中考必备语法动词的被动语态

1、中考必备语法动词的被动语态 二、 考点跟踪解读 1理解动词的语态在不同语境中的应用和结构变化。 2掌握相应的谓语动词变化形式和常用结构。 3掌握主动语态和被动语态之间的相互转化。 4掌握一般现在时，一般过去时以及一般现在时带有情态动词的被动语态的用法。 三、 要点精讲全解 语态表明主谓之间的关系。英语的语态有主动语态和被动语态之分。主动语态表示主语 是动作的执行者，被动语态表示主语是动作的承受者。如： He ope ned the door 他打开了这扇门。（主动语态） The door was ope ned.这扇门被打开了。（被动语态） （一）被动语态的构成 被动语态由 助动词 be+及物

2、动词的过去分词”构成。助动词 be 有人称、时态和数的变化: 时态 谓语动词构成 一般现在时 am/ is /are + p.p. （vt.） （及物动词的过去分词） 一般过去时 was/were 一般将来时 will be 现在完成时 have/has bee n 现在进行时 am/is are+be ing 过去进行时 was/were+ being 1.一般现在时：be（ am/ is/ are）+及物动词的过去分词 En glish is spoken by lots of people in the world. 世界上的许多人都说英语。 2. 一般过去时：was / were +及

3、物动词的过去分词 My bike was stolen.我的自行车被偷了。 3. 现在完成时：has / have + been +及物动词的过去分词 Two hundred trees have been planted by now.至 U 现在为止，已经种了二百棵树了。 4. 一般将来时：will+ be +及物动词的过去分词 A speech will be give n this after noon. 今天下午有一个演讲。 5. 现在进行时：am / is / are + bei ng +及物动词的过去分词 Un cle Wang is mending my bike now. -

4、My bike is being repaired by Tom now. 6. 过去进行时：was/were+及物动词的过去分词 This road was be ing built this time last year.这条路去年这个时候还在修建。 7. 含有情态动词的被动语态构成：情态动词 + be +及物动词的过去分词 Your homework must be han ded in tomorrow. 明天必须交上你的作业。 被动语态的一般疑问句，须将第一个助动词移至主语之前构成。否定句须在助动词之后 加 not。如： 肯定句： The letter is written in E

5、nglish. 否定句： The letter isn written in English. 一般疑问句：Is the letter written in En glish? （二）被动语态的用法 1. 不知道或没有必要指出谁是动作的执行者时。如： The bridge was built last year.这座桥是去年建造的。 2. 当更加强调动作的承受者时。 此时动作的执行者由 by 引导置于谓语动词之后， 不需要 时可以省略。如： The room has n bee n clea ned yet.房间还没有打扫。 （三）主动语态变为被动语态 1主动语态变为被动语态的步骤 分清主句主

6、谓宾，宾变主来主 by 宾。谓变 be done 时不变，注意数格抄其余。 即： （ 1）将主动句的宾语变为主语。如果主动句的宾语是代词，将其由宾格变为主格。 Bruce writes a letter every week. A letter is writte n by Bruce every week. Tom killed him. He was killed by Tom. （2）将动词改为“ be+过去分词”。根据被动语态句子里的主语的人称和数，以及原来 主动语态句子中动词的时态来决定 be 的形式。 They held a meeting yesterday. A meeting

7、was held by them yesterday. He has written two no vels so far. Two rhoaVsbeen written by him so far. Lucy is writing a letter now. A lestbeing written by Lucy now. They will plant ten trees tomorrow. Tenwte 鈕 planted by them tomorrow. You must lock the door whe n you leave. The door must be locked w

8、he n you leave. （3）将主动语态的主语改为被动语态的 by 的宾语。如果原主语是代词，则应由主格 变为宾格。如： He sang a song. o A song was sung by him. 2主动语态变为被动语态的注意事项 （ 1）无 to 的要加 to 对于感官动词（see, watch, hear 等）和使役动词（make 等），它们用不带 to 的动词不定 式作宾语补足语，但变为被动语态时，我们要把不带 to 的动词不定式前加上 to。即：秃头 带帽。如： I saw him make a face just now. oHe was seen to make a

9、 face just now. Mother made her stay at home last Sunday.oShe was made to stay at home last Sunday. （ 2）双宾语要变人，变物要加 to 或 for。 有些动词有双宾语，间接宾语（指人）和直接宾语（指物） 。在变为被动语态时，一般 要把间接宾语变为被动语态的主语； 但要把直接宾语的变为被动语态的主语时， 在间接宾语 前要添加介词 to 或 for。 （buy, make, draw, sing 等用 for,其它一般用 to）如： I gave him a book yesterday. oHe

