外文翻译：地源热泵系统的模拟与设计

1、岩土热物性的模型，这种方法是由对测试孔温度反应的现场测试法引申而来的。在论文的第摘要：总结了近年来地源热泵系统的模拟和设计方面的研究和进展。首先给出了地源热泵系统各部件建模方面的进展，包括竖直埋管地热换热器、单井循环系统以及在地源热泵混合系 统中采用的几种辅助散热装置。其次，讨论现场测定深层岩土热物性的技术。第三，介绍竖直埋管地热换热器的设计方法。最后，给出在设计地源热泵系统中采用系统模拟的几个应用 实例。关键词：热泵；地热换热器；热物性；混合系统；模型；设计；模拟1.简介从热力学的观点来看， 在空调系统中利用地源热作为热源或者冷源是吸引人的。这是因为，从全年来看，其温度比环境干球或湿球温度更

2、接近于室内(所需要)的温度。基于这个 原因，地源热泵系统较之空气源热泵系统在高效率上更具有潜力。在实际情况中，源热泵系统由于没有设备暴露在外部的环境中，花在维修方面的费用是比较低的(Ca ne, et al. 1998).虽然已经有一些地源热泵系统技术在斯堪的那维亚半岛得到发展，但是其商业上的开发利用却是在美国做得最好。 这是主要是因为在美国已经存在着一个很大的住宅空调系统市场。其系统由于有着较低的能耗和低运行费用已经证明吸引了很多业主。在美国很多地区用电峰值取决于空调用电量。对于这个原因使得一些电力设备公司对这个系统很感兴趣，他们希望通过使用这样的系统来减少对电力的需求。一些小型商业机构和公

3、共部门已经研究出这种技术的应用。地源热泵系统由于其较低的运行费用而吸引一些学校主管，并有越来越多的学校使用。在美国关于地源热泵技术实际应用的一些实例研究细节已经交给GHPC。在论文接下来的部分中我们首先会给出地源热泵系统各部件建模方面的进展，包括竖直埋管地热换热器、水源热泵、单井循环系统以及在地源热泵混合系统中采用的几种辅助散热装置。由于要设计地下换热器首先就要了解地热的属性,这篇论文的第二部分简要介绍了确定深层三部分，将会介绍一下用软件来设计竖直埋管地热换热器的方法。最后，给出在设计地源热泵系统中采用系统模拟的几个应用实例，其中包括混合 GSHP系统和防冻GSHP系统的设计。2.GSHP系统

4、模型构成GSHP系统一般由水源热泵和地下换热器组成，对于混合GSHP系统，还包括几种辅助散热装置。这些模拟的设备在下面被覆盖。2.1闭循环地下换热器闭循环双管系统可采用水平埋管或垂直埋管。垂直埋管系统由于其较高的换热效率而被人们较多的采用。这种类型的闭式循环换热器由一根根置入直径为75MM150MM 钻孔的U型管组成。这些钻孔在置入U型管后用钻出来的土回填或者，更普遍，整个孔都用薄泥浆填塞。灌浆通常是避免地下水的污染而且使换热管道与完全接触以达大良好的换热效果。常用于系统埋管的是直径为 22MM33MM 的高密度聚乙烯管 (HDPE)。打孔深度一般在 30M120M 之间。两种模拟的复杂性很有

5、意思。首先，测量地下换热器在单位时间内用户的最小输入的设计方法是可取的。其次，其能预测数小时内(或较短的时距)由于建筑物负荷的连续变化对地下换热器造成何影响的模拟模式也是也是可取的。这一理论允许对系统能量消耗和用电需求预 测。因为两者的方法以被Eskilson(1987)发展的模型为基础在这论文中呈现了，Eskison的方法将会首先被讨论，接着是对被Yavuzturk和Spitler发展的模拟模式的描述.(1999)2.1.1 Eskison 的研究方法Eskis on (1987)针对地耦孔周围温度分布的确定问题的解决办法是采用逻辑分析和数学解析相结合的办法。对于初始条件和边界条件恒定的均匀

