慢性静脉功能不全患者应用新型IPC改善血流动力学的效果

1、慢性静脉功能不全患者应用新型IPC改善血流动力学的效果及相关临床研究Improved hemodynamic effectiveness and associated clinical correlations of a new intermittent pneumatic compression system in patients with chronic venous insufficiency Stavros K. Kakkos, MD, MSc, Gabriel Szendro, MD, FRCS,a Maura Griffin, DCR, DMU, MSc,Michael M. S

2、abetai, MD, and Andrew N. Nicolaides, MD, MS, FRCS, London, United KingdomPurpose: A new intermittent pneumatic compression device (SCD Response System) has recently been shown in healthy volunteers to have the ability to detect the post-compression refilling of the calf veins and to respond by init

3、iating the subsequent cycle when these veins are full. This has proven to be more effective in expelling blood proximally than the conventional intermittent pneumatic compression device (SCD Sequel System). The aim of this study was to test the influence of venous disease on the post-compression ref

4、ill time detected by means of the SCD Response and the effectiveness of the new system in expelling blood in patients who have venous reflux caused by post-thrombotic syndrome or varicose veins. Methods: This open, controlled trial was conducted in an academic vascular unit with 10 patients who had

5、post-thrombotic syndrome and 10 patients who had varicose veins. The new SCD Response System was tested against the existing SCD Sequel System in both legs in the supine, semirecumbent, and sitting positions. The refilling time sensed by means of the device was correlated with the venous filling ind

6、ex by using air plethysmography. The total volume of blood expelled per hour during compression was compared with that expelled by the SCD Sequel System in the same volunteers and in the same positions.Results: An inverse association was found between the mean postcompression refilling time in the s

7、itting position and the venous filling index of the apparently healthy or less severely affected leg (r = -0.52, P = .019), the refill time being significantly shorter in patients with advanced venous disease. The SCD Response System increased the volume expelled per hour itl the post-thrombotic leg

8、, when compared with the SCD Sequel System, by 109.9% (P = .005) in the supine position, by 85.1% (P = .009) in the semirecumbent position, and by 40.2% (P = .005) in the sitting position. The corresponding results in. tile more severely affected leg in patients with varicose veins were 71.9% (P = .

9、005) in the supine position, 77.9% (P = .005) in the semirecumbent position, and 55.7% (P = .013) in the sitting position. Similar improved results were also found in the contralateral leg in both groups.Conclusions: The deflation settings of the new SCD Response System are able to be adjusted selec

10、tively, correlating with the physiological severity of chronic venous insufficiency. By achieving more frequent compression cycles, the new sys-tem is more effective than the current one in expelling blood proximally, confirming our earlier findings in healthy volunteers. Further studies testing a p

11、ossible improved efficacy in preventing deep venous thrombosis in this high-risk group are justified. (J Vase Surg 2001;33:915-22.)Venous thromboembolism is common among patients who arc hospitalized and carries a significant morbidity rate in both the short term (pulmonary embolism, fatal or not) a

12、nd the long term (post-thrombotic syndrome). Although most cases are now preventable by using mechanical, pharmacological, or combined prophylactic modalities, the incidence of venous thromboembolism is still unacceptable in high- or very high-risk groups, as defined by means of clinical risk factor

13、s, necessitating an individual protective strategy.From the Irvine Laboratorv for Cardiovascular Investigation and Research, Department of Vascutar Surgery, Imperial College School of Medicine, St Marys Hospital, and the Department of Vascular Surgery, Soroka Medical Center, Ben-Gurion University.Co

14、mpetition of interest: The Department of Vascular Surgery, Imperial College School of Medicine, St. Marys Hospital, was a recipient of a research grant from Tyco Healthcare.Reprint requests: S K Kakkos, MD, MSt, DIC, Irvine laboratory for Cardiovascular Investigation and Research, Department of Vasc

15、ular Surgery, Imperial College School of Medicine at St. Marys Hospital. London, W2 I NY, OK (e-mail: s.kakkosic.ac.uk).Copyright 2001 by The Society for Vascular Surgery and The American Association for Vaseular Surgery0741-5214/2001/S35.00 + 0 24/1/118822doi:10.1067/mva.2001 118822A history of dee

