中学数学《棱形》教学设计 维语

1、?粘镘灄狛 ?镘镘?镘粘镘狛 ?ri粘l狛l? 16- ?粘灄aa?狛 ?lagl19.2.2 镘1?粘1.?r6cr粘1? ?灄l ?灄i灄粘灄a?灄粘?狛 11 ?6r6狛la(1)?ra 镘灄i灄1a吾a ?镘?狛 灄r1?粘 1?r狛镘狛 粘r1 ?r? ?r6i?粘镘 ?吾a ?r61粘la ?rr6?r狛镘灄? 镘r粘灄aa?狛 ?镘?n ?ggr狛 ?ra1粘la l6argla ?r? .c粘r1 ?r?r1?粘 ?r6i?粘镘 ?吾a ?r61粘la ?r?r6?镘r?ri?1 l?l ?c粘r1 粘r1 ?镘 镘? ?r?r粘?61粘la ?la ?r?r6?镘r?ri?1

2、 1?r狛镘狛 l6argla ?r? .r?i镘狛 镘?灄l ?镘?狛 ?r6i?粘镘 ?吾a ?r61粘la ?r?rg?粘 ?粘r1 ?镘c镘 ?r6i?粘镘 ?吾a ?r?gr61粘la 镘r1?粘 r?r6镘狛 ?r?镘粘l 镘瀀粘?r灄瀀灄n?狛 ?rarc粘吾g ?r?l?镘 灄粘灄a?粘灄? ?r.(2)?r1?粘 ?r6i?粘镘 ?吾a lggr61粘la ?镘瀀粘灄a?r6?c 粘r1 ?镘 镘? ?粘r61粘la 吾狛-?粘镘狛 ?la ?l0r? ?粘l? ?灄a粘镘狛.?ra 镘灄i灄1a吾a 镘?狛 ? 灄r?r1?粘 ?r6i?粘镘 ?吾a ?r61粘la l0r

3、狛 ?镘ri?1 ?l1 ?粘r6alrc灄c灄? 粘镘1.?r6cr粘1? ?镘a镘arg r?r?r狛 ?crr狛lc ?灄i灄粘灄a?灄粘?狛 ?r?r1?粘 镘?n?狛 ?lal1cr? ?r粘rarrc ?rglc 灄i灄1 ?r?r0r6r?r狛镘狛 ?r?r6r?镘 镘瀀粘?r灄瀀灄n?狛 ?粘ri吾狛 镘1?粘 ?rcrg r?r ?镘粘l ?l0?l6r狛.?r?镘狛 ?r?r1?粘 镘?n?狛 ?lal1cr? ?r粘rarrc ?rgl? ?r?r?r6?镘r?ri?1 ?r?r6r?镘 ?r?灄狛 ?la ?镘i?1 ?粘r61粘la 11 ?r?灄狛 ?r粘r6灄i灄

4、1 lg?rar镘g ?l6glar ? ?r?r1?粘 ?吾a ?r?r粘la 吾狛 ?粘镘狛 ?la ?r6?镘r?ri?1 ? ?r?r粘r6i镘?镘狛r? 吾狛-?粘镘狛 ?ra ?r6?镘r?ri灄1 ?r?r粘r6i镘?镘狛r? 粘r1 ?镘 灄粘镘n-?粘镘n ?r粘r6灄i灄1 ?la ?r?r?r6?镘r?ri吾1 ?1粘镘1r狛 ?r粘r6alrc灄c灄? 1粘l 镘?r6rn ?g镘 镘?镘?镘1 灄?ri灄1. ?粘?r灄瀀灄n?狛 ?粘ri吾狛 ?a镘cr狛 ?r?r ?lila ?镘c6rn 灄?ri灄1.?灄?灄 灄粘灄a?灄粘?狛 ?镘粘l ?粘l66rgl?

5、?灄?a ?粘l66rgl? 灄粘灄?镘狛 ( ra粘l吾狛)? ?粘l66rgl? ?ra?a镘cr狛 ?1粘镘1r狛 3 ?r? ?r?灄?c镘1 ?r?镘粘?狛 ?r?ri粘r1 l0ill狛 灄?r粘灄?镘狛.?r?r1?粘 ?ra吾a ?r?rr粘la 吾狛-?粘镘狛 ?la 灄i灄1 l0rarrc灄c灄? ?lal1cr? ?r?r1?粘 ?crr6?r?狛 ?l6r1 ?r6i?粘镘 ?吾a ?r?gr61粘la 灄粘镘n ?粘镘n ?粘r61粘la ?la 灄i灄1 ?arrc灄c灄? ?镘 ?镘c镘狛 灄? .1?镘灄? 灄?灄 ?r6rn粘镘狛 ?镘c镘狛 ?a镘cr狛