6、土壤中的单个地耦孔的相关数值建立径向-轴向坐标，使用瞬态有限差分方程进行二维数值计算。像管壁和泥浆等个别钻孔要素 的热容量是被忽略的。单个钻孔的温度场通过重叠来获得整个钻孔范围。整个钻孔范围的温度回应被转换到一组非线性的温度反馈因数，被称做G-函数。这个 G-函数使得与某一时间内的特定热量输入相应引起的地耦孔壁的温度变化情况的计算成为可能。一经钻孔范围的反馈对阶梯热量的反馈用G-函数来表示，任何的任意热反馈函数能被藉由在一系列的阶梯函数之上让热反馈/输出决定，而且叠加对每个梯度函数的反馈。这一过程对于四个月的热反馈以图示的方法在图1中表示。基本的热脉冲(从零到 Q1 )是指历经整个过程4个月后

7、的热量峰值，其值Q1''=Q1。次级脉冲 Q2=Q2-Q1，为3个月期间后的峰值。同理， Q3'=Q3-Q2 为'两个月期末峰值，最后， Q4=Q4-Q3指一个月后的热量峰值。因此，任何时间地耦孔壁的温度都能够由这四个阶梯函数计算确定。从数学角度来看，在第nth时期的末期，受位置因素影响的地耦孔壁的温度如下：Tborehole?Tgrou nd?i?1 n(Qi?Qi?1)t n?ti?1rbg(,) 2?ktsH其中：t =时间(s)ts?时间范围？H2/(9a)H =孔井深度(m)k=岩土导热系数(W/(m.k)Tborehole= 孔井平均温度(C)Tgr

8、ound=岩土稳态温度(C)Q=阶梯热反馈脉冲(W/m)rb= 孔径(m)i=时间梯度结束指数2.1.2仿真模型这里所说的仿真模型的大部分细节已经由Yavuzturk 和Spitler所介绍。在2.2垂直圆形孔井垂直圆形孔井用于直接与岩土进行热交换。一种用来研究垂直圆形孔井性能的数据模型已经研发了，它由两部分组成：地耦孔构成的节点模型，附近地下水流动和岩土中热传递定容模型。这种模型的运用包括对地下水流动导致的热传递的明确处理(Rees,etal.2003)。这种模型可以考察垂直圆形孔井的性能在使用中的影响和重要意义。其性能在 以下几个参量中是最具敏感的：流量，地耦孔长度，岩土热传导率和水压传导

9、率。2.3水源热泵Jin和Spitler(2002a)发明了一种参量估算水源热泵模型。这种模型对冷冻循环进行热力学分析，比热交换模型更简单，同时比冷冻循环压缩机模型更为精确。在第二篇论文(Jin,etal.2002b)中，对这一模型进行扩展，包括回旋式空气压缩机的子模型和使用防冻剂的步骤。制造厂商的目录数据中叙述了多变量优化算法估算出的模型中的各种参量。Jin(2002)详细叙述了多变量优化算法和估算出的参量。比起在此之前生产的方程-适宜类型模型，水源热泵模型更为精确。Jin(2002)还介绍了一种类似的水源热泵模型。2.4混合式GSHP系统的热量补偿地源热泵系统中地耦孔的成本是系统成本的重要

10、部分，但它主要取决于当地地质状况。这种装置主要用于制冷建筑物中。在这种岩土的导热性差，钻孔条件简陋的地方，水源热泵系统的成本的比较昂贵。尽管如此，我们可以采取初次成本与能效折中的办法，缩小耦孔范围， 在热泵水管内安装辅助散热装置。这样的系统称为混合型地源热泵系统。混合系统的水管中有各种不同类型的散热装置，比如冷却塔，带换热器的浅水池，液压加热面或者叫桥层。Chiasso n(2002a)发明了浅水池模型，其原理是：由于闭循环换热器，需要测量岩土热传导性的实验装置是由Eklof,Gehli n(1996)和Aust in (1998)自主发明的。图5是了一种适用于液压加热面或者叫桥层的有限差分模

