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1、句子的成分1 名词 Nouns (n.) 表示人或事物的名称 box,pen,tree,apple 2 代词 Pronouns (pron.)代替名词、数词、形容词We,this,them,myself 3形容词 Adjectives(adj.) 用来修饰名词,表示人或事物的特征 good,sad,high,short 4 数词 Numerals(num.)表示数目或顺序 one,two,first 5 动词 Verb (v.) 表示动作或状态 Jump,sing,visit vt.是及物动词 vt后必须跟宾语:sing a song vi.是不及物动词 vi后不直接带宾语或不带宾语:jump
2、 high6 副词 Adverbs(adv.) 修饰动、形、副等词,表示动作特征 there,widely,suddenly 7 冠词 Articles (art.) 用在名词前,帮助说明名词所指的范围 a,an,the 8 介词 Prepositions (prep.) 用在名词或代词前,说明它与别的词的关系 in,on,down,up 9 连词 Conjunctions (conj.) 表示人或事物的名称if,because,but 10 感叹词 Interjections (int.) 代替名词、数词、形容词等 oh,hello,hi,yeah 句子是由词按一定语法结构组成的,能表达一个
3、完整的概念的语言单位。句子的开头第一个字母必须要大写,结尾要有句号“.”,问号“?”或感叹号“!”。句子的成分组成句子的各个部分叫做句子的成分。英语的基本成分有七种:主语(Subject)、谓语(Predicate)、表语(Predicative)、宾语(Object)、定语(attribute)、状语(adverbial) 和补语(complement)。主语和谓语是句子主体部分(在英文中一般的句子必须有主语和谓语)。表语、宾语和宾语补足语是谓语里的组成部分。其他成分如定语和状语是句子的次要部分。下面我们分别讲述一下句子的各个成分:1 主语主语是谓语讲述的对象,表示所说的“是什么”或“是谁”
4、。一般由名词、代词、不定式或相当于名词的词或短语来充当。它在句首。We study in No.1 Middle School.(讲述“谁”) 我们在一中学习。To teach them English is my job. (不定式作主语) 教他们英语是我的工作。注意 : 不定式作主语时,常用形式主语it句型,因此左例可变为It is my job to teach them English. (真正的主语是to teach them English.)2 谓语说明主语“做什么”,“是什么”或“怎么样”。谓语(谓语部分里主要的词)必须用动词。谓语和主语在人称和数两方面必须一致。它在主语后面。
5、 His Parents are doctors. (系动词和表语一起作谓语) 他的父母亲是医生。She looks well.(系动词和表语一起作谓语) 她看起来气色(面色)很好。We study hard.(实义动词作谓语) 我们努力学习。We have finished reading the book. (助动词和实义动词一起作谓语)我们已经看完了这本书。He can speak English. (情态动词和实义动词作谓语)他会说英语。3 表语表语说明主语“是什么”或者“怎么样”,由名词、形容词、副词、介词、不定式及相当于名词或形容词的词或短语来担任。它的位置在系动词后面。You l
6、ook younger than before.(形容词作表语) 你看起来比以前年轻。I am a teacher.(名词作表语) 我是个老师。Everybody is here.(副词作表语) 所有的人都出席了。They are at home now.(介词短语作表语) 他们现在在家。My job is to teach them English.(不定式作表语) 我的工作是教他们英语。4 宾语宾语是动作、行为的对象,由名词、代词、不定式或相当于名词的词、短语来担任,它和及物动词一起说明主语做什么,在谓语之后。(直接宾语、间接宾语详见后面五种基本句型)。She is playing the