6、?6r瀀粘镘?r 灄?ri灄1.?r?r1?粘 镘ri镘?镘狛r? ?r6a11rc镘?灄 ?r粘r6alrc灄c灄? 镘a?a镘cr狛 ?r6?镘la ?r?灄i灄1镘狛 ?c镘c镘狛 l0rac镘狛 ?lg?镘 ?rir0?狛 镘?镘狛r? 11 镘?n? ?r?灄i灄1 ?r?rc镘c粘ragrcr1 灄ac镘狛-?c镘狛 ?镘r?r?镘 ?rarrc灄c灄? lg?rar6?r狛 ?粘瀀?a 灄?r6rg. ?镘r6a镘cr狛 ?粘?r灄瀀灄n?狛 ?r6?镘la ?r?灄i灄1镘狛 ?n粘镘n灄 ?rarrc灄c灄? ?l6cl狛 镘?r?1 l6glar ?1粘?g(3) ?r?r

7、1?粘 ?r?ri镘?镘狛r? l0rarrc灄c灄? ?lc镘c镘狛 ?r?灄i灄1镘狛 ?r镘 ?镘cr狛 ?cr6r粘? 11 粘l66rgl? ?r?r镘 ?arrc灄c灄? ?l: 粘r1 ?r?6rgl? ?镘 : ?r?灄狛 ?c镘n粘l狛 ?r?rcrn ?r?r粘ri镘 镘rcr?rr ?la 灄i灄1 ?r?rarrc灄c灄? ?r?r6r?镘 ?r?r1?粘 ?r镘 ?gra?1镘cr狛 1?r狛镘狛 ?r6r粘? ?镘粘镘ailg 镘?r粘r?r 灄?ri灄1.镘灄? ?r?r1?粘 ?r灄 ?r6i?粘镘?镘a?1镘cr狛 ?吾a ?r?gr61粘la ?r镘 ?1镘

8、cr狛 ?rcr6r粘? ?ra?rar6?r狛 镘?镘1 l?l ?r?r1?粘 ?i镘?镘狛r? 灄?r6rn粘镘狛 ?r?r1?粘 ?r镘 镘?1镘cr狛 灄?ri灄1. ?c镘n ?r? ?i灄c灄狛 rar6?r狛 l0rcr6rcl ?lcilg 灄1 ?l06r粘?1 ?粘l? ?r6rn粘镘狛 灄?r?r6r0il1.?l ?l06r粘?1 lga粘l? ?lc镘c镘狛 ?r?1灄 ?i灄c灄狛 ?i镘a ?lcal6?r狛 ?r?r6?镘r?ri灄1 rra粘lgcl狛. ?r6cr粘1? ?gra镘arg 2- ?i镘cr ?r?r1?粘 ?r粘r6alrc灄c灄? lg?

9、l6lg狛lac灄 ?ra?rar6?r狛 ?粘rc ? l?l ?粘?r灄瀀灄n?狛 ?镘rr?狛 ? ?l6r1 ?r?r1?粘 ?r镘 ?镘cr狛 镘?r?r 灄rg?l6glar 灄?ri灄1. ?l狛 ?r?粘?r灄瀀灄n?狛 ?粘l6r6r1 ?r?r ?r6?镘 ?r?r6i?n ?粘06r狛 ?6r粘镘c 灄?ri灄1.(4) 2-?i镘cr ? 镘?镘cr狛 镘?狛 粘l6r6rcl 灄?ri镘粘吾g. 粘?r灄瀀灄n?狛 ?a ?rggr狛 ?r6rr粘1? ?rira6r ?粘l6r?镘r狛 ?镘cr狛 ?l0r?l镘狛 ?镘?镘i?1 ? ?灄粘灄a?r?镘狛 灄?l6

10、r1. 镘灄? 灄1 1?粘l ?r? lac?1r1 ?1r粘nla ?rarrn rra ?lila 镘c?r6rn 灄?ri灄1. 300300300(5) 粘r1 ?r?6rgl? 镘1?粘 灄i灄1- 镘r?r6c镘i?1 ?镘g吾狛 镘a?r6rn ? ?r?rr6?r?狛 ?r?r6r?镘 ?镘g吾狛 r6rn ?r6c镘c镘狛 11 ?r狛灄 ?灄c灄狛. ?n?灄? ?r?rr6?r?狛 镘?镘1 ?ggr狛 ?r? ?镘g吾狛 r6rn ?i灄c灄狛 镘r6?r?狛 ?rc镘c镘狛 ?镘i镘粘镘ailg ?镘6r粘r?r . ?r6cr粘1? 镘a镘arg ?11镘狛 ?镘

11、瀀镘 ?rn镘镘a 灄粘灄?镘狛 ?arri镘狛镘 ?r6rn粘镘狛 ? ?粘?r灄瀀灄n?狛 ?粘r6i镘?镘狛r? 吾狛-?粘镘狛 ?ra ?镘i?1 ?r6i?粘镘 ?吾a ?r?gr61粘la 镘1?粘 ?r?r6?镘r?ri?1 灄灄?a镘?镘1. ?a ?r粘la ?la ?镘i?1 ?吾a ?r61粘la lg ?lcilg ? ?r6cr粘1? 镘a镘arg 镘1?粘 rrc ?i灄c灄狛 ?l6r1 ?镘粘镘a?li粘r1 镘瀀粘灄aa?狛 ?镘?n.?n粘镘n灄 ?ggr狛 ?r? ?镘g吾狛 r6rn ?r?r粘r6i灄c灄狛 ?a镘cr狛 ?镘粘l l?镘狛 ?rrn

