英语语法结构体系图

1、.可数名词名 (C词 countable)表不可数名1词(U uncountable)单表示“一个”含义时需要在前面加上表示数量关系/所有关系 /指示关数系的限定词 （冠词 /数词 /名词所有格 /物主代词 /指示代词 /不定代词等。表示泛指某一类事物加上不定冠词： a book, an orange 复 表示泛指时不必加任何限定词数 We must tell friends from enemies.单独出现表示泛指。不可以直接跟数词、不定冠词连用，但可以在不可数名词前加表示数量的名词词组等来表示其具体数量：a piece of news, a sheet of paper不泛指某一具体的人

2、/事物定冠固定词组词说话人和听话人心中都了解的定人 /事物，表示特指冠冠词最高级 /固定词组 /习惯用法词表示泛指的不可数名词/复数名表词前2零泛指时，表示三餐、球 /棋类运动、冠学科、 季节、年份、月份、 星期、词节假日的名词前固定词组 /习惯搭配He is an old doctor.She is now a different China from what she was.once upon a time( 从前 ) ， an hour or twoa long time, a few, a littleI bought a skirt yesterday. The skirt is

3、very beautiful.in the morning/afternoon/evening, in the end., by the wayFailure is the mother of success.Children like cartoons.Do you have a rest after lunch?They are fond of playing basketball/chess. Spring/April/Sunday/Children s day is the best time.on foot, at home, at night, in danger, for exa

4、mple face to face, hand in hand, side/step by side/step;.第一人称第二人称基本第三人称用法多个人陈代词并列的排序单数复数主格宾格主格宾格Imeweusyouyouyouyouhehimshehertheytheyitit单数的语境下：you 放在最前， I 放在最后You, she and I all enjoy music.复数的语境下：we 放在最前， they 放在最后We,youandtheyshouldpreservetheenvironment人称代词表3指代事物 /人it的充当形式主语特殊用法充当形式宾语代替前文提到过的事物

5、代替指示代词，起 this/that 作用指代动植物、不明身份 /性别的人 /婴儿指自然现象（天气、气象、天色等） /量度（时间、距离、温度、价值等）代替不定式代替动名词代替主语从句代替不定式代替动名词代替宾语从句This is a new dictionary. I bought it yesterday.Is this you car?No, it isn t.Look at that bird. It always comes to my window.The Greens have a new baby. It is lovely.It is getting dark.How far

6、is it to the Great Wall?It is our duty to take care of the old.It is worthwhile working the whole night.It doesntmatter what you do.I consider it better to be early.We thought it no use doing that.The teacher made it clear that everyone should hand in his homework on time.用于强调句型It is/was+ 被强调的部分+tha

7、t/who/whom+原剧中其他部分强 调主语It is my word that counts. ( 我说了算 )强 调It is me that/whom you should ask.宾语强调时间 It is at eleven that the train leaves.强 调强调地点 It was in the classroom that I left him.状语强调方式 It was just as he ordered that I acted.强调原因 It was because he was poor that I helped him强 调It was red tha

8、t we painted the gate.;.宾补分类 空间 /时间上离说话人较近 / 及 下文将要讲的事物用 空间 /时间上离说话人较远 / 法 上文提及的事物单数复数thisthesethatthose指示代词指（后面必示须有后置代定语）作词替代表词4的区别指示用代词that法与 数词one/ones单数可数名词that替代不可数名词those 替代复数可数名词that 只能代替事物，相当于 the+被代替的单数可数名词 /不可数名词 （特指同一种 /类的事物）必须有后置定语The population of China is larger than that of any other

9、country.Your pen is expensive than that I have. The population of China is larger than that of any other country.His stories are more interesting than those I told.可以代替事物，也可以代替人。a/an+被代替的单数可数名词（泛指 同一种 /类的事物 /人）the+被代替的单数可数名词（特指同一种/ 类的事物 /人）修饰语可以前置 /后置 /单独使用My child doesn tlike this book. Show her a

10、more interesting one.Our new book is more expensive than the one we had before.不定代 all,词 each, every表主语宾语all 表示 表“三者 语/ 三 者 定以 上 语都”All are equal before the law.all名词 ( 必须带冠词物主All (of) the milk has been drunk.of代词等限定词 )，of 可省All (of) my friends like reading.后略， all 变为定语接人称代词， of 不能省略All of them enjo

11、yed the party.Say all you know and say it without reserve.( 知无不言，言无不尽 ) The brave defenders gave their all. 勇敢的防伪者奋战到底。That is all for my speech. 我的发言到此结束We should argue the case in all seriousness.(极其严肃地 )Deal all the cards. 把牌都发了。实义动词之前The people all voted against it.5同位语主语的同位语宾语的同位语助动词、情之后态动词、系之前