7、 piano now.(名词作宾语) 她正在弹钢琴。He often helps me.(代词作宾语) 他常常帮助我。He likes to sleep in the open air.(不定式作宾语) 他喜欢在露天睡觉。We enjoy living in China.(动名词作宾语) 我们高兴住在中国。5状语状语用来修饰动词、形容词或副词。一般表示行为发生的时间、地点、目的、方式、程度等意义,一般由副词、介词短语、不定式或相当于副词的词或短语来表示。状语一般放在句末,但有的可以放在句首、句中。(详见副词)He did it carefully.(副词作状语) 他仔细、认真地做这项工作。Wi
8、thout his help,we couldn't work it out. (介词短语作状语) 如果没有他的帮助,我们不可能解决这个问题。 (In order) to catch up with my classmates,I must study hard.(不定式作目的状语) 为了赶上我的同学,我必须努力学习。 6 定语定语是用来修饰名词或代词的。形容词、代词、数词、名词、介词短语、不定式或相当于形容词的词或短语等都可以担任定语。因为它是修饰名词或代词的,而名词和代词又可以作主语,还可以作表语和宾语,所以定语的位置很灵活,凡是有名词、代词的地方都可以有定语。 The black
9、 bike is mine. 主语部分(形容词作定语) 这辆黑色的自行车是我的. What is your name? 表语(代词作定语) 你叫什么名字? They made paper flowers. 宾语(名词作定语) 他们生产纸花。 The boys in the room are in Class Three Grade One. (介词短语作定语) 这间屋子里的男孩们是一年级三班的. I have something to do.(不定式作定语) 我还有一些事去做.五种基本句型句子是由主语、谓语动词、表语、宾语、宾语补足语等组成的,依其组合方式可分为五种基 五种基本句型见下表 种类
10、句型主语S谓语动词V表语P宾语O宾补OC1S+V+PWeare(系动词)students2S+VWework(不及物)3S+V+OHeplays(及物)the piano4S+V+O+OCHemade(及物)the boylaugh5S+V+ino(间接宾语) +DO(直接宾语)Shegave(及物)me a pen 一、主(语)谓(语) S V主语(略)能做谓语的在十大词类中只有一种词类:动词,也就是说只有动词具有作谓语的“专利”,所以我们往往把“谓语”和“动词”连在一起叫做“谓语动词”。 为了更好地理解这个句型以及下面的三个句型,在这里我需要补充说明两点:一、宾语 二、及物动词和不及物动词
11、 。宾语,是动词作用的对象,通常是由名词或代词来充当(想一想:主语是由什么充当的?),从位置上来看,位于谓语动词之后,例如:He reads English .在这里English 就是作reads 的宾语。在英语中,宾语通常是做动词或介词的宾语即构成动宾短语或介宾短语(介词短语),也就是说,做宾语的,要么是做动词的宾语,要么是做介词的宾语,二者必居其一。 有些动词后面通常直接跟用作宾语的名词或代词。在语法上,这些动词称为“及物动词”,有些动词后面通常不直接跟宾语,这些动词称为“不及物动词”,例如:I like English .其中的 like 是及物动词。秘诀一、 及物动词后面必须加宾语,
12、因为不加宾语,句意就不完整了。秘诀二 、及物动词后面直接加宾语,不及物动词后是不能直接加宾语,但有些不及物动词后面加介词或副词之后就可以加宾语了(例如:look 是典型的不及物动词,后面是不能接宾语的,但是如果加上适当的介词就可以跟宾语如look at the blackboard 、look for the child 、look after his mother等等)。秘诀三、 绝大多数动词既可以作及物动词也可以作不及物动词 ,只作及物动词或不及物动词的动词是很少一部分。只能当不及物动词的词 sleep 睡觉 walk 步行 swim 游泳 happen(take place)发生 go去
13、 come来 work 工作 laugh 笑 stay呆在 arrive 到达请观察,他“身影”经常出现在哪里?回答这个问题之前,我们需要对状语的各路神仙加以分类,看看他们都属于那路神仙,I get up at six. (我在六点种起床) 介词短语在此处是表示时间的,是时间状语(上帝呀,你不会又发出疑问吧,什么是介词短语呀,介词大家都知道吧,如in 、on、 under 等等之类的,如果介词后面加上了宾语,就把它叫做介词短语,如:in the room、on the desk、under the table )。介词短语作时间状语的很多,类似的如:on Sunday. in Septembe