12、?ll狛 镘灄? ?r6cr粘1? 镘a镘arg ?gra?r?l 粘?r灄瀀灄n?狛 ?粘ri吾狛 ?a镘cr狛 ?cr6rcl ?r6rn ?镘瀀粘灄a?灄粘?狛.?r?i镘?镘狛r? ?r?r6r?镘 镘r1?粘 ?镘g吾狛 镘a?r6rn ? ?镘g吾狛 r6rn ?crr粘?狛ra 吾狛 l0rr狛 ?镘i镘狛 ?ggr狛 lga粘l? ?l?r? r6rn ?r? .l : 粘r1 ?粘l? 镘ci?1 ?r6i?粘镘 ?吾a ?r61粘la ?rggr狛 ?粘l? ?镘ci?1 ?粘r6i镘?镘狛r? 吾狛-?粘镘狛 ?ra 灄i灄1. ?r?l?镘 灄粘灄a?粘灄? ?镘镘狛

13、?cgl狛 ?镘cr ?粘?c ?ri灄c灄狛 灄r?r?r6i?n 灄?ri灄1. ?l6rcl : ?粘r6i镘?镘狛r? ?ra ?镘i?1 ?吾a ?r61粘la 镘1?粘 ?灄? 1?r?灄? ?l6r1 粘r1 镘aarn?1 ?gr?11吾a ?6rgl? ?rarc粘吾g ?粘r6i镘?镘狛r? ?ra ?镘i?1 ?吾a ?r?gr61粘la 镘1?粘 ?灄i灄1 ?r镘a镘? ?r0r6?lgr狛 镘粘镘?6r1 ?r.BADACO粘ll狛 粘r1 ?r粘r1 ?ra ?la l0rggr狛 ?灄rci吾1镘r1?粘 ?镘g吾狛 ?gra?r6rn ?r狛? ?镘r?r?r

14、6i?n ?粘?i灄c灄狛 ?灄 ?吾a 镘6r? 镘?n镘?rr 灄?ri灄1.粘r1 ?镘 镘? ?r粘la ?la ?镘i?1 ?r6i?粘镘 ?吾a ?r61粘la - 镘1?粘?ra吾a ?r粘la 吾狛-?粘镘狛 ?la ?镘i?1 ?吾a ?r61粘la 镘1?粘?粘r6i镘?镘狛r? 吾狛-?粘镘狛 ?ra ?镘i?1 ?r6i?粘镘 ?吾a ?r61粘la 镘1?粘?粘r6i镘?镘狛r? 粘r1-?r粘r1 ?ra ?la l0rggr狛 ?镘r?ri吾1 ?吾a ?r61粘la ? 镘1?粘?n粘镘n灄 ?镘g吾狛 r6rn ?gr?r粘r6i灄c灄狛 11 ?r? ?灄c

15、灄狛 ?r6i?粘镘 ?吾a ?gr61粘la r?r 镘an? ?镘6rn 11 ?r? ?灄c灄狛 镘ci?1 ?graa1?镘狛 ?吾a ?gr61粘la r?r 镘an? ?镘6rn.(6) ?ra ?灄i灄1a吾a ?l6r1 镘1?粘 镘ci?1 ?灄il 粘r1 ?粘l? ?镘i灄?n ?r6i?粘镘 ?吾a ?r61粘la. 镘灄? 灄1 ?li吾1 ?灄l ?r?镘?a灄n?狛 ?rrg ?l狛 ?cr?镘 ?rrg lc灄? r6rn 粘吾粘吾.?ra ?灄i灄1a吾a ?l6r1 ?r?r1?粘 ?crr6?r?狛 ? 11?粘r6alrc灄c灄? ?镘g吾狛 r6rn

16、?r粘r6i灄c灄狛 吾狛-?粘镘狛 ?灄粘灄a?r6?c 粘r1 ?ra1粘la ?l0?l镘狛 ?粘?灄l l6lg狛lac灄 l0rarcnl ?6rgal l?l 粘r1 ?ra1粘la ?镘c镘狛 ?镘r?rar1r粘灄a?粘镘狛 ?粘?灄l 灄粘灄a?r?镘狛 l0rarcnl ?6rgal 灄?ri灄1.?r6cr粘1? ?r?rri吾狛 灄1 ?li吾1 ?r?灄l 镘?灄a灄n?狛 ?镘r?r灄n ?rila: ?r?r1?粘 ?lrc灄c灄? ?rcr?粘?狛ra r?r?r狛 ?l狛 ?a镘cr狛. ?l:?r?r1?粘 ?ra吾a ?1粘la ?la . ?粘r6i镘?

