现代园林景观空间中视觉形式美的营造_英文_

1、Creation of Visual Beauty in Modern Garden Landscape SpaceLI Jing 1，HUANG Hua-ming 2*1Guangdong Urban Construction Senior Technical School ，Guangzhou ，Guangdong 510650，China ；2Guangdong University of Technology ，Guangzhou ，Guangdong 510006，ChinaAbstract Four aspects of elements of the landscape spat

2、ial pattern are elaborated ，that is ，point-line-surface-object ，form ，color ，texture ，aes-thetic characteristics of modern garden landscape space were specifically analyzed ，and from the perspective of the artistic component ，expression ways of its visual image are studiedKey words Modern garden ，La

3、ndscape space ，Aesthetic characteristics ，Visual beautyReceived ：August 9，2010Accepted ：September 28，2010*Corresponding authorE-mail ：Hhmxx2005126comLandscape is not only a material entity ，but also a space of spirit and culture for the survival of mankindVisual quality of landscape space is determi

4、ned by the processes of people memorizing ，associating ，imagining and understandingDis-similation of science and technology ，loss of humanism in the large-scale construction of modern residences have triggered the aggravating cultural and ecological crises ，which further led to the degraded quality

5、of landscape spaceQuality of urban landscape space is largely determined by its visual effect ，thus the connotations of visual sense ，landscape and space as well as the correlation among them are principal contents of land-scape design techniquesUrban visual landscape is to stress the dominant role

6、of visual sense in experiencing urban landscape ，and that people can visually experience the spatial distance ，volume ，spatial in-terface and orientation of urban landscape ，and give psycholog-ical response to the visual-dominated landscape environmentItis a significant part of landscape space resea

7、rch to scientifically study the common visual beauty of urban landscape space 11Formal elements and beauty of land-scape spaceThere are three elements for visual sense ，specifically ，form sense ，light sense and color senseForm sense is a kind of psychological sense ，that is ，sensory perceptionAll ki

8、nds of forms can be summarized into simple geometric shapes ，or basic formsIn landscape design ，the composition of basic forms should be focused at first to establish the overall image ，and then finish the detailsLight sense and color sense are physical responses to landscape ，mainly based on the br

9、ight-ness and colors11Point ，line ，surface and object111PointAs the primary element of form ，point indicates a location in space ，without length ，width or depth ，which canbe used to identify both ends of a line ，intersection of two lines ，intersection of angles on a surface or object ，or center of a

10、 spaceAlthough point has no shape or form in concept ，it is al-so an existence while it is placed in the field of visionAnd it is static and stable when it is in the center of an environment112LineForm is also a fundamental element of formLy-ing between two points ，line is the border of a surface ，o

11、r be-tween surfacesLocation or direction of a line has certain visual effects ，for example ，vertical line shows the force of gravity or a state of balance ，or limitation of a certain space ；horizontalline can be used to signify ground level or horizon ，showing sta-bleness ；oblique line is a visually

12、 dynamic elementIn garden design ，line is an imaginary element ，such as axis and genera-trixAll kinds of line can be demonstrated in the junctures of different parts ，in this way ，forms of line are showed in land-scape design in varying degrees113SurfaceFormed by the translation of line ，surface has

13、 only length and width but no depth ，and its shape is determined by its object lineIn garden landscape design ，space is de-fined by ground and vertical surfaces ，or top surface occasion-allyGround is a critical element in garden landscape design ，the form ，color and texture of which determines other

14、 ele-mentsThe texture and density of ground materials also influ-ence ways of people passing throughVertical surface ，such as feature wall ，hedgerow and wood ，determines the connection strength of spaces ，which to a great extent influences the over-all pattern of landscape114ObjectObject is formed b

15、y expanding surfaces ，and all kinds of object are consisted of points ，lines and surfacesForm is the basic and identifiable feature of an object ，which is determined by the shape of surfaces as well as correlation a-mong surfaces ，and these surfaces indicate borderlines of an objectAn object can be

16、a real substance ，that is ，the space occupied by an object ；it can also be a virtual one ，that is ，the space enclosed by surfaces 212Form Form can be classified into geometric form ，ab-stract natural form ，natural form and so onIn geometric form ，square is the simplest and fundamental one in garden

17、land-scape design ，round is brief ，unified and integrated ，producing a sense of completeness and softnessAmong abstract natural forms ，winding curve is the mostly adopted natural one in land-scape design ，which is more difficult to grasp than straight line ，without definite direction or adequate pot

18、ency ，but it seems soft enough to relieve the tension of people and make viewers feel comfortable ，thus winding forms are always ideal options for the design of some landscape elementsThere are some soft and irregular forms in the natural world ，but these linear elements are not random ，and there is

19、 a sort of in visible sequence hid-den by those diversified forms ，such asequence is the response of natural object to the change of ecological environment ，as well as those instable elements such as water system ，soil ，mi-croclimate ，flood ，habitat of animals ，which describes terrains and natural e