14、r ,in 2008 等等,副词也可作时间状语,如:already (已经) before(以前) now (现在) yesterday (昨天) today(今天) tomorrow (明天)soon(不久),这些应该熟记之。表示时间就是时间状语,那表示地点的呢? 对喽,就是地点状语。He did his homework at home (他在家做的家庭作业)介词短语在此处是表示地点的,是地点状语。副词也可作地点状语,如:here(这儿)、 there(那儿)、 up(上面) 、down(下面) 、upstairs(楼上)、 downstairs(楼下) 、 anywhere(任何地方)等
15、等。He is often late. (他经常迟到) 副词在这里是作频度状语,表示经常。常见的还有always(总是) 、ever(曾经)、 never(从来不)、seldom(很少,不常) 、sometimes (有时)、usually(通常)等等She danced beautifully. (她舞姿优美) 副词在这里是作方式状语,是来修饰动词“跳舞”的,类似的还有:quickly(很快的)、 bravely (勇敢地) happily (高兴地)、 fast(很快地) 、well (好地)He speaks English very well. (他的英语说的很好)副词在这里是作程度状
16、语,是修饰副词well的,类似的还有:very quite too 等等。哇!关于状语的种类,我说了这么多,想必大家都已烦了吧,但是我在这里说的都是常见的状语,列出的例子大家应该熟记。“解毒”状语之秘诀一、 状语通常是有副词、介词短语来充当,是来说明动作或状态特征的句子成分。秘诀二、 状语通常是来修饰谓语动词、副词、形容词。秘诀三、 地点状语、时间状语出现的频度最高,而且二者都可由介词短语、副词充当。其他的状语大都是有副词充当。秘诀四、 时间状语、地点状语的位置比较灵活,可以在句首、句中、句尾。不过通常的位置在句尾。如果时间状语、地点状语同时在一个句子中出现,一般情况下,地点状语在前,时间状语
17、在后。秘诀五、 频度副词的位置一般在谓语动词之前,be动词之后或助动词(如 havehascan等)与一般行为动词(如runworkdraw)之间。二、主语谓语宾语 S V O此句型是由三部分组成,主语、谓语、宾语。(想想看,该谓语动词应该是及物动词还是不及物动词)这三种成分在上面都已经讲过。这里要对宾语作进一步的补充说明,大家知道,宾语主要是由名词和代词充当的,其实,作宾语常见的还有:动词不定式(to do )/ 动名词(doing ),比如:He wanted to go home ( to go home )作want 的宾语;He likes listening to music (
18、listening to music ) 作like 的宾语。需要注意的是:动词后面接名词或代词作宾语对所有及物动词都行得通的,但并不是所有的及物动词后面都可以接动词不定式或动名词。这里有三种情况:其一、有些动词后面只可以接动词不定式,其二、有些动词后面只可以接动名词,其三、有些动词两者都可以接,记忆这些单词的用法的秘诀如下:秘诀之一:下面的动词后面只可以接动名词,一句话要决记之: “megafeps”(霉咖啡不吃) mind(介意)、miss(错过)、enjoy(喜欢)、give up(放弃)、admit(承认)、avoid(避免)、finish(完成)、escape(逃脱)、practis
19、e(练习)、suggest(建议)秘诀之二:下面的动词后面只可以接动词不定式,一句话要诀记之:“要想干,同意办,愿意不愿意,决定尽量干。”A.要求,想要,希望(want、wish、hope、expect、intend、mean) B.同意(agree、promise) C.意愿(care、hate、refuse) D.决定,企图(determine、decide、offer、attempt、try、manage)秘诀之三:下面的动词既可以跟动名词又可跟动词不定式 begin to do something doing something.start to do something doing
20、something.continue to do something doing something.forget to do something doing something.remember to do something doing something.regret to do something doing something.like to do something doing something.love to do something doing something.hate to do something doing something.try to do something