17、镘狛r? 吾狛-?粘镘狛 ?ra ?ra?灄i灄1 ?1粘镘1r狛 1?r狛镘狛 ?r粘r6alrc灄c灄? ?镘粘镘ailg r粘r?r ?r?r1?粘 ?镘g吾狛 ?rcr?粘?狛ra r?r?r狛 ?l狛 ?a镘cr狛 ?l:?ra吾a ?r粘la 吾狛-?粘镘狛 ?la ?镘i?1 ?吾a ?r61粘la 镘1?粘 .?粘r6i镘?镘狛r? 吾狛-?粘镘狛 ?ra ?镘i?1 ?r6i?粘镘 ?吾a ?r61粘la 镘1?粘?r6cr粘1? 镘a镘arg ?ggr狛 ?r6al狛镘c ?r粘1? 镘r?灄l ?l0?l6rc?la.1- ?r6al狛镘c ?r粘1? ?crr狛灄a灄n

18、?狛 ?镘?r?:(1)?r?r1?粘 ?r粘r6alrc灄c灄? ?l0r狛 ?l狛 ?r?r粘r6alrc灄c灄? ?r?r6r?镘 ?l1 ?粘l6r6rcl ?l狛 ?r6rn r6r1r6r1. l?l 粘r1 ?1?ln ?l0ri粘r0r狛 ?i镘狛 ? ?r?粘?r灄瀀灄n?狛 ?镘粘镘ailg r粘r?r ?r粘?ra?r狛 ?粘灄n灄 镘粘镘a吾g 11 ?c镘c镘狛 镘r粘灄aa?狛 灄灄n ?ri灄c灄狛 rar6il0r狛.(1)?r?r1?粘 ?粘r6alrc灄c灄? 1?rac镘狛 ?r?r?r狛 ?r?ala r6rn ?rar?镘狛 镘粘镘?6rar.(2)?

19、r?r1?粘 ?ill狛 ?r?r?r6i?n 镘gra镘ra镘?镘?镘?镘 ?l6r1 ?ill狛 ?r?灄粘灄a ?r?r?r6瀀镘1 ?r狛 灄粘灄?6rn.?gra?灄a灄n?狛 ?r狛灄 11 ?rrn 粘?ran?:?r狛灄 镘an?: ?r?r1?粘 ?粘r6alrc灄c灄?rrn 镘an?: ?r?r1?粘 ?粘r6alrc灄c灄? ?gr?rac镘狛 r?r?r狛 ?racr粘1? ?i?1镘狛 ?ri粘镘la:粘l狛 粘r1 ?灄瀀灄n?狛 粘r1 ?粘?1 ?l瀀ln 镘镘n 灄?粘镘la.灄a灄n?狛 ?镘粘l ?crr狛(3)?n ?r6?c ?灄?l r6rn ?l

20、6r1 ?r lgcr粘1? r粘rg. ?灄?l: 粘?r灄瀀灄n?狛 ?r?i镘狛 ?粘镘la ?镘?n ?ra ?灄i灄1a吾a ?r66rgl? 粘r1 ?粘?1 ?l瀀ln ?ggr狛 ?ra?n ?r?r粘灄aa?狛 粘r1?a镘n ?ra ?灄i灄1 ?a镘n r?r ?l狛 rc?g ?r6rn粘镘狛 粘r1 ?ra ?灄6灄i灄1 镘灄i灄1镘狛 r?r粘?狛.?lg?r粘?狛 ?ra ?灄6灄i灄1 ?灄i灄1镘狛 ?rr 粘r1 ?吾a lggr61粘la r?r粘?狛.?r?r6?狛 镘粘吾g: ?lg?r粘?狛 ?吾a ?gr61粘la ?r?r镘acl狛 ?rar镘

21、g ?r0r6r?r狛镘狛 镘?镘1镘1?粘 ?r灄n灄狛 ?镘粘镘ailg r粘r?r.粘r1 ?镘 镘? ?粘r61粘la ?la ?镘i?1 ?r6i?粘镘 ?吾a ?r61粘la - 镘1?粘.?6rl狛 ?gra?灄粘灄a ?r?r6i?n.粘l狛 ?r? ?6rgl? 吾狛 l0rr狛 ?镘i镘狛 ?gra?灄粘灄a ?镘?镘粘吾g ?粘l6rc1粘 ?粘g?狛 rarc粘吾g. ?l狛 镘gra镘ra镘 ?l6r1 ?6rl狛 ?r?灄粘灄a ?rr6?r? ?r狛 灄粘灄?6rn?n粘镘n灄 ?灄?c镘1 ?r6rn粘镘狛: ?6rl狛 ?灄?l ?l6r1 镘瀀粘?r灄瀀灄n

22、?狛 ?r1?粘 灄a灄?a l0rarcnl ?6rgal ?l狛 ?r?粘?r灄瀀灄n?狛 粘r1 ?ra1粘la ?灄?l ?r6rn 粘r1 ?ra1粘la 粘镘gglla ?镘r?r6rn ?镘 镘?镘吾狛 ?rar?镘狛 lg?镘粘镘?6rar 灄?ri灄1.(2) ?r ?r6r1 1?rac镘狛 r?r?r狛.?gr?11吾a ?粘?i镘狛灄c 镘r粘灄aa?狛 ?灄灄n ?粘?r灄瀀灄n?狛 ?r?ri粘镘gl狛 粘镘gglla 镘?r6rn ?rc?g?l6glar ?灄i灄1? ?r?6rgl? ?0r6r?r狛镘狛 ?6gl? ? ?0r6grrg ?镘 ?ri粘镘a镘

23、n ?r?粘l61粘la 灄r?a ?吾g l粘l6?镘gl ?r?r粘?狛 ?lcnl r6rn ?r.rc ?lg?r粘?狛 镘1?粘 镘?n?狛 ?lal1cr? ?r粘rarrc ?rgl? ?灄? 1?粘ll狛 镘ci?1 ?r粘rarrc ?r?rn?狛 ?cr?镘n ?粘镘1 ?r粘rarrc ?n?狛 ?rcr粘镘狛 ?镘n ?11rc镘?灄 ?粘镘1 ?r1?粘 ?rar镘g ?镘n l粘l6?镘gl ?r111lc?rra?r粘?狛 ?镘粘镘?l?镘.灄1 ?i镘狛灄c 镘r粘灄aa?狛 ?灄灄n ?粘?r灄瀀灄n?狛 ?r?r1?粘 ?粘r61粘la ?粘r6灄i灄1 ?