12、（简动词 be短回答）There is justice for us all.的 )We are all for him.Who can speak Japanese?We all can.(这对我们每个人而言都是公平;.不 no one,定nothing代 , none词表5both,neither,eithermanymuch等someany复 合 不定代词otherothersanothereach 表主示 “两Each has a cup of tea.语个 / 两个以上当中的宾Give an apple to each.语每 一个”侧定重指每There is a line of tr

13、ees on each side of the road.语个 人/事物的同主语的同位语They each signed the paper.个别情位Give them each an apple.况语宾语的同位语every表示“三者 /三者以上当中的只作定语 You have every right to say so.( 你每一个”侧重强调全体的情况完全有权利这么说 )no one=nobody 只指人， 谓语动词用No one likes a person with bad manners.单数 ,不能 与介词 of 连用。nothing 只指物，谓语动词用单数,Nothing exce

14、pt your fears stands in your way.能与介词 of 连用。Think nothing of it. ( 不用介意这件事 )None of us has got a camera.none 即指人也指物， 能与介 单数None of the money belongs to me. (none在词 of连用，根据含义谓语代表不可数的事物时，谓语动词用单数)动词用复数None are so deaf as those that will not hear.None of the books are easy enough for us.both“两者都”（用法类似于

15、all ）Both seat are taken.neither“（两者中的每一个）都不”Neither of the twins is here.either“（两者中的）任何一个”There are houses on either side of the road.只修饰可数名词many, many a, a few, few, (not/quite)several,a (great/large) number of, numbers of.只修饰不可数名词much, a little, little, a bit of, a good/great dealof , a large/gr

16、eat amount of, amounts of.既修饰可数名词有修饰不可数名词some, any, a lot of, lots of, plentyof, agreat/large quantity of, quantities of.some肯定句I have some questions. “一些”Some Mr. chen is calling you. “某一”any否定句 /疑问句 /条件句Do you have any questions? “一些”肯定句Come any day you like. “任何一个”some/any/no/every + body/one/thi

17、ngHe drinks something fierce.( 他喝烈酒 )用法相近于some/any/no/every,被is there anything important in that box?定语修饰时，定语必须后置。other“另外的，其他的”作定语修Any other person would tell the truth.饰可数名词 （单 /复数） /不可数名词the other 后面不接其他名词时表示Hold it in this hand, not the other.两者中的另外一个;.不定代词others是前面不加定冠词，泛other的 复指“其他人 /物”（但数形式，

18、但不指其余的全部）不作定语，只作主语、前面加定冠词，特指宾语、表语“剩下的人 /物”（可等成分。指其余的全部）Many students are playing on the playground. Some are playing football; others are playing basketball.Six of the toys are mine; the others are Johns.表5主语another泛宾语指三者 /三者以上当 表语中的“另外一个” ，前面不能加 定语任何冠词单数可数名词复数可数名词，视为一个单数的整体Then another put up his h

19、and.Let s ask for another.Say is one thing and doing (is) anotherShe has got another boyfriend.We will study here for another two years.单数第 一第 二人称人称物主形容词代性物主myyour词代词表名词性6物主代mineyours词单数反身代词第一复数第三第一第二第三人称 人称 人称 人称hisher our your their itshishers ours your theirs its复数宾Icut句中作用定语 my task不能与其他限定词（冠词、指

20、示代词）同时使用 ,不能说：a my friend主语MayI use your pen?Yours works better.宾语 I love my motherland as much as you love yours.表语The life I have is yours.myselfwhenshavingthis( 动作的承人称myself受和与动作的发出第 二yourself者是一体）人称表himself7第 三herself人称itselfourselves语morning.句I am not quite myself these days(我最近身体不太舒服 )yourself

21、表中I will be myself again in no time.(我一语作会儿就会好的 )用主 语They themselves areto be同的blame.themselves位宾 语We had better ask the doctor语的himself about it.;.疑问名词性疑代问代词词表8形容词疑问代词who,主语Who is to take the chair?( 谁来当主席 )whom,宾语Whom do you wish to speak to?whose定语（ whose 作定语所修饰Whose is better, yours or hers ？指人的

22、名词/代词可以被省略）what”什么 ”指事物 /职业 /身份What do you mean?What s your father?( 令尊做什么的？ )which ”哪一个 ”指人 /事物中的 ,表示一定范围内的选择。若无选择范围Which film do you want to see?用 what指人 whoseWhose umbrella is this?指物 what whichWhat job do you want to do?Which team won?单 数形式数词基 数 词（多少）表9序 数 词复 数形式没有限定词 （数字、 a few 等）修饰 hundred tho