16、p venous thrombosis (DVT) constitutes a well-known risk factor for its postoperative recur-fence, and venous stasis has been considered to be a major pathophysiological risk factor. DVT sequelae of venous occlusion, valve destruction, or both lead to a short refill time, impaired calf muscle pump fu

17、nction, incomplete venous emptying, and increased ambulatory venous pres- sure.6,7 These hemodynamic alterations tend to aggravate in the long term, resulting in the development of the post-thrombotic syndrome. This progressively deteriorating venous stasis constitutes a major predisposing factor fo

18、rd, in addition to any coexisting hematological cause.8,9Similarly, patients with varicose veins have also been reported to have an increased incidence of postoperative DVT,9-12 probably for the same hemodynamic reasons. Table I. Hemodynamic characteristics and anatomical pattern of reflux of both l

19、egs ill patients who have post-thrombotic syndrome and patients who have varicose vcins with air-plethysmography and duplex ultrasound scanning OFSO VV VFI EF RVF Superficial venous Deep venousPatient group OF (%) (%) (mL) (mL/s) (%) (%) reflex(n /%/) reflex(n /%/)Post-thrombotic Post-thrombotic leg

20、 39.3 (11.43) 28.2 (8.03 86.3 (63.63) 3.3 (3.7) 27.4 (29.8) 51.7 (40.0) 8 (80) 10 (100) Contralateral leg 46.2 (17.53 - 79.7 (55.4) 1.8 (1.43) 40.3 (20.7) 39.9 (32.13 5 (50) 5 (50)Varicose veins Most severely affected leg 56.8 (14.03 - 132.9 (50.4) 3.8 (6.8) 28.3 (17.1) 56.7 (21.4) 10 (100) 1 (10) L

21、ess severely affected leg 52.8 (16.8) - 127.8 (40.4) 2.5 (4.2) 26.2 (11.0) 49.9 (32.1) 10 (100) 1 (10)Results arc shown as the median and (inter-quartile range).The VFI of the post-thrombotic leg was significantly higher when compared with the cnntralatcral leg (P .001 ), the remaining intragroup as

22、sociations being all statistically nonsignificant. OF, Outflow fraction; OFSO, outflow fraction with superficial occlusion; VV, venous volume; VFI, venous filling index; EF, ejection fraction; RVF, residual volume fraction. It has been reported that post-thrombotic limbs have a compromised hemodynam

23、ic response to intermittent pneumatic compression devices used as a means of pre-venting DVT 13 A possible explanation is that the existing compression systems are not yet fully optimized, which is supported by the recent observation that after manual calf compression the post-compression refill tim

24、e of the leg veins is significantly shorter in the presence of chronic venous insufficiency (CVI). Many investigators have already optimized the settings of the intermittent pneumatic compression (IPC) devices, including pressure, slope of pressure, and compression type (sequential vs uniform).15,16

25、 We have recently improved these settings, demonstrating that adjustment of the deflation period according to the individual post-compression refill time of the veins allows more compression cycles with time, which results in a significant increase in the volume expelled during compression in health

26、y subjects. The aim of this stud), was to test the influence of venous disease on the device-detected post-compression refill time (SCD Response Compression System, Tyco Health are, Mansfield, Mass) and also the effectiveness of this new compression system in making adjustments as a result of positi

27、oning on the basis of its ability to assess the individual post-compression refill time in patients with CVI (post-thrombotic or varicose veins). The final end-point was to compare the effect of the new compression system on venous return with that of the current sequential compression system (SCD S

28、equel System, Tyco Healthcare) in the same groups of patients. Improved effectiveness of the SCD Response System in decreasing venous stasis in patients with CVI would, subsequently, justify, further studies to investigate the possibility of an improved efficacy in preventing DVT in this high-risk g