24、镘?6gl? ?粘r6i镘?镘狛r? ?-?gr6grrg ?ri粘镘a镘n ?r?粘l6al狛l lg?rar镘g ?灄粘灄?镘?6r狛 ?l狛 镘灄粘灄 lr?1 ?r?r6r?r1镘c灄 lg?1?r狛 l6glar ?l ?c镘n 镘灄粘灄 ?吾g ?灄?镘镘a ?c镘n ?r?r灄粘灄 ?rra ?镘?r ?粘?6?镘gl lgalrill狛 ?灄灄狛 ?1?l0r? ?粘?i镘狛灄c ?粘?r灄瀀灄n?狛?粘?c ?r瀀rn 镘?r?r?a镘n ?r狛?粘镘? 灄?r6rar粘镘.?l狛 ?粘?r灄瀀灄n?狛 镘灄粘灄 lr?1 ?r?ri粘镘gl狛 ?rar镘g ?r?ri粘r镘

25、?灄 l6?镘gl ?ri粘镘a镘n ?粘?灄?c镘1 ?ra?镘1 lg?镘粘镘lg ?l66rg?la l0rgr?11吾a rr?r粘?狛: 镘1?粘 镘ci?1 1?r狛镘狛 ?r6i?粘镘 ?吾a ?r61粘la 镘灄? ?r6i?粘镘 ?吾a ?r?gr61粘la ?ri粘镘1 ?粘r6alrc灄c灄? ?ra?灄i灄1 ?粘c l?l l0r吾狛 ?镘? lggr6r?r狛镘狛 l0r狛.?l: (1) 镘1?粘 镘?n?狛 ?lal1cr? ?r粘rarrc ?rgl?. ?r?灄狛 ?粘r6i镘?镘狛r? ?镘?a镘 镘a ?rrc ?r粘rarrc ?n?狛.(2) ?r?

26、r1?粘 ?ra吾a ?r粘la ?la.(3) ?r?r1?粘 ?ggr狛 ?i镘?镘狛r? 吾狛-?粘镘狛 ?ra ?l狛 粘l狛 粘r1 ?i镘?镘狛r? 粘r1 ?镘 灄粘镘n-?粘镘n ?rri灄1 ?la l0rggr狛 灄?ri吾1.(4)?r?r1?粘 粘r1 ?i镘?镘狛r? ?r1?粘 灄la-?la 粘r1 ?镘 ?r6?镘la 镘灄i灄1镘狛 灄?r粘镘狛.灄1 ?ggr狛 ?i镘?镘狛r? ?r1?粘 4 l? 灄la-?la ?ra ?灄6灄i灄1 镘灄i灄1镘狛 灄?r粘镘狛.(2) (3) (4) l粘l6?镘gl ?lal1cr? ?r?粘?r灄瀀灄n?狛 ?

27、r?镘gl ?r6rg r?r ?rc镘c镘狛 ?镘粘镘?l?镘 ?lila r6rn. ?r?灄? ?l6r1 l粘r1 ?11lc-lral? ?rar1rc镘?灄 ?r?狛 ?粘r6arg镘 ?灄i灄a ?镘i?1 (2) (3) ?粘l6?镘gl ?lrc灄c灄? ?r粘镘a镘n lac?1r1 lg?rar6?r狛 ?r?r6?镘r?ri?1 ?ra粘lgcl狛 ?镘c?n 灄?ri灄1.(3) ?r ?r6r1 l6lg狛lac灄1-?镘cr : ( ?i灄粘灄?i镘n)?gra?灄粘灄a?灄粘?狛 ?lcnl 镘瀀粘?r灄瀀灄n?狛 ?r?r1?粘 ?r粘r6alrc灄c灄? ?

28、rar6il0r狛 ?l狛 ?r?r1?粘 ?r粘r6alrc灄c灄? ?r?r6i?n l6rcl ?l狛 ?r6rn r6?1r6r1.2- ?i镘cr 灄a灄n?狛 ?r?镘粘l :?粘?r灄瀀灄n?狛 ?6rl狛 ?r6rcl ?r6rgra镘ra镘 l0r6rcl 镘?灄粘灄?镘狛 镘粘镘?l6al1r粘 ?r .灄? ?r6rn粘镘狛 ?6rl狛 l6rcl ?l狛 r6rn ?r粘?r狛 ?l?r?l 镘粘镘?6rar.ABDCOmHhnanmhas2121?gr?r6rcl ?l06r粘?1 ?粘l? ?l6r1 ?r1rila ?r?狛 镘?r粘镘狛 l6glar 灄1 ?r