20、co-relations ，showing diversity ，abundance and in-herent rationality13Color Color is one of the fundamental modeling ele-ments of landscape design ，which can give landscape distinct formal characteristicsAny color has its own three properties of hue ，lightness and pureness ，that is ，three elements o

21、f colorHue is the integrated whole formed by various colors with cer-tain inherent relations ，creating the overall color trend of a pic-tureGarden landscape design should pay more attention to color combination ，which requires not the permanent harmony of unified hues ，but three elements of color sh

22、ould be coordina-ted with the hue of environment ，balance and layer of colors should be maintained to avoid mutationsColor design of gar-den landscape always focuses on the whole ，a certain color system is selected as the dominant one to form a unified hue ，and such a hue is likely to control other

23、supplementary colors ，but it is fragile at the same time and needs the decorative colors in some partsLandscape color can also vary with the changing seasons 314Texture Texture is a kind of perceptual element ，and surface texture can always be classified into two categories ，specifically ，tactile te

24、xture and pure visual textureThe former indicates that surface patterns can be identified by touching ，or the visual image is totally different or exactly same as what it feelsAnd the latter refers to the visual effect generated by the smoothness ，brightness and hue of surface ，for example ，the smoo

25、th concrete wall ，coarse hedge ，wavy trees and other such different material textures all influence the space percep-tion of peopleDifferent viewing distances also bring different space perceptions ，thus the distance and way of viewing should be figured out first ，and then suitable materials can be

26、select-edIn the texture design ，the selection of materials is the first step ，and the physical characters of materials should be fully known ；then the arrangement of materials ，that is ，proper vie-wing distance should be determined according to the charactersof materials ，so as to better appreciate

27、the texture of materials ，and effectively improve the quality of landscape spaceFor ex-ample ，the outer wall built with precast concrete slab and crushed granite ，the material texture of this wall can be fully ap-preciated by viewers in a close distance ，which is called the pri-mary texture experien

28、ce ；then in a further distance ，crushedstones are not recognizable ，the separation effect of precast joints is the secondary texture experienceTo better distinguish the differences between the primary and secondary texture ex-perience ，viewpoints should be set up first ，for example ，by ar-ranging bu

29、shes or waters between two points ，to definitely con-trol the viewing distance and enhance the landscape effect 42Aesthetic characteristics of modern gar-den landscape spaceModern garden landscape space ，in terms of aesthetics ，can be categorized into 2groups ，4types21Sublimity of urban landscape Fr

30、om the perspective of aesthetics ，sublimity and fear are psychologically relatedAnd sublimity is born by combining the aesthetic psychology of demonstrating aspirations and comparing to virtues Grand images like high mountains and waterfalls are likely to leave deep impressions to and compel admirat

31、ions of viewers ，and in such a process ，beauty generatesFor example ，Shil-iang Waterfall in Tiantai Mountain ，Zhejiang Province is so magnificent and dangerous that some tourists dare not to climb to the topSuch landscapes somehow show the magnificence of nature and also the aspirations of peopleIt

32、is not necessary to appreciate scenery in a determined location ，the beauty lies in the shock it brings to viewersTemples are always located in high mountains ，which is to create the religious mood for landscape environment by using the sublimity of mountainsAs man climbs upon the high moun-tain ，th

33、e aesthetic psychology of expressing one s aspira-tions and comparing the natural elements into virtues will naturally come out22As the symbol of expressing certain feelings Land-scape works as the symbol of expressing certain feelings ，sometimes due to its original image ，sometimes refined from fol

34、k customs ，for example ，the Broken Bridge in the West Lake is a symbol of the love story about the White SnakeGar-den landscape design can also express certain feelings by space processing which will further the sight line of viewers ，create a sense of depth not only physically but also psychologi-c

35、allySpecifically ，there are three ways as below to achieve such a landscape effect ，aby contracting the field of view ，a comparison between depth and width can be formed ；bin-creasing the layer ，then an illusion about the depth of field will be created ；cby using hiding and reflecting ，a kind of imp

36、licit beauty will be producedGarden landscape space is limited by certain objects ，and the forms of such objects certainly will bring certain characters to the space ，that is ，the spatial tem-perament reflected by the visual messages of these objectsOn the other hand ，a symbol of beautiful shape wil

37、l please viewers and make itself easy to be accepted ，and induce viewers eager about beauty and feelings of belonging to the natural worldDifferent symbols in the landscape design ，being processed according to the contents and requirements of the theme that landscape architects want to express ，beco

38、me cer-tain unique landscape elementsFor example ，in the landscapedesign of a plaza ，its sculptures ，waterscapes ，decorative wall paintings ，texture of rockeries ，and stair railings will give the whole scenery the same vitality as they give to architecture ，which can not only highlight the individua

39、lity and beauty of land-scape ，but also independently complete and express its special ideas and emotions23Psychic enjoyment Psychic enjoyment is the highest level of aesthetic psychology ，excluding the cultural factors such as social ethics and customsThe so-called landscapeproviding psychic enjoym

