语言学,第十二章

1、外国语学院外国语学院语言学教程语言学教程 Part Two Chapter 12 Theories & schools of modern linguistics 4. American Structuralism 5. Transformational-Generative Grammar6. Case Grammar and Generative Semantics 外国语学院外国语学院语言学教程语言学教程 4. American Structuralism 4.1 Early period: Boas and Sapir4.2 Bloomfields theory4.3 Post

2、-Bloomfieldian Linguistics(omitted)外国语学院外国语学院语言学教程语言学教程 American Structuralism American Structuralism is a branch of synchronic linguistics that emerged independently in the United States at the beginning of the twentieth century. It developed in a very different style, from that of Europe, under th

3、e leadership of the anthropologist F. Boas (1858 - 1942), whose tradition has actually influenced the whole of the 20th-century American linguistics.外国语学院外国语学院语言学教程语言学教程 American StructuralismSpecialized in the anthropology of North America, Boas worked as organizer of a survey of the many indigenou

4、s（本土的） languages of America north of Mexico. The result of the survey was the book Handbook of American Indian Languages (1911). Boas trained the men who investigated other languages. For decades, all the great names of American linguists learned their subject from Boas at first or second hand.Boas1

5、. Early period: Boas and Sapir外国语学院外国语学院语言学教程语言学教程 American StructuralismBoas held that there was no ideal type or form of languages, for human languages were endlessly diverse. Boas was strongly opposed to the view that language is the soul of a race, and he proved that the structure and form of a

6、language has nothing to do with the evolution of a race and the development of a culture. Thus, there were only differences in language structure, while there is no difference between languages in terms of being more or less reasonable or advanced.Boas外国语学院外国语学院语言学教程语言学教程 He undertook the descriptio

7、n of American Indian languages after Boass method. Sapir-Worf Hypothesis Universal features of language Without language, thought is impossible, and there is no culture. Sapir 外国语学院外国语学院语言学教程语言学教程 Language: An Introduction to the Study of Speech (1921) An anthropological viewpoint The nature of lang

8、uage and its development Focus on typology Elements of speech, the sounds of language, form in language, grammatical process, grammatical concepts, types of linguistic structure, and historical changes Sapir 外国语学院外国语学院语言学教程语言学教程 American Structuralism 2. Bloomfields theoryThe principal representativ

9、e of American descriptive linguistics is L. Bloomfield (1887 - 1949). He is such a landmark figure in the history of American linguistics that the period between 1933 and 1950 is known as Bloomfieldian Era, in which American descriptive linguistics formally came into being and reached its prime deve

10、lopment.外国语学院外国语学院语言学教程语言学教程 American StructuralismBloomfields Language (1933) was once held as the model of scientific methodology and the greatest work in linguistics in the twentieth century which started American structuralism as a school of thought. For Bloomfield, linguistics is a branch of ps

11、ychology, and specifically of the positivistic brand of psychology known as BEHAVIORISM. Behaviorism in linguistics holds that children learn language through a chain of stimulus-response reinforcement, and the adults use of language is also a process of STIMULUS-RESPONSE.外国语学院外国语学院语言学教程语言学教程 2) Beh

12、aviourism.外部刺激：外部刺激：Hunger语言外部实际语言外部实际反应：反应：get her an apple语言的代替性语言的代替性反应：反应：I want an apple 语言的代替性语言的代替性刺激：刺激：Ok, Ill get it for you.外国语学院外国语学院语言学教程语言学教程 Linguistic utterances can be substitutes for stimulus and response外界刺激外界刺激语言反应语言反应行为反应行为反应语言刺激语言刺激外国语学院外国语学院语言学教程语言学教程 .Mental processes of the

13、speakerMental processes of the hearerObservable parts: utterancesLearning a language involves constant practice and repetition in real situations rather than merely teaching language learners grammatical theories.外国语学院外国语学院语言学教程语言学教程 American Structuralism 3. Post-Bloomfieldian linguisticsInfluenced

14、 by Bloomfields Language, American linguists such as Z. Harris (1909-), C. Hockett (1916-2000), G. Trager, H. L. Smith, A. Hill, and R. Hall further developed structuralism, characterized by a strict empiricism.外国语学院外国语学院语言学教程语言学教程 1) Harris Methods in Structural Linguisticsmarking the maturity of A

15、merican descriptive linguistics. 2) Hockett A Course in Modern Linguisticsa well-known textbook in the American descriptive tradition 3) K. Pike their technique of linguistic analysis TAGMEMICS. 4) Sydney M. Lamb cognitive stratification theory外国语学院外国语学院语言学教程语言学教程 5. Transformational-Generative Gram

16、mar NOAM CHOMSKY (1928- ), institute professor at MIT. Linguist, philosopher, and political activist.外国语学院外国语学院语言学教程语言学教程 1) Early theories (1957) Innateness hypothesis Language acquisition mechanism Competence and performance Transformations: generating an infinite set of sentences from a finite se

17、t of elements Deep structure and surface structure Phrase structure rules Transformations外国语学院外国语学院语言学教程语言学教程 Phrase structure rules S NP VP VP V NP NP Det N V act, beat, catch, dive, N man, boy, book, flower, .短语结构规则短语结构规则外国语学院外国语学院语言学教程语言学教程 外国语学院外国语学院语言学教程语言学教程 Transformational rules NP1 + Aux +

18、V + NP2 John + will + write + a story NP2 + Aux + be + en + V + by + NP1 a story + will + be + en + write + by + John转换规则转换规则外国语学院外国语学院语言学教程语言学教程 The five stages of development of TG Grammar:1) The classical theory (1957)2) The standard theory (1965)3) Extended standard theory4) GB/PP theory (1981)5) The Minimalist Program2) TG Grammar外国语学院外国语学院语言学教程语言学教程 6. Revisionists? Rebels? 1. Case Grammar Case Grammar is an approach that stresses the relationship of elements in a sentence. It is a type of generative grammar developed by C.J. Fillmore in the late 1960s. In this grammar, the