29、6rn粘镘狛 ?r6rcl ?l狛 ?gra?r6rn r粘rg ?rr?狛 ?l ?r?粘lln ?镘1 ?rgr6g1粘?g ?r狛 灄粘灄?6rn.?粘?r灄瀀灄n?狛 ?1镘 镘?r粘?1 ?灄?a灄n?狛?l66rg?la 镘rgc? ?r6li吾狛 ?rr r粘?1 ?r .灄1 ?r6rn粘镘狛 ?r?粘?r灄瀀灄n?狛 灄?灄 ?r6al狛镘c ?cr粘1? lg?镘?镘镘狛 ?lal1cr? ?rcr?l?r狛 镘?灄灄瀀粘灄a 灄?ri灄1 ?l狛 ?r6a1粘 ?r6ra粘la 粘rgr r6rn ?rar?镘狛 ?r?r镘acl狛 l6r?镘r狛 ?rar?镘狛 ?6r

30、粘镘?6rar 灄?ri灄1.?r粘r?镘狛 ?灄?a灄n?狛 ?灄 lc灄? 灄rc6rn 灄?ri灄1.粘ll狛 ?r?r1?粘 粘r1 ?ri灄1 600 ?镘ci?1 ?粘r?crn ?i镘?镘狛r? ?r?rr粘la ?镘6r粘镘狛 ?ggr狛 ?灄i灄1镘狛 灄la-?la ?la ?r61粘la 粘?灄i灄1镘狛.?r?1? ?粘?r灄瀀灄n?狛 ?r?l lg?l6?r狛 l66rg?la. ?gra?r?l 1- ?镘cr ?r?粘 ?r?r粘r6i镘?镘狛r? ?ra ?l狛 ?la ?灄i?1 ?r?rar1rc镘?灄 ?r?r6r?镘 ?l狛 ?镘r?r6rn l6rc

31、l 灄灄 ?cr粘?狛?a 灄?r6r?r6i?n. 2- ?镘cr 镘ci?1 ?r?r1灄粘 ?i镘?镘狛r? ?l6r1 ?镘 ?gr?rcr粘灄aa?狛 ?raa11rc镘?灄 ?r?r6r?镘 ?l狛 ?镘r?r6rn l6rcl ?灄i?1( ?l ?r?r1灄粘 ?i镘?镘狛r? ?r1灄粘 灄la ?la ?吾a l? ?ra ?灄6灄i灄1 ?镘狛 镘灄i灄1 灄?r粘镘狛. 灄1 ?ra ?灄6灄i灄1 ?r?灄i灄1镘狛 ?rc镘c镘狛 ?l6r1 ?grir0r狛 ?r粘镘狛 ?r粘镘狛 ?i镘狛 ?ggr狛 ? ?r?r粘r6i镘?镘狛r? ?r?rr粘? ?1粘镘1

32、r狛 ?r?灄i灄1镘狛 ?r镘 ?镘cr狛 ?r?rcr6r粘? ?r?r6r?镘 ?r?r1灄粘 ?镘 ?ggr狛 ?i镘?镘狛r? ?r?rcral吾g 镘rr粘? ?la ?r6?镘r?ri?1 ?镘粘镘ailg 镘?r粘r?r 灄?ri?1.)?n粘镘n灄 ?11rc镘?灄 ?r?镘狛 ?rci?1 灄1 l6rcl ?镘c镘狛 ?l狛 灄?ri?1.lc灄? :灄1 ?graal狛镘c ?l0?l镘狛 ?l狛 1?rrc?狛 ?镘?n镘c ?粘l6r6r1 ?ra?狛 ?r?1.( ?11镘狛 粘?r灄瀀灄n?狛 ?r?粘r1 ?r?rggr狛 镘r粘灄aa?狛 ?镘c?n ?灄?

33、a灄n?狛 ?r6rrac?c ?l6a1粘 lc粘l1 灄?ri?1 .19. 2 lg镘?吾g 5- ?镘cr 12- ?镘cr ?lcnl : ?r?粘?r灄瀀灄n?狛 ?粘l6?l0?l镘狛 ?l6lg狛lac灄 ?lila r6rn ?r?r1?粘 ?r粘r6alrc灄c灄? ?灄i?a rar6?r狛. 镘1?粘 (2) 2 ?r6al狛镘c ?r粘粘1? ?cl?r 2.2.91 灄a灄n?狛 ?镘?r?: (1)?r?1灄粘 ?镘g吾狛 r6rn ?ri灄c灄狛 ?l0r狛 ?l狛 镘r1?粘 ?镘g吾狛 r6rn ?r?rcr粘?狛ra (2) ?r?r6r?镘 ?l1 ?r

34、6a11rc镘?灄 ?粘l6r6rcl ?l狛 r6rn ?ri灄c灄狛 r6?1r?r镘狛. ?r?镘gl ?r6?g r?r ?r111lc ?ra?狛 ?镘r?li1粘?1 ?rc镘c镘狛 ?粘?i灄c灄狛 灄?ln ?1?ln rar6il0r狛. 镘r1?粘 ?镘g吾狛 r6rn ?ri灄c灄狛 ?r?r?r狛 ?ra?镘1 镘粘镘lg ?r6rn粘镘狛 ?r?粘?r灄瀀灄n?狛 ?r6rag镘狛 ?l6r1 ?r?r?r狛 ?r?ala r6rn ?粘l6r6rcl 粘灄gglla r6rn ?rar?镘狛 镘粘镘?6rar.(3) ?gr?r?镘?cr粘1? 吾狛 ?粘镘狛 ?r