40、ent refers to the garden scenery bring-ing viewers surprisingly pleasantnessPsychic enjoyment is a kind of aesthetic principle with the free spirit of mankind as the starting point ，to appreciate the target object or image with the ultramundane mentality by getting rid of the considerations about ad

41、vantages and disadvantagesSuch landscape includes modal landscape spaces like bridge and river ，mountain and lake ，courtyard scene and so on 53Visual image processing of modern landscape space31Artistic components of visual image of modern land-scape space311Virtual and real Virtual in space means e

42、mpti-ness where people can stay ， real in space means entity The processing of virtual and real spaces is to create an implicit space that can not be fully identifiedAEnclosing the space in an ambiguous way by leaving a certain open section ，to create indefinite boundaries and form virtual and real

43、spaces ；BAp-plying the technique of permeation ，for example ，using waters and trees to form the perspective line ，create a seemingly boundless spaceFrom the perspective of aesthetics ，space is not beautiful because of being virtual ，but different processing techniques should be applied in different

44、circumstances ，virtual and real spaces should be properly combined312DensityDensity in garden landscape shows the loca-tion of design elements and their concentration degree in the spaceToo dense design elements mean too much visual stim-ulations ，which can easily cause tension or oppression ，while

45、too plain seem insipid ，thus only the well-combined landscapeelements can create a sense of rhythm313LayerWithout the processing like enclosing and lea-king ，landscape within a garden can be observed by a glance ，and the actual size of the space can be easily identifiedBut if layers are set ，a stron

46、g illusion will be generated that the space is too deep to see through ，in this way ，the landscape volume remains the same physically but increases a lot psychological-lyThere are two ways to process spatial layers ：asingle field of view ，that is ，to expand or increase space by hiding and dis-closin

47、g ；bmultiple fields of view ，that is ，to create a seeming-ly boundless space by using spatial sequence314AxisAxis of a space indicates the sense of spatial axis in psychology triggered by the characteristics of spatial restric-tionsFrom the perspective of psychology ，symmetric and asymmetric axes ar

48、e all anthropomorphic psychological respon-sesHuman body is symmetric but shows asymmetric features while one is doing exercisesIn terms of aesthetic psychology ，such an asymmetric inclination generates the characteristics of expressing feelings and psychic enjoyment In garden landscape design ，asym

49、metric axis is always used for large spaces ，while symmetric axis for small spaces ，or touring routes can be designed by using hill ，plant ，tower ，bridge ，pa-vilion ，sculpture and so on ，such symbolic objects are keys to extend the axis as a substantial existence of spatial axis 632Visual expression

50、s of modern landscape space 321Opposite sceneryThe so-called opposite scenery al-ways refers to the landscape which is visually connected with the viewpoint but without any real touring route ，such as the scene on the opposite side of a water body ，lawn or wallThe application of such a technique req

51、uires the designer to artfully control the space and properly arrange viewpoints ，and the best location should be selected for the relaxing of tourists ，for ex-ample ，pavilion ，turf or tree can be applied in the opposite side of the target landscape322Borrowed sceneryBorrowed scenery is to take scen

52、es outside the garden into the garden landscape according to the needs of landscapingSuch a technique builds an organic rela-tion between scenery inside and outside the garden ，mainly by the following ways ：borrowing from scenes in the distance ，bor-rowing from the neighbor ，borrowing the upper scen

53、ery ，bor-rowing the lower scenery ，borrowing scenes in different sea-sonsContents of borrowed scenery are mainly borrowingshape ，sound ，color or fragranceScenery should be borrowed artfully so as to well integrate into the whole environment of the garden ，and create a harmonious image within and out

54、side the gardenBorrowed scenery by connecting interior and exterior spaces of the garden ，indoor and outdoor spaces ，can extend the space and enrich garden landscapeThe concrete ways of borrowed scenery can be summarized as ：raising the location of viewpoint ；creating perspective line to borrow scen

55、ery far away ；borrowing scenery from the neighbor by using door ，win-dow or decorated perforated window in the wall323Enframed scenery and vista lineEnframed scenery in-dicates the three-dimensional picture formed by using windowframe ，gateway ，cave or tree trunk based on a certain view-pointWith a

56、concise landscape frame as the foreground ，sight line of viewers can be focused on the main feature of the pic-tureEnframed scenery values the layout and the processing of depth of field ，which is always vital natural image with strong artistic appealsEnframed scenery certainly should have scen-ery

57、within the frame ，if the frame is created for the scenery ，the location of window should enable viewers to see the best scen-ery ，if the scenery is created for the frame ，the scenery should be set in the corresponding location ， borrowed scenery can also be applied if there is no sceneryDistance bet

58、ween obser-vation point and frame should be 2times more than the frame diameter ，and the focal point should be in the center of frameVista line is to highlight or strengthen the main feature by limiting it into one end of a narrow space ，or to screen the poor surrounding landscapesVista line is a way to highlight oppo-site scenery by using perspective line and axis ，and to enhance the depth of garden landscape324Leaking through scenery and adding sceneryLeaking through scenery is a gardening technique to show randomnessBy applying this technique ，scenery can be made partly hidden and partly