11、型。这种模型甚至能够模仿积雪融化过程。以上这些模型使用试验性的辅助散热装置，在俄克拉荷马州大学得到认可。3土壤热量特性的现场测定测量深层岩土的热传导性对于地源热泵系统来说至关重要。地耦孔的宽度长度主要取决于深层岩土的热物性。测定深层岩土的热传导性的传统方法是首先确定地耦孔周围岩土的类型。确定后，可以通过双管热泵系统设计手册中关于岩土类型的资料来测定其热传导性(EPRI1989)。据报道，岩土信息中的热传导性有更广泛的价值，因此能找到一种更精确地测定岩土热传导性的方法就更好了。深层岩土的热传导性不能直接测定，只能通过温热变换测定法来推断，还需利用一些地热传递模式，比如线形水源法(In gerso

12、lland Plass1948;Moge nse n1983)或者柱形水源法(Carslaw and Jaeger1947)。有趣的是它们还有相反的用途由岩土的性能来测定其热物性，而不是由岩土的热物性来测定其性能。虽然线形水源法和柱形水源法可以反过来运用于测算岩土热传导性，但是仍然需要做一些简单假设，因为其影响结果是不易测定的。采用地耦孔详细数据模型，对地耦孔几何学和热流体，管道。泥浆以及岩土的热物性进行详细描 述，可以减少简单假设造成的不确定因素。这样，对地热传导性就会有一个更精确的估算。岩土温度反应的分析步骤有两中基本类型：分析法(Witte,et al.2002)和参量估算法(Austi

13、n1998;Austin et al.2000;Shonder and Beck1999)。Witte et al(2002)用线形水源法和不确定分析法对岩土热传导性进行现场测试。Aust in et al(2000)的参量估算法是用垂直钻孔的瞬态二维数据定容模式来测算一个已知的变时间的热流量输入的岩土温度反应。Nelder Mead的单工运算法则被用来发掘岩土和泥浆热传导性的最有价值的用途，那就是把实验测量的温度反应和估算的温度反应之间的差值减小到最低限度。Austin et al.(2000)发明的测试系统的示意图。实验装置放在一个可以拖动的拖车里。地耦孔安装被一个长达 50小时的试验证明

14、是满意的。一个较短的试验时间是非常合人心意的 而且可能是将来研究的主题。外文文献：<<Source heat pump system simulati on and desig n abstractSummarized the recent years source heat pump system simulati on and the desig naspect research and the progress.First has given the source heat pump system various parts modelling aspect progress

15、,includingthe vertical pipe installationgeothermy heat in tercha nger, the si ngle well circulatory system as well as several kind of assista nee heat dissipat ing arran geme nt which uses in the place source heat pump mix system.Next, discusses the sce ne determ in ati onin-depth gro und hotn atura

16、ltech no logy.Third,in troduct ionvertical pipe in stallati on geothermy heatin tercha nger desig n method. Fin ally, gives in the desig n source heat pump system uses the system simulatio n several applicati on example.Key word: Heat pump; Geothermy heat interchanger;Hot nature;Mix system;Model; De

17、sig n; Simulati on1. syno pses looked from thermody namics viewpo int that, uses the source hot workin the air-c on diti oning system for the heat source or the heat sink is appeali ng.Thisis because, looked from the whole year, its temperature ratio environment dry bulb or the wet-bulb temperature

18、approach (n eeds) in the room the temperature.Based on this reas on, the source heat pump system has the pote ntial compared with theair source heat pump system in the high efficie ncy.ln actual situati on, source heat pump system because does not have the equipment to expose in exterior en viro nme

19、nt, the flower in the service aspect expe nse is quite low (Ca ne, et al. 19982. Although already had some source heat pump system tech no logy to obta in the developme nt in the Scandin avia n penin sula, but i n its commercial developme nt use was actually does well in US.This is mai nly is becaus

20、e already has a very big hous ingair-conditioningsystem market in US.Because its system has the low energycon sumpti on and the low operati ng cost already proved has attracted very many own ers.Uses electricity the peak value in America n very many areas to be decided by the air conditioning electr

21、icityconsumption.Enables some power equipmentcompanyregardingthis reason to be interestedvery much to this system, theyhoped through uses such system to reduce for the electric power dema nd.Some small bus in ess orga ni zati on and the public departme nt's already studied this kind of tech no l

22、ogy the applicati on. The source heat pump system attracts some schoolmanager as a result of it low operating cost, and has the more and more many school use.Already gave GHPC in US about the place source heat pump tech no logy practical applicati on some example