离 ten minutes walk a few months time todays newspaper2)由人组成的集体:the Parts stand 立场)国家和城市Taiwans Park4)某些无生

8、命的东西the worlds population注:凡是不能用所有格的名词,用of结构名词的作用)主语)宾语)定语,即名词修饰名词a boy friend-boy friends a woman teacher -women teachers an apple tree-apple trees 注:“名词+名词”变复数规则三代词 代词的种类: 人称代词 物主代词 反身代词 相互代词 指示代词 疑问代词 关系代词 不定代词 人称代词、物主代词、反身代词“全家福”数词类第一人称第二人称第三人称人称代词单数复数单数复数单数复数主格Iweyouyouhesheitthey宾格meusyouyouhi

9、mheritthem物主代词形容词性myouryouryourhisheritstheir名词性mineoursyoursyourshishersitstheirs反身代词myselfourselvesyourselfyourselveshimselfherselfitselfthemselves3人称代词: 做主语用主格 做宾语用宾格(用于动词或介词后),人称代词的顺序:并列时,“I”总放在后:you, he and I ; you , he and me 4.物主代词: My shoes are more expensive than yours. 构成双重属格: a book of yo

10、urs three friends of theirs5.反身代词.1) 构成规则: 2) 用法: 和主语共用,用以强调3)6.相互代词:each other , one another 可以有所有格:each others7指示代词:this, that, these, those用以代指前面提到的人和事物。 在反意疑问句中it they8.疑问代词:who, whom , what , whose, which 引导另一从句时又叫关系代词或连接代词。 9不定代词 和:some thing 任意组合的合成词 every bodyno oneany where (bothand , eithe

11、r.or, neithernor.)不定代词要注意主语和谓语一致和反意疑问句eg:Either of the books is good。 Either book is good。 Neither of the dictionaries is useful。 Neither dictionary is useful。 Eitheror,neithernor中的就近原则。 Either you or he is in trouble。 Neither he nor you are interested in Biology。2.用法: 修饰词后置every和no 只能作定语,注意和动词的搭配 E

12、ach of them has a basketball in handThey each have been there.None of them was late for the party, was he/werent they?All is going well.9. 代词和冠词(a,an,the)不能并列使用,冠词被省略10.替代代词 this, that/those, one/ones 四 数词 1基数词 ) 基数词的读法a 倒数第一个逗号读做 thousandb 倒数第二个逗号读做 millionc 倒数第三个逗号读做 billion d 非整百,每读完hundred加“and”

13、(规则已有些陈旧,在某些现代英语尤其是美国英语中and 似乎可以省略) 基数词的写法倒数,每三位数字加逗号“,”。 2.序数词 1,2,3, 特殊记,8减t, 9减e,5和12换ve。整拾把y变ie。其余个序以上基。1)1-3 first , second, third2)4-19: (-th) fifth ,eighth ,ninth ,twelfth3)整+位(不含ten)tytieth4).十位+个位只在个位上用序数词,十位以上用基数词,eg: the fortysecond5)序数词前用定冠词the.但序数词前有其他修饰语时,不用。 Eg:my first teacher 我的启蒙老师

14、 His second wife 他的第二任妻子序数词与冠词序数词前常用定冠词的情况:1。表示编号和顺序的序数词前常用定冠词2 序数词本省用作名词(后边无其他名词) The first is the best of all. Who is the fourth in the exam?3。表示位次的序数词前常用定冠词序数词前用不定冠词 表示“又一”序数词前可以省略冠词1.表示日期 October 1st Chinas National Day. 2。表示职位 He was elected president of the university. 3.表示等级时 用于文章标题注释中用于某些街道名

15、称中序数词前不用冠词 1某些习惯用语以及专用名词前at first 2序数次被用作副词His name stands first on the list. 3.序数记号为名词所有格、物主代词或形容词等所限定时Thats my first English teacher. 4.序数词和名词构成的复合形容词 They are all second-raters. 5.序数词用作名词复数时 There are all firsts. 3.数词的具体用法 用以表示时刻、日期、课次、班会、年级、页码、公交路线、电话号码 分数:先读分子,后读分母。分子、分母中间不用“”,分子基数词,分母序数词, 分子大于