23、usand milliondozen score 可 用 复 数 形 式 +of+ 名词，表示不确定的数量固定介词词组表示人的岁数 /年代thousands and thousands of workers 成千上万的工人They arrived in twos and threes( 三三两两 )He is in his thirties.It took place in the 1950 s（顺序）序数词前通常要加上定冠词theall, half, both 等不定代词，分数和倍数性限定词冠词、指示代词、物主代词质数词（序数词在前，基数词在后）不 主观描绘性形容词美小圆旧黄，法国木书房形同

24、 表大小 /长短 /形状 /新旧 /颜色容定语： 表地点词句中作用表材料It was a rainy,表性质相同：windy,10少音节在前，多音节在后depressingday.表语The show is live( 表语 ). My dog was playing with a live(定语 ) mouse.宾补He set free all the prisoners in the village.激起情绪客观上 “令人 的” 激起情绪The book is very interesting.感到情绪主观上 “感到 的” 感到情绪I am interested in the book.

25、;.副修饰动词My mother has been working hard all morning.词修饰形容词My brother and I are quite different.修饰其他副词He runs very fast.表11修饰整个句子Obviously, television has both advantages and disadvantages.构 成方法比形较容级词副词表 达的方式比较级、最高级构 成、方法原级最比高较级表12表 达方式原级表 达比方式较形容词词尾 +er tall taller以 e 结尾，词尾 +r large larger单以一个辅音字母结尾的

26、闭音节音单音节词，双写结尾的辅音字节母再 +er big bigger以辅音字母 +y 结尾，改 y 为 i 再 +er icy icier双 /多音节词前加 more形容词比较级 +than(连词 than 引出的句中与其面重复的部分经常被省略 )She ismuchbetterthan (she was)yesterday.词尾 +est talltallest以 e 结尾，词尾 +st large largest单 以一个辅音字母结尾的闭音节单音 音节词，双写结尾的辅音字母再节+est bigbiggest以辅音字母 +y 结尾，改y 为 i 再+est icy iciest双 /多音节

27、词前加 mostthe+形容词最高级+比较范围China has the largest population in the world.形容词最高级有不定冠词 /物主代词等其他限定词，不需要加定冠词。Tuesday is our busiest day.as+形容词原级（+名词） +asnot as/so+形容词原级（ +名词） +as It is as cold in Nanning as in Beijing. English is not so difficult as Latin.副词词尾 +erlow lower特别是以-ly结尾的副词，词前加morewiselymore wise

28、ly副词比较级 +than(连词 than 引出的句中与其面重复的部分经常被省略 )You should have come earlier(than you did)词尾 +estlow lowest几个特殊的频度副词：seldom seldomer seldomestearly earlier earliest often oftener oftenest特别是以-ly结尾的副词，词前加mostwiselymost wisely例外：几个特殊的频度副词（见上格）副词最高级 +比较范围Mr. white works hardest in the company.as+副词原级（ +名词） +

29、asnot as/so+副词原级（ +名词） +as They work as hard as you do.He does not run as fast as he used to.;.实义动 词的 及物动词基本用法不及物动词表13.动词后跟宾语/双宾语 /宾语补足语带介词：相当于及物动词不带介词：不需要跟宾语构成形式动动词 +介词词短语的基动词 +副词本用法动词 +（形容表词+）名词+14 介词动词+副词+介词使用方法相当于及物动词；可用于被动语态宾语是名词，及 置于动词短物 语之中 /之后动 宾语是代词，词 置于动词短语之中不及物动词及物动词及物动词经典例句The hunter aim

30、ed at the lion and fired, but missed.All the new words were looked up.He called the man up./He called up the man.He called her up.Donttalk back when I m speaking.He takes good care of his elderly mother.We must make full use of our time.We have long done away with this practice.助基本用法动词表示时态的基本表示语态用构成

31、疑问词法构成否定句表15经典例句 He is singing. He has got married. I shall study harder at English. He will go to Shanghai He was sent to England. Did you study English before you came here? How long have you been learning English? I dontlike him. Dontbe so absent-minded.加强语气 Do come to my birthday party.系状态系动词动持续

32、系动词词用变化系动词法结果系动词表16 表像系动词感官系动词表示主语状态的 beHe is a teacher.表示主语保持某种状态/态度 remain,He always kept silent at meeting.keep, stand, lie, stay, rest, exist, weigh表示主语的变化 become, grow, turn,He became mad after that.fall, get, go, come, run表示主语对应的结果prove( 证实 ),The rumor roved false.turn out （变成）His plan turned