29、roup.PATIENTS AND METHODS Patient selection and evaluation. Potential subjects for the study were identified from the outpatient clinic and the records of our clinical vascular laboratory Patients who were examined or tested for bilateral varicose veins or unilateral post-thrombotic syndromc, respec

30、tively, were included. The inclusion criteria were: (1) bilateral varicose veins caused by saphenotfemoral or saphenopopliteal junction incompetence and (2) a history of DVT with significant recanalization and reflux in the deep venous system, as diagnosed with color-coded duplex ultrasound scanning

31、 (CCDU). The exclusion criteria included the presence of any local leg condition interfering with sleeve placement (such as dermatitis, ischemic vascular disease, extreme leg deformity, or edema), a history of congestive heart thinners, and duplication of the proximal superficial femoral vein, which

32、 would preclude an accurate estimation of global deep venous return. We selected the patients who had varicose veins to be matched for age and sex with the patients who had post-thrombotic syndromc to cotmtcract the influence of age on venous physiologic parameters,18 which could influence the augme

33、nted venous outflow and preclude comparison between the two groups. A detailed hits or was obtained, a physical examination and lower limb venous CCDU were performed as a means of assessing each leg, and a CEAP class and clinical score were assigned.19,20 CCDU was performed with the ATL HDI 3000 sca

34、nner by using a linear broadband 7-4 MHZ transducer (Advanced Technology I,aboratories, Bothell, Wash). We used CCI)U to examine the patients in the standing, sitting, and reverse Trendelenburg positions to assess the superficial and deep venous system of the legs for patency and presence of reflux,

35、 as &scribed earlier,21 Reflux, induced in the standing position by means of distal compression of the limb followed by sudden release, was considered to be significant when the duration of the retrograde flow was more than 0.5 seconds. All patients with post-thrombotic syndrome (3 men and 7 women),

36、 had a history of unilateral proximal DVT (3 recur rent cases), which affected the left leg in seven cases; the last episodes were 3 to 53 years ago (median, 7 years). The median age (interquartile range) in patients with post-thrombotic syndrome and patients with varicose veins was 53.5 years (24 y

37、ears) and 56 years (18.3 years), respectively (P = 91). The corresponding figures for CEAP class and clinical score were 4 (2) and 3 (2; P = .035) and 4.8 (2.5) and 2 (0.S; P .0013, respectively. Air-plethyslnography (APG-1000; ACI Medical, Sun Valley, Calf) was subsequently performed in both legs a

38、s a means of calculating the outflow fraction, with and without superficial occlusion (the former in post-thrombotic legs only), venous volume, venous filling index (VFI), ejection fraction, and residual volume fi-action7; all parameters wet measured three times and averaged. All subjects gave writt

39、en informed consent; the study protocol and the informed consent were approved by the Institutional Review Board. Description of the SCD Response Compression System. A detailed description of the new compression system has been published. 17 The SCD Response Compression System uses a method similar

40、to segmental air-plethysmog-raphy7 to estimate the post-compression refilling of the leg veins and, thus, the individual refill time. The longer refill time between both legs is being used to prevent compressing a leg before the actual refill is complete, and compression commences when both legs are

41、 refilled. Flow and velocity measurements. Flow and velocity measurements (peak velocity, total volume low, and peak volume flow during compression) were performed at the level of the proximal superficial femoral vein with the same ATL HDI 3000 scanner, as &scribed carrier. 17 The normal venous retu

42、rn in the lower limbs when flow velocity is recorded by means of duplex scanning has a respiratory, cardiac, or combined phasic pattern.22 During the 11 seconds of leg compression, there is augmentation of the normal venous velocity, but after the end of compression, venous return is practically und

43、etectable. Some time is necessary for the veins to refill and flow to be re-established; progressively, the velocity of venous return is increasing, and when the veins are fully refilled, both the normal phasic pattern and baselinc velocity of venous return have recovered The time necessary for the

44、complete return of the normal phasic pattern of the femoral venous flow as determined by means of Doppler waveforms was considered to be the duplex scan-derived post-ompression refill time, as we described carlicr,17 and it was measured in both legs. All measurements were repeated in both legs and i