16、1时分母用基数词 复数。有时候也用如下方式表达分数: 基数词+in+基数词 ,例如,three in every ten 基数词+of (out of) 基数词 例如,one out of ten 4百分数:基数词% (percent, per cent ) 5小数 小数点读做,小数点前用基数词读出,小数点后各个一一用基数词读出。6数次参与的比较:71)比。大/小 。倍:倍数+比较级+than 2) 是。的倍数: be +倍数+as as Be +倍数+名词+of eg: Im over twice the age of you. 3) 是。的量度倍数: 倍数+the size/length/

17、width of 。五 介词 1时间地点 互有交叉方向方位in the sun 在阳光下 介词词组作定语1)with 构成的介词短语做定语(后置修饰语)时,不参与主语的单复数。The woman with a baby in her arms was very hungry。with a bag on his back , a cake with meat in it,a cup of tea with nothing(sugar, milk)in it.2)with/without 构成的短语,注意英汉差异。He went to school without breakfast。With a

18、 polite“Goodbye”,he left the hall。With the help of =with ones help3动词与介词的搭配4介词与表语形容词的搭配eg: be for or against5.介词与人称代词、动词的搭配六 连词:1 并列连词:but , and , or (或),so(所以)句子结构,时态的一致 2,从属连词:after ,as , because , before ,if , since , than , though , till , when , whether, while 注意主句和从句的关系 当主句是一般将来时或者是祈使句时,状语从句中用

19、一般现在时态。尤其注意if 引导得从句。七 形容词1 形容词作为名词的前置修饰语,但做不定代词的修饰语后置。例如,something interesting注意:形容词的排列顺序颜色、外观、性质、特征常见中心名词前的修饰语详细排列顺序为: 冠词 描绘性形容词 大小 新旧 颜色 类别形容词 类别名词 +中心名词a描绘性形容词:长短,高矮,粗细,胖瘦等等。b类别: 性质、特征、质地、产地等等。2 表语形容词只能作表语,即只能用在系动词(见动词部分)后。 alone ,asleep ,afraid ,etc。3 It +be +adj。+动词不定式结构 eg:It is important to b

20、e polite。He is too tired to go any further。The child is too young to go to school。这种结构可以演化为:It is very kind of you to do that.It is very important for you to do that.注意此时of与for的用法区别.当主句形容词与动词不定式的逻辑主语构成性格与品质的评价时, 介词用of .反之,用for . 某些固定句型:It is +no +名词+ -ing eg: Its no use talking to him, hell never un

21、derstand you . Its a waste of time doing that. 4.形容词作宾语补足语keep,find,seem ,feel, sound , taste, smell. Look,become, turn, get, stay, fall, gokeep sth/sb cool/clean/tidy I find it very interesting。 5两类形容词的区别:1)表示心理感觉的形容词ing 形式和ed形式:ing形式表示主语让客体得到的一种心理感觉。eg:a piece of surprising newsAn interesting pict

22、ureed 形容词表示主语本身的一种心理活动或心里感觉。eg:He is interested in science。 We were surprised at his surprising words。2) 表示动作过程的形容词的ing形式和ed 形式:ing形式表示动作正在进行中eg:China is a developing country。The sleepig baby is Mr。Yangs.ed形式表示动作的完成和被动eg:Germany is one of the developed countries。 A pair of broken glasses 表示心理动态或者说是心

23、理感觉的形容词的-ing和ed形式的区别。 Ing形容词:表示主语本身的心理活动。 Ed形容词:表示主语给客体带来的心理动态。 6形容词的比较级、最高级的构成方法以及用法:(一)比较等级的构成根据音节英语中的单词分为单音节词,双音节词和多音节词三部分。规则变化中分两种情况: 1)规则变化:1单音节词和某些双音节词 加er ,est1)2)3)4).2多音节词和某些双音节词前加more, most 3。不规则变化: 4经过了词形变化以后构成的词比较等级前加more ,most. 5。某些容易被忽视的形容词的比较等级 More+ free/true/famous/often (二)原级的用法: 1

24、。修饰形容词原级的副词: very,so, too , enough, quite 2 .as(so). as 否定句的汉语理解为“不如。”(三)比较级的用法: 1比较的前提:同种、同属或者同类。2两者之间做比较3 句中若有“of the two”字样,形容词比较级前加“the “ The taller of the two boys is my younger brother. 4“越来越”的表达:1)the+比较级。,the+比较级eg:The harder you work, the more you get。2)and连接两个相同的比较级eg: wetter and wetter mo