21、 doing something mean. To do something doing something.Stop to do something doing something练习一:判断下列句子是主谓结构还是主谓宾结构,如果是主谓宾结构请指出是由什么充当的宾语(名词、代词、动词不定式、doing 等等)1 He arrived yesterday.2 The boy is crying loudly.3 She died in 2000.4 The man disappeared in the street.5 I like music.6 She wanted some help7
22、I slept well last night.8 Tom built a house last year.9 I bought a computer in the street yesterday10 .Tom often swims in the river三、主(语) 系(动词) 表(语) S V P系动词是联系动词的简称,顾名思义,它是起到联系作用的动词,是连接主语和表语的。系动词的数量是有限的,常见的只有十来个,我们把它们分成四组,这样有助于我们记忆系动词:一 be动词类: am、 is 、are 、was 、were 二 表示变化类:become、 get 、 turn 、 gro
23、w 、go 三 感官动词类: 眼(look )耳(sound)鼻(smell)舌(taste)身(feel) 四 表示延续性的动词 :remain 、stay 、keep经常会有学生问“啥是表语呀?”答曰:表语有两个特征:一从位置上来讲,它总是在系动词后面(系动词和表语关系甚为紧密,没有系动词,就没有表语:没有表语,就没有系动词,正所谓“皮之不存,毛将焉附”)。二从意义上讲,表语通常是来说明主语的性质、特征的。表语通常是由形容词、介词短语、名词、代词、动词不定式、doing 等来充当。练习二:找出下面句子中的主语、系动词及表语,并指出主语和表语分别是由什么词性或词类来充当的。1 Kate wa
24、s here yesterday.2 My father became a teacher in 1978.3 The weather gets hot in summer.4 She looks beautiful.5 The flower smells good.6 We were very happy.7 You are right.8 The soup tastes delicious.9 The chair is yours. 10 The children are asleep. 四 主语 谓语 间接宾语 直接宾语S V ino(间接宾语) DO(直接宾语) She gave(及物
25、) me a pengive me a book.一人一物做宾语就是双宾语.说得明白一点,双就是两个的意思。 此句型的关键是记住哪些动词后面要接双宾语,因为并不是所有的及物动词后面都可以接宾语的,只有少数的动词。此句型中的谓语动词后接两个宾语:前一个宾语称为"间接宾语",多由代词或名词充当;后一个宾语称为"直接宾语",往往由名词充当。这类句型常有"给某人某物"、"送某人某物"、"留给某人某物"等意思。(所有能带双宾语的动词含义的内核含有一个“给”字。常见的这类谓语动词有:give(给某人),br
26、ing(带给某人), bring somebody somethingtell(告诉某人), tell somebody somethingsend(送给某人), send somebody somethingleave(留给某人), leave somebody somethingpass(递给某人), pass somebody somethingread(给某人读), read somebody somethingwrite(给某人写), write somebody somethingtake(给某人拿), take somebody somethingshow(给某人看), show