10、 was given a book yesterday. oA book was given to him yesterday. She bought me a bike last week. o I was bought a bike last week. o A bike was bought for me last week. （ 3）动词词组是整体，不可省去任何词。 不及物动词没有被动语态， 但有些不及物动词加上适当的介词或副词构成动词词组后， 能有自己的宾语， 故有被动语态。 在由主动语态变为被动语态时， 要把动词词组看作是一个 整体，不可省去其介词或副词。 She often ta

11、kes good care of the babies. oThe babies are often taken good care of by her. He listens to the radio every day. o The radio is listened to by him every day. （四）使用被动语态应注意的几个问题： 1. 主语是表示地点的名词变为被动语态 主语是表示地点的名词变为被动语态，此名词不能变为 “ by 的宾语，应在前面加介词 in on或 “at。女口： The factory makes cars. Cars are made in the f

12、actory. The farm grows rice. Rice is grown on the farm. 2. 不及物动词无被动语态。 不及物动词没有宾语，若将其用于被动语态则没有主语，故不能用于被动语态。有些英 语中的不及物动词，译成汉语时却可能是 及物”的，很容易出错，如：take place（发生）， happen（发生）,appear（出现）,disappear（消失）,last（持续），等。 What will happen in 100 years ？一百年以后将会发生什么呢？ 3. 主动形式表示被动意义。 英语中有些词语或句型可以用主动形式表示被动意义，而且这种情况还比较常

13、见。如 果我们不注意就有可能会用错， 所以有必要把这种情况做个了解。 下面是主动形式表示被动 意义的一些典型形式。 （1）want, need, require 等词后用主动形式表被动意义。 This shirt n eeds wash in g/to be washed.这件衬衣该洗了。 （2 连系动词 look, feel, smell, taste, sound, 等后加形容词也表示被动意义。 It tastes sweet 这有甜味。 （3） be worth doing something 句型中用主动形式表示被动意义。 The idea is well worth consider

14、ing. 这个想法很值得考虑。 （4） 不定式做后置定语，且与被修饰的名词在逻辑上是动宾关系，与句子主语在逻辑 上是主谓关系时，不定式常用主动形式表示被动意义。 They have a lot of work to do this week. 他们这周有很多工作要做。 （5） 当不定式前有 good, easy, difficult, hard, comfortable, heavy, light, dangerous, safe 等 形容词修饰且与句子的逻辑主语是动宾关系时用主动表示被动意义。 These shoes are not very comfortable to wear.这双鞋穿

15、起来不太舒服。 （6） 有些及物动词和及物动词短语 （多表示“静态”不）能用于被动语态，常见的有 have, cost, last, own, hold, fit, agree with 等。 The party lasted for two hours last night. 晚会昨天晚上持续了两个小时。 （五）初中教材中与被动语态相关的句型有： 1. be covered with 被 . 覆盖 2. be made of 由 . 制作（发生物理变化） be made from 由 . 制作（发生化学变化） be made in 由（某地）制造 be made by 被（某人）制造 3.

16、be used for 被用来 . be used as 被当作（作为） . 来使用 be used to do sth.被用来做某事 4. be filled with 被装满 5.It is said that.据说 . It is well known that .众所周知 . 四、思维误区警示 （一）考查主动形式，被动意义 【例题解析】 1. （孝感市） These apples _ well because they _ nice. A. are sold, look B. sell, look C. sell, are looked D. are sold, are looked

17、答案：B。本题考查主动形式，被动意义。 sell 和连系动词 look 没有被动语态。 2. The library n eeds _ , but it l have to wait un til Sun day. A. clea ning B. be clea ned C. clea n D. being clea ned 答案：A. need （实意）+ （ to do）sth.，need （情态）+ do ;当表示需要被做某事”用 need doing sth.本题考最后一种用法，选 A。如有 to be cleaned 则也为正确答案。 【易错知识点解析】 look, smell, t

18、aste, feel 等表示感觉的连系动词； sell 作 销量（好坏）”；be worth doing 意 为 值得做”；happen / take place; belong to （属于）等动词的主动形式表被动意义。 （二） 考查被动语态结构 【例题解析】 1. （宁波） Waiter, I dlike some Ninbo Dumplings. Sorry, sir. Ninbo Dumplings _ only for lunch and dinner. A. serve B. served C. are served D. are serv ing 答案：C.本题考查一般现在时的被

19、动语态， be （am/is/are）+p.p. 2. （天津） Did you go to Jacks birthday party? No, I _ . A. am not in vited B. was n invited C. have nt i nvited D. did nt in vite 答案：B。本题考查一般过去时的被动语态。 was/were+p.p. 【易错知识点解析】 被动语态的结构是be +及物动词的过去分词（p.p.）.被动语态的不同时态是通过 be 的 变化而实现的，其人称和数要和主语一致。 （三） 考查主动语态变为被动语态 【例题解析】 1. （四川）The c