33、out a success.表示“看起来像” seem, appear, lookHe seems (to be) very sad.表示感官体验 feel, smell, sound,This kind of clothes feels very soft.;.Shall we set off at seven tomorrow morning?Whatever you may say, he shall go. （表决心 Nobody shall leave the classroom.( 表命令）.can&could情态能力（ could 是 can 的过去式）允许、告诫 (co

34、uld 更可气，委婉 )否定句：把握性大的推测，用 could 时语气稍弱疑问句：具有怀疑惊讶语气推测肯定句：could 还可以在肯定句中表示不太确定的推测对过去情况的推测could+hav与过去事实相反的评价e+ 过（过去应该做某事而事实上去 分却没做）词许可， might 是 may 的过去式 （用 might 代替 may 更可气更委婉）He can play the piano quite well now.She could speak English when she was six.Can/could I borrow your book?He cant/couldn tbe i

35、n Beijing now.Can/could it be ture?He could be on his way now.He paid for a seat, when he could have entered free. (2005 年山东 )May肯 Yes, please./CertainlyI/w e否 Please dont/No, you mustn t动词may的&基might本用法表must17不太确肯定句 could might 可换定 的 推用It may/might/could rain this afternoon.测，mightHe might notb

36、e still waiting at the door更加不确否定句now.定祝愿May you have a pleasant journey!肯定句很有把握的推测must have done 是对过去发生的情况的推测中义务或必要性We must think about it very seriously.否定句中：禁止You mustnttalk during lessons.疑问句中：义务或必要性肯定回答mustMus t ?neednt/don thave to否定回答shallshould主语为第二、三人称的肯定句中表示决心、许诺、命令主语为第一、 三人称的疑问句中表示建议、征求对方

37、意见。后接动词原型，指“应该”表示命令、劝告、建议等， ought to 语气更强烈)You ought to send her a note.You should do something to help her.&oughtto肯定形式后接动词的完成时，表You should have asked my permission.示该做某事却未做You ought to have come to party.否定形式后接动词的完成时，表You should not have hurt her feeling.示不该做某事却做了He ought not to have been driv

38、ing so fast.ought 否定式You ought not to tell her about it.to疑问式Ought he to see a heart specialist at once？;.情态动词的基本用will.意愿I will never talk about it again.决心I will marry her although my parents strongly object to this marriage.请求Will you come into my office for a moment, please?能力The hall will seat 2

39、000 people.肯定 /疑问句中表示意愿、I would like a cup of tea.选择，比 will 更加委婉客Would you like to go with me ？气will ，因为我否定句中用wont you本身就是一种Won tyou sit down ？委婉语气法表17wouldneed&darehadbetterwouldrather等过 去 used to 强调过去与现在习 惯 的对比，表示一个已经中性 的 断的行为或状态；可以与动 表示动作或状态的动词作，连用区 别Would只表示过去的行于为；只能与表示动作的动used词连用toneed+have

40、+done（不常见）否定/疑本来需要做某事而事实上没有做问句（情neednt+have+done态动词）过去不必要做某事而实际已经做了某事肯定句need后的不定式必须带 to（实义动dare 后的不定式可带to 也词）可不带 to表示“最好”后接动词原型，否定形式为 had better not+动词原型表示“宁愿”还有 had rather, would sooner, had sooner, would (just) assoon ；肯定式后面直接接动词原型，否定形式为 would rather not+动词原型He used to get up early. 过去他常常早起（但现在已经不

41、早起了）There used to be an apple tree in front of the buiding.Every evening she would teach her daughter to read and write.He need have hurried to the station. In that case, he wouldn t have missed the train.I neednt have bought so much wine-only five people came.You do not need to do it.She did not da

42、re (to) say anything like that.She had better not play with the bad boy.I would rather stay here than go home.If I have a choice, I had rather not continue my studies at this school.;.具体用法表示现存的状态、情况表示过去、现在、将来都理应基本用法存在的客观事实和真理表示现阶段经常性、反复性的活动主句用过去时，宾语从句所述 代 替是客观真理 /经常性动作， 从句谓语动词用一般现在时过 去 时表 示 过叙述往事，使其生动一般去表示 “书上说”“报纸上说” 等现在时进行图片说明、电影说明、戏表 代 替剧内容及场景解说时18特进行时习惯表达中表示现在正在发生殊用的动作 /存在的状态法 表示已经安排 /计划好，将来必定发生的动作 /存在的状态 一 般Be, come, go, arrive leave, start,现 在 时begin表 示 将来