27、 somebody somethingteach(教给某人), teach somebody somethingget(给某人弄到), get somebody somethinglend(借给某人), lend somebody somethingbuy(给某人买), buy somebody somethingpay(支付给某人), pay somebody somethinghand(递给某人) 。hand somebody something 带双宾语(直接宾语和间接宾语)的动词(分为A、B两类)A:动词后加togive 给 show给看 send寄,打电报 bring带 read读
28、pass递给 lend借给 leave留给 hand交给 tell告诉 return把还给 write给写信 throw扔 promise答应 refuse 拒绝B:动词后加for make生产,制造 buy买 do做 get得到 play演奏 order命令 sing唱歌 pay为交钱五、主语谓语宾语 宾语补足语 S V O OC这个句型在有的语法书上又叫做主语谓语复合宾语,这里的复合宾语=宾语宾语补足语,这里又新增加一个“东东”:宾语补足语。说起宾语补足语来,我们先从初中你熟悉的三个句型说起 :ask somebody to do something (邀请某人做某事)tell someb
29、ody to do something (告诉某人做某事)want somebody to do something (要求某人做某事)例、 I asked him to have dinner. 能够作宾补的有很多,我们这里只学习几种常见的: doing 不带to的动词不定式介词短语形容词等等。首先,哪些动词后面是跟带to的动词不定式(动词不定式可以分为带to的动词不定式和不带to的不定式两种,不带to的不定式实际上就是动词原形)作宾补的。主要有: order somebody to do somethingwant somebody to do somethingtell somebody
30、 to do somethinginvite somebody to do somethingask somebody to do somethingbeg somebody to do something(注意上面的有六个单词可以跟动词不定式作宾补,我们可以按照语气的强弱来记忆这几个单词:命令要求告诉邀请请求乞求) 此外,还有advise somebody to do somethingallow somebody to do somethingwarn somebody to do somethingteach somebody to do something其次,哪些动词后面可以跟不带t
31、o的动词不定式作宾补的,我们可以用下面一句话来帮助你记忆: 一感二听三让五看半帮助这里:一感(feel)二听(hear listen to )三让(let make have)五看(see watch notice observe look at)半帮助(help).即: feel hear listen to let make leave somebody do sthsee watch notice observe look at help上面这些词都是用于动词后面可以跟不带to的动词不定式,应熟记之。最后,哪些动词后面是跟doing作宾补的,我们仍然可以借助上面的句子来记忆,上面的单词中
32、除了三让(haveletmake)半帮助(help)不能跟dong作宾补之外, 其它都是可以的。(即:一感二听五看,实际上它们都属于感官动词)注意: 第4种句型和第5种句型(双宾语和复合宾语)的比较(1) He gave me a book.(双宾语)他给我一本书。(2) He calls me Tom.(复合宾语)他叫我汤姆。 例(2)中的宾语me(我),和宾语补足语Tom(汤姆),可以成为逻辑上的主谓关系,即“我是汤姆”。但例(1)则不可以,不能想像为“我是一本书”,所以双宾语没有逻辑上的主谓关系。凭这一点,我们就可以很容易的区分开它们了。He made the boy laugh.他使男
33、孩笑. 主 谓 宾 宾补(宾语the boy和后边的成分laugh,可以想像为“男孩笑”,即可以成为一句话,也就是逻辑上的主谓关系,而不是真正的主谓关系,这样,可以肯定“laugh”是宾补。) She bought me a pen.她买给我一支笔。(宾语me(我)和后面的词a pen(一支笔)不可能成为逻辑上的主谓关系,不可能想像为“我是一支笔”,所以就是双宾语。)练习一:判断下列句子是主谓结构还是主谓宾结构,如果是主谓宾结构请指出是由什么充当的宾语(名词、代词、动词不定式、doing 等等)1 He arrived yesterday.2 The boy is crying loudly.