20、hildren ate up all the apples.（改为被动语态） All the apples _ up by the childre n. 2. （辽宁）People use computer widely in the world. （改为同义句） Computers _ widely _ in the world 答案：1. were eate n 2. are, used 【易错知识点解析】 首先把主动语态的宾语变为被动语态的主语，再把谓语动词变为： be+p.p.，并通过 be 的 变化来表达不同的时态，最后把主动句中的主语改为介词 by 的宾语。 （四） 考查短语动词被

21、动语态 【例题解析】 1. （广东）A n eighbor helped to keep our dogs. It _ while we were on holiday. A. was take n care B. took care of C. is take n care of D. was take n care of 答案：D. take care of是一个词组，在变为被动语态时，应该看作一个整体。 2. （盐城）She will take good care of the children .（变被动语态） The children will _ （by her）. 答案： be

22、take n good care of 【易错知识点解析】 短语动词在变为被动语态时，要将短语动词视为一个整体，其后的介词或副词不能省去。 （五） 考查双宾语的被动语态 【例题解析】 1. （黔江）Her mother gave her a new pe n.（改为被动语态） A new pen _by her mother. 2. She bought me a bike last week.（改为被动语态） A bike _ me by her. 答案：1. was given to 2. was bought for 【易错知识点解析】 含双宾语的主动结构变为被动结构时，有两种方法：将间

23、接宾语变为主语，直接宾语 保持不变； 将直接宾语变为主语，间接宾语用介词 to 或 for 引导。 （六） 考查含有复合宾语动词的被动语态 【例题解析】 1. （鸡西） The poor man was made _ in the fields. A . to work B. work C. working 答案：A。 make sb. do sth.的被动语态是： be made to do sth. 2. （济南）The young man was ofte n see n _ by the lake. A. to draw B. to draw ing C. draw D. drew 答

24、案：A。 see sb. do sth 的被动语态是： be seen to do sth. 3. （河北） We _ to close the window before we left the lab. A. tell B. told C. are told D. were told 答案：D。 tell sb. to do sth.的被动语态是 be told to do sth. 【易错知识点解析】 一些动词能有自己的宾语和宾语补足语，构成 “S+ V + 0+0C”。动词用何种语态， 关键取决于动词后是否有宾语， 一般有宾语就要用主动语态， 没有宾语就要用被动语态。 主 动语态中，h

25、ear, see , feel 等感官动词及 let, make, have 等使役动词后接不带 to 的不定式作宾 补。但这些词在作谓语的被动结构中， to 要还原。 【中考演练】 I. 单项选择。 1. En glish _ in Can ada, Australia and New Zeala nd as well as America and Britai n. A. speaks B. is speak ing C. is spoke n D. spoke 2. What should we do first if we want to develop our village? A

26、lot of new roads_ , I think. A. must build B. have to build C. must be built D. have built 3. Please say “I am here ” whe n your name _ , will you? Yes, Mr. Hu. A. will be called B. calls C. is called D. is called 4. The boy _ to get supper ready after school . A. was told B. is telli ng C. were tol

27、d D. tells 5. Your coat looks nice . Is it _ cotton ? Yes. It _ Shanghai. A. made of; made by B. made of; made in C. made for; made by D. made for; made in 6. The telepho ne _ by Alexa nder Graham Bell in 1876. A. was inven ted B. has bee n inven ted C. is inven ted D. will be inven ted 7. A talk on

28、 developme nts in scie nee and tech no logy _ in the school hall n ext week. A. give n B. will be give n C. has bee n give n D. gives 8. This kind of food _ cool, clea n and dry accord ing to the in struct ion. A. should be carried B. must be put C. should be take n D. must be kept 9. The flowers _

29、ev ery day. Or they ll die. A. must water B. can be watered C. should water D. must be watered 10. Great cha nges _ in China duri ng the past 20 years. A. have happe ned B. happe ned C. have bee n happe ned D. were happe ned II. 用动词的适当形式填空. 1. These pictures _ take） in Beijing last spri ng. 2. Both

30、En glish and French _ （speak） in Can ada. 3. These things cant _ （put） in this room. 4. Our time should _ （make） good use of. 5. He _ （tell） to do the work just now. 6. I _ （make） to wash clothes yesterday. 7. The glass _ （break） by my sister this morning. 8. The sports meet ing _ （hold） in our scho

31、ol n ext Sun day. 9. Don worry about her. She _ （meet） by her friends as soon as he arrives. 10. The bridge _ （build） in 2000. III. 按要求转换下列各句，每空一词。 1. Teachers must take good care of the students.（改为被动语态） The stude nts must _ good care of. 2. Was he made to stay at home by his parents yesterday? （改为主动语态） Did his pare nts make _ at home yesterday? 3. People plant trees in spring.（改为被动语态） Trees _ in spri ng. 4. A famous America n writer wrote the book years ago.（改为被动语态） The book _ by a famous America n writer years ago.