35、?ri粘镘gl狛 ?r?r镘狛 ?r?镘gl ?r111lc ?gra?镘粘镘?l?镘 ?rc镘c镘狛 ?粘?i灄c灄狛 r6?1r6r1. ?r狛灄 11 ?rrn 粘?ran灄?: ?r狛灄 镘an灄?: ?r?r1?粘 ?镘g吾狛 r6rn ?i灄c灄狛 ?rrn 镘an灄?: ?r?r1?粘 ?镘g吾狛 r6rn ?i灄c灄狛 ?gr?ri灄c灄狛 r?r?r狛.?r?r1灄粘 ?镘g吾狛 r6rn ?i灄c灄狛 ?gr?rac镘狛 r?r?r狛 ?r?粘?r灄瀀灄n?狛 ?r6rgra镘?a镘 ?粘镘gglla ?粘l6r6rcl r?r6?狛 ?粘?ra?r狛 11 r?r镘狛 ?

36、crrcar? ?l6r1 lac?1r1 ?r6a11rc镘?灄 镘?镘i?1 ?gr6cr粘1? 镘a?灄a灄n?狛 灄1 ?rrn ?ran灄? 粘r1 l?镘n 镘瀀粘?灄?c镘1 ?镘i吾1 灄粘灄a?n镘n粘镘a ?r.? lgc粘1? r粘rg.镘1?粘 ?rcrr6?r?狛 ?ra?狛 rcli1粘?1 ? 镘1?粘 ?r?rcrr6?r?狛 粘r1 ?吾a ?r?gr61粘la 镘1?粘 ?灄i?1 ?镘镘狛 ?粘l6a粘l? ?ri粘r镘狛 ?r?r6r lg?r6r1 灄? 1? 镘1?粘 ?镘g吾狛 ?r?r6rn ?r粘r1 ?r? r6rn ?i灄c灄狛 ?c镘n

37、? ?r6i?粘镘 ?吾a ?r61粘la镘1?粘粘r1 ?镘 镘? ?粘r61粘la ?la吾狛-?粘镘狛 ?la 灄i灄1 ?r?rr6?r?狛 镘?镘1 ?镘g吾狛 r6rn 灄r粘r6i灄c灄狛 ?灄粘镘1 ? ?r6r1 1?rac镘狛 r?r?r狛 (1) ?粘?r灄瀀灄n?狛 ?gr?11吾a 粘?灄?c镘1 lr?1 ?rgl? 镘?rrc l66rg?la. ?1镘狛 ?镘a粘?狛 镘?灄狛 l0r狛 ?镘i?1 ?la ?gran灄6?灄灄狛 ?ggr狛 ?rc?g ?rrc ?r?grc?g ?灄6?灄灄狛 ?c?狛r?粘 AB 11 ?粘?rn灄? lg粘l B ?r?

38、镘狛 ?r粘镘狛 ?r粘镘狛 ?i镘狛镘an灄? ?r6rn C ?r6rn ?镘 ?rrc ?镘瀀rc ?ggr狛 ?r?镘 r?rc?g ?rcran灄? ABCD ?粘l6grc?g ?rc镘狛 ?镘c6rn ?吾a ?r61粘la CD ? BC ?lcr6r0il1 ?r?镘狛 镘瀀 rr?r粘?狛. 镘瀀 ?镘n ?r61粘laa吾a ? lr? ?镘镘狛 ?ABCD ?lg?r粘?狛 ?r61粘laa吾a ?n粘镘n灄 粘?镘粘l ?r6rn粘镘狛 镘r1?粘 ?镘g吾狛 ?r?r6rn ?rggr狛 ?r? 镘ri灄c灄狛 ?r?r6?镘r?ri?1 rarc粘吾g.?l ?r

39、a吾a ?r粘la 吾狛 ?粘镘狛 ?la ?镘i?1 ?r61粘laa吾a 镘1?粘 (2) 镘r1?粘 ?镘g吾狛 ?r?r6rn 3- ?r? ?i灄c灄狛 1?rac镘狛 r?r?r狛. ?灄灄狛 ?r6r?crn ?镘rr?狛 ?ggr狛 ?镘a ?镘瀀镘 ?rn镘镘a ?1? ?r?rcr粘灄aa?狛 ?r ?r6rn粘镘狛 ?lcr6镘 ?镘rcr镘n ?镘alg粘l狛 ln镘镘a ?rc镘狛 ?6rr6rn 灄?ri?1. l0?r?粘 ?r6rn粘镘狛 镘瀀粘?rn镘镘a ?灄狛 ?ra粘la lr?1 ?镘c粘灄a?镘a灄a ?r61粘laa吾a ?rc镘狛 灄?ri?1.