34、3 She died in 2000.4 The man disappeared in the street.5 I like music.6 She wanted some help7 I slept well last night.8 Tom built a house last year.9 I bought a computer in the street yesterday10 .Tom often swims in the river练习二:找出下面句子中的主语、系动词及表语,并指出主语和表语分别是由什么词性或词类来充当的。1 Kate was here yesterday.2 M
35、y father became a teacher in 1978.3 The weather gets hot in summer.4 She looks beautiful.5 The flower smells good.6 We were very happy.7 You are right.8 The soup tastes delicious.9 The chair is yours. 10 The children are asleep. 练习三 判断下列句子是主谓+双宾语结构还是主谓+复合宾语,如果是主谓+复合宾语,请指出复合宾语是由什么充当的。1. I watch the b
36、oy playing foot ball. 2. My good friend told me a story.3. Tom lent me a pencil.4. LiLi noticed two dogs fight .5. I looked at her flying a kite .6. Please hand me the paper .7. The lion ordered the hen to give him some eggs.8. He wanted you to go with him.9. Lu Yang told the little boy to go home.1
37、0. She asks me to help her .11. My parents leave me some money .12. Lucy leads me a pencil .13. Mother got me some tea . 14. LiLei found 100 yuan in the room.15. He showed me her photos .划分句子成分练 习练习题(1)1.They are working on the farm now. 2.Seeing is believing 3.All of us like Kobe Bryant very much 4
38、.She became a doctor in 1998 5.The book lying on the floor are mine 6.Suddenly it begins to rain 7.To catch the train ,I got up early yesterday 8.I always find her happy 9.He wonders If I still study English 10.The letter which I received the day before yesterday was a friend of mine 11.We always wo
39、rk hard at English. 12.He said he didn't come. 13.They love each other. 14.What did you bye? 15.She watched her daughter playing the piano. 16.your job today is to help the old. 17.Speaking doesn't mean doing. 18.Bye the time I got to the station,the train had left. 19.The children bought th
40、eir parents a car for the 25th anniversary of their marriage. 20.It takes me an hour to get there.练习题(2) (一). 指出下列句中主语的中心词 The teacher with two of his students is walking into the classroom. There is an old man coming here. The useful dictionary was given by my mother last year. To do today's ho
41、mework without the teacher's help is very difficult. (二). 选出句中谓语的中心词 I don't like the picture on the wall.A. don't B. like C. picture D. wall The days get longer and longer when summer comes.A. get B. Longer C. days D. summer Do you usually go to school by bus? A. Do B. usually C. go D.
42、bus There will be a meeting at the library this afternoon.A. will be B. meeting C. the library D. afternoon Did the twins have porridge for their breakfast?A. Did B. twins C. have D. breakfast Tom didn't do his homework yesterday.A. Tom B. didn't C. do D. his homework What I want to tell you
43、 is this. A. want B. to tell C. You D. is We had better send for a doctor. A. We B. had C. send D. doctor He is interested in music. A. is B. interested C. in D. music Whom did you give my book to? A. Give B. Did C. whom D. book(三) 挑出下列句中的宾语 My brother hasn't done his homework. People all over t
44、he world speak English. You must pay good attention to your pronunciation. How many new words did you learn last class? Some of the students in the school want to go swimming, how about you? The old man sitting at the gate said he was ill. They made him monitor of the class. Go across the bridge and
45、 you will find the museum on the left. You will find it useful after you leave school. They didn't know who "Father Christmas" really is.(四) 挑出下列句中的表语 The old man was feeling very tired. Why is he worried about Jim? The leaves have turned yellow. Soon They all became interested in the
46、subject. She was the first to learn about it.(五) 挑出下列句中的定语 They use Mr. Mrs. with the family name. What is your given name? On the third lap are Class 1 and Class 3. I am afraid some people forgot to sweep the floor. The man downstairs was trying to sleep. I am waiting for the sound of the other sho
47、e!(六) 挑出下列句中的宾语补足语She likes the children to read newspapers and books in the reading-room. He asked her to take the boy out of school. She found it difficult to do the work. They call me Lily sometimes. I saw Mr. Wang get on the bus. Did you see Li Ming playing football on the playground just now? (
48、七) 挑出下列句中的状语 There was a big smile on her face. Every night he heard the noise upstairs. He began to learn English when he was eleven. The man on the motorbike was travelling to fast. With the medicine box under her arm, Miss Li hurried off. She loves the library because she loves books. I am afraid that if you've lost it, you must pay for it. The students followed Uncle Wang to see the other machine.(8) 划出句中的直接宾语和间接宾语
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