25、re and more beautiful 5含有比差的比较 ,比差先于比较级在句中的位置: He is three years older than I /me. He is three times older than I /me. He is three times as older as I/me. 6倍数与半数的表达 5比较级前可用的副词或词组:much, much better ,much more ,even , a little, a lot , a bit , far(more) still ,rather, any 6the + 比较级 of the two7Than 后的

26、替代词:1)如果前文是名词,替代时可以用one/ones, that/those These machines are better than those ones . This machine is much cheaper than that one . The cheap machine is worse than the expensive one.The population of Shanghai is larger than that of Daqing .The flowers in our car are more beautiful than those in yours

27、2)如果前文是代词,可以用人称代词的主格或者是宾格替代,有时可以用形容词性物主代词。 He does his homework better than me/I. My feet are bigger than yours .3)如果前文是动词,than后承接主语后的动词,但实义动词则用助动词替代。 He can walk faster than I (can). I went to see his uncle more than he did. (四)最高级的用法 the +最高级+比较范围 (in , of ) 形容词的最高级前要用the ,但是如果最高级前有物主代词,指示代词,或者是名词

28、所有格时,the 省略。 (五)1 既作形容词又作动词的有: clean, tidy, empty, dry 2 既作形容词又作副词的有: early , late , fast , hard (六)比较等级之间的转换 1原级、比较级和最高级之间的转换: He is the tallest student in his class. He is taller than any other student in his class. He is taller than the other students in his class. He is taller than the others in

29、 his class.He is taller than anyone else in his class. None of the other students is taller than he in his class. No one is as tall as he in the city. 2主宾转换引起的比较转换 He is taller than she. She is shorter than he. She isnt as tall as he. Music is more important than art, I think. Art isnt so/as importa

30、nt as music, I think. Art is less difficult than music. 3。主语在被比较范围之内的排除: He is the tallest student in his class. He is taller than any other student in his class. He is taller than the other students in his class. He is taller than the others in his class.He is taller than anyone else in his class.

31、None of the other students is taller than he in his clas长,宽,高,远,深,厚 等量度的表达: 数 + 量 +adj。 数 + 量 in +n强化练习( ) 1. Which does Jimmy like        ,Chinese or Art?    A. well B. best C. better D. much( )2. The Changjiang River is one

32、 of        in the world.A. the longest river B. longest rivers C. the longest rivers D. longer rivers( )3.     of the two women is Mrs Brown.     A. The beautiful    B. The more beautiful

33、60;   C. More beautiful    D. The most beautiful( )4. My mooncake is nicer      his.     A. like    B. with    C. for    D. than ( )5. You are fatter than    .&

34、#160;  A. he     B. his     C. him    D. he is tall( )6. My hair is longer than     . A. my sister   B. Kate   C. my brothers    D. Lucys( )7. There are    

35、; paper here .Please bring some. A. little B. less C. fewer   D. a little( )8. The pen is    than that one.   A. more cheap   B. cheap C. much cheaper D. quite cheaper( )9.Tom speaks Chinese    

36、better than Jimmy.   A. more   B. very   C. a lot of D. much ( )10.There are     girls in Class Two than in Class Four.  A. more B. nicest C. most D. best ( )11.Who has      apples now, Jim,

37、 Lily or Lucy?     A. much B. biggest C. better D. the most ( )12.You have more rulers than me. But       are nicer than       .A. mine, yours B. mine, your C. my, yours D. my, you

38、r( )13.Tingting is      than Meimei, but Meimei is    than Tingting.      A. tall, stronger   B. taller, strongest C. tallest, strong   D. taller, stronger( )14.Mother is     

39、 in my family.      A. busy B. busier C. the busiest D. more busy( )15.There are     in the park on Sunday. A. more children B. a lot of people   C. much men and women D. many peoples( )16.The dumplings are

40、0;   than the noodles, I think.      A. more nicer      B. much delicious   C. very nice            D. much more delicious( )17.-This blue sweater is too big for me .-Wil

41、l you please show me a      one?      A. small          B. smaller          C. the smallest         D. smallest( )1

42、8. We had better do the work better with _ money and _ people.         A. little, fewer          B. little, few             C. less, fewer   

43、;             D. less, few ( )19. Of the two children, the boy looks _ than that girl.         A. the taller              B. the t

44、allest             C. a little tall                   D. taller( )20. The river is _ than that one.       