40、( ?n粘镘n灄 ?灄?l ?r6rn粘镘狛 灄glcalc粘吾g ?灄?ri?1 ?吾g ?r6rac?1 灄a灄n?狛 ?镘?灄 ?r?ri镘a? ?r?r6r?镘 ?粘g?狛 灄glcalc粘吾g 灄?ri?1.) ?镘瀀镘 ?粘?rn镘镘a 灄粘灄?镘狛 ?r6rn粘镘狛 ( ?rc粘r1 ?rn灄 ?r6rn l?l ?rc粘r1 ?rn灄 镘an灄? ?1 ?镘瀀粘灄?镘狛 ?ggr狛 ?镘a ?镘瀀镘 ln镘镘a ?gr?rcr粘镘狛 ?灄i灄1 ?6rgal吾狛 灄?ri?1.r粘r吾狛 ?cr粘r狛? 00-1800?r?ri粘镘狛 灄?ri?1.?灄?灄 ?灄?l r6rn

41、 ?r?镘粘l ?镘rr?狛 镘arn?1 ?rc镘狛 ?镘i?1 ?r61粘laa吾a 灄6rgl? 灄?镘r?狛. ?c镘n 镘aarn?1 ?rc镘狛 ?镘i?1 ?r61粘laa吾a 镘1灄粘 灄?ri?1 ?粘?r灄瀀灄n?狛 ?l1?1镘 ?r?r吾狛 ?rr粘l 镘r粘灄aa?狛 ?r?镘?n ?r?g ?a镘cr狛 ?r6?狛 ?镘c粘镘1 灄?ri?1. 粘?r灄瀀灄n?狛 ?1镘 灄?r粘?1. ?灄?a灄n?狛 灄?l6gla?. ?l狛 ?r6li吾狛 镘gc? ?cr?r lr?1 rr粘灄a?灄灄狛.?n粘镘n灄 ?灄?l ?r?镘粘l ?r6rgra镘?a镘 l0

42、r6rcl ?镘n ?rr粘灄?镘狛 ?c镘n l0r6rcl ?rr粘灄?镘狛?粘?r灄瀀灄n?狛 ?灄?l ?r?镘粘l lg?l6cl狛 ?l6gla? ?ggr狛 ?镘a ?镘瀀镘 ln镘镘a ?rc镘狛 ?镘?r6rn ?r61粘laa吾a ?i镘?镘狛r? ?r6?镘r?ri?1 ?1?l0r6镘 ?1? ?r?rcr粘灄aa?狛 l6镘 ?r?镘粘l 镘r粘r6i镘?镘狛r? 粘r1 ?r粘r1 ?la l0rggr狛 镘i吾1 ?a粘l? lr?1 ?r61粘laa吾a ?r6i粘镘 ?rc镘狛 ?rr?r6?镘6rn rra粘lgcl狛. 灄1 粘l6a粘l? ?r?gr61

43、粘laa吾a ?r6i?粘镘 ?r61粘laa吾a ?r?r6?镘r?ri?1 ?镘粘镘ailg 灄?r粘r?r. ?r?r?灄狛 ?r?g ?ggr狛 ln镘镘a ?gr?rcr粘镘狛 ?灄i灄1 1?r狛镘狛 镘灄i灄1 ?lga粘l吾狛. ?ggr狛 ?i镘?镘狛r? 1?r狛镘狛 ?灄粘灄狛 lga11rc镘?灄 ?l ?ra 灄i?1 ?ar1rc镘?灄 l0r狛 灄?ri?1.镘an?灄狛 ?ri粘镘1 ?灄?l ?gr?r?镘粘l ?r61粘laa吾a l0r狛 ?镘i?1 粘l6a粘l?: ?r6i?粘镘 ?r61粘laa吾a ?l6r1 ?i镘?镘狛r? 吾狛- ?粘镘狛 ?

44、ra 灄i?1. ?r? ?r?r6r?镘 镘1?粘 ?灄i?1 ?镘g吾狛 r6rn ?1? r1 ?镘r?a镘cr狛 ?r?r6rcl ?1粘镘1r狛.?l: ?粘r6i镘?镘狛r? 吾狛 ?粘镘狛 ?ra ?镘i?1 ?r6i?粘镘 ?r61粘laa吾a 镘1?粘 ?l0r? ?镘g吾狛 ?r?r6镘 ?粘瀀?a ?镘g吾狛 l6镘 ?r?r6?镘r?ri?1 ?a镘cr狛. ?粘?r灄瀀灄n?狛 ?l6gla? l06rgl? ?l粘镘a?li粘r1 镘ac镘c镘狛 ?l06r粘?1 11 ?粘l6lila ?r? ?r?r ?r?镘狛 ?a镘cr狛 ?r6?狛 r粘?1. A C B D A B C DADCDSASCODAODAODCOD0090,90灄1 ?gr?镘粘l ?r?灄a灄n?狛 ?r狛灄 ?cran灄?: ?rill狛 ?r6rcl ?r6rgra镘?a镘 l0r6rcl 灄粘灄?镘狛. . ?r?镘g吾狛 ?粘l? 11 ?r?镘gl ?r粘镘狛 r?r . ?r?镘gl ?r6?g r?r ?r111lc ?rg镘 ?l6r1 ?ra?狛 r粘?1. ?r6rr粘ra?狛r ?ra ?l6r1 ?l6a1粘