45、n the supine, semirecumbent, and sitting positions with the two SCD system types. The total volume of blood expelled during compression periods in 1 hour and the corresponding peak volume expelled in I hour were caletdated bymultiplying these basic single-cycle measurements and the number of cycles

46、per hour as determined by means of the individual deflation time. The reproducibility of our method has been published l7; to increase the accuracy of flow and velocity measurements, which depend on vein diameter that changes with respiration,25 we averaged four to six (median, S) consecutive measur

47、ements. To decrease the systemic error itll flow measurements, we compared the two types of SCD systems in a paired thespian.Statistical analysis. The Kolmogorov-Smirnov test was used as a means of testing normal distribution of the data. If this was Mot the case or when the sample size was less tha

48、n 1S, non-parametric tests were used. Statistical significance between different groups was assessed by using the Wilcox on signed-rank test. The Pearson correlation or Spearman correlation coefficient method, when appropriate, was used in bivariate correlation. SPSS software for Windows, version 9

49、(SPSS, Chicago, III), was the statistical package used for statistical analysis. P values of .05 or less were considered to be statistically significant.Fig 1. Scatter plot showing a linear relationship between the SCDResponse-derived refill time and VFI in the combined group of the loss severely af

50、fected leg in patients with post-thrombotie syndrome and patients with varicose veins (n = 20, r = -0.52, P= .019). RESULTSThe hemodynamic characteristics and anatomical pat tern of reflux of all legs arc shown in Table I. A linear relationship was tuned between the duplex scan-derived refill time o

51、f the apparently healthy or less severely affected leg and the SCD Response device-derived refill time in the sit-ting position (mean of 5-7 readings per leg) in both the patients with post thromboses syndrome(r = 0.75, P -.012) and patients with varicose veins (r = 0.92, P .001), confirming our ear

52、lier findings in healthy subjects.17 In the combined group of 20 legs, an association (r = 0.52, P = .019, Fig 1) was found between the SCD Response-derived refill time iii the sitting position and VFI of the apparently healthy or less severely affected tog (this is the leg used by the compression s

53、ystem to estimate refill time). A similar association and correlation coefficient (r) between refill time and VFI was found in patients with post-thrombotic syndrome (r = -0.6, P = .07) and patients with varicose veins (r = -0.52, P = . 13). The results of the hemodynamic comparison of the two SCD d

54、evices are shown in Figs 2, A and B, 3, A and B, and Table II. The SCD Response Compression System increased the total volume of blood expelled per hour in the post-thrombotic leg by 109.9% (P = .005) in the supine position, 85.1% (P = .009) in the semirecumbent position, and 40.2% (P = .005) in the

55、 sitting position (Fig 2, A). The corresponding figures tar the contralateral leg were 68.6% (P = .005) in the supine position, 82.5% (P = .017) in the semirecumbent position, and 66.3% (P = .005) in the sitting position. The SCD Response Compression System also increased the total volume of blood e

56、xpelled per hour in both legs with varicose veins (Fig 2, B). In the more severely affected leg with varicose veins, the SCD Response device increased the total volume of blood expelled per hour by 71.9% (P = .00S), 77.9% (P =.00S), and 55.7% (P = .013) in the supine, semirecumbent, and sitting posi

57、tions, respectively. The corresponding figures for the contralateral, less severely affected leg were 44.8% (P= .00S), 80.4% (P= .00S), and 47.1% (P= .007). A similar increase in the peak volume of blood expelled per hour was found in most positions and legs (Fig 3, A and B).Fig 2. Comparison of tot

58、al volume expelled per hour during compression by tile SCD Response Compression System with that expelled by tile SC1) Sequel Compression System, in the supine, semirecumbent, and sitting positions in post-thrombotic legs and the contralateral normal ones (A) and in patients with varicose veins, bil

59、aterally (B). Arrows indicate the percentage increase with the SCD Response The new device achieved comparable flow increases when the post-thrombotic or the more severely affected leg with varicose veins was compared with the contralateral leg in the supine (P = .46), semirecumbent (P = .2 l ),and sittin