45、0; A. wide and deep      B. wider and deeper C. widest and deepest     D. wide and deeper二、用所给词的适当形式填空1.Your classroom is         (wide)and         (bright)than ours.2.Th

46、ere are         (few)hours of sunlight a day in winter than in summer.3.Which do you like         (well), maths or chemistry?4.This is the          (good)film I have ever seen

47、.                          5.What he said made his mother much           (angry).        6

48、.They have done                (much)work with              (little)money.7.Youre the             (k

49、ind)person Ive ever met.     8.He is               (young)than his two sisters.9.The weather is getting            (warm)and     &

50、#160;     (warm). 10.Summer is             (hot)season of the year. 八 副词1 副词的比较等级 2 副词的构成1) 与形容词同形,比较级、最高级变化规则与形容词变化规则相同。fast, early , late , hard 2) 形容词尾+ly 构成,比较级、最高级变化规则:more,mostterribly, truly, (friendly 不是adv。

51、)3 相关内容:时间 次序 地点程度 次数 时间频率 方式 方向4 否定5 疑问副词 :when , where, how6 作用:作adj ,adv, verb的修饰语7 与adj 的用法区别) adj 在be 后及名次的前或者后边 They were happy) adv用于修饰实意动词、形容词和副词本身 They play happily3) 最高级前可以省略定冠词thec但有些看似实意动词但用作系动词如 keep ,sound, look (like),smell, feel后用adj例如:keep silent d动词和副词构成的短语中,副词作宾语补足语时,人称代词应放在动词与副词中

52、间。 其他情况,中间或后置皆可。 Eg:Whose trousers are they? Put them away。He saw a wallet lying on the ground and pick it up。九 冠词:1区别a 与an : an用于元音音素开头的单词前。 useful , universe, university 前用a , unuseful 前用an an hour/honest/honour 2a和an 泛指1)数量“一”Rome was not built in a day2)某一 Last month he visited a factory 3) 一类人或

53、物Even a child can answer this question.A book is different from a radioA flower doesnt make a spring 4)初次提到的单数名词前 Once he saw an old man ,the old wan was very poor。5)某些固定词组中 have a good time, catch a cold 定冠词the 的特指: 1)特定的人,物 Give some water to the trees. Pick up the wallet. 2)第二次提到的东西 There are som

54、e new dictionaries on the teachers desk. The blue one is Jims. 3)和某些名词连用,指国家,民族阶层等或等指一类人,物。 The Japanese Dont believe the boy. 4)世界上独一无二的东西 the sun ,the moon ,the earth, the space, the universe 5)和形容词连用表示一类人或事物 the rich , the poor, the dead, the blind,the deaf 6)某些专有名词前:a. 江河湖海: the Yellow Riverb. 山

55、脉群岛: the Alpsc. 海峡海湾: the English Channeld. 某些国名、建筑、报纸等习惯用法7)某些固定词组中 in the front of ,in the middle of8)the +姓氏复数表示一家人9)the +职业名词所有格, 表示一种地点 at the doctors/babers/butchers 10)指接触 身体的某一部位: hit him on the nose (in the face) The policeman caught the thief by the harm.11).历史时期与朝代 the Tang Dynasty 4不用冠词的

56、情况:1 物质名词前 milk, water , glass, 2 抽象名词前 3 复数名词 表示一类人或事物4 名词前有代词(代词和冠词不能并列)5 星期,月份,节日前6 某些专有名词前: China , Class Two , 7 称呼,头衔前 :Dr. Smith , Uncle Present Bush 8 表示一日三餐和球类运动的名词前。9 表示学科,语言的名词前10 泛指人类的名词前:man 冠词专项练习 1. “Is he an American? ” “No, he is _ European. “ a. a b. an c. the d, much 2. She came to ask me _ question, and she wanted _. a. a, a truth b. the, the truth c. the, truths d. a a true one 3. The teachers are paid _. a. to a month b. for a month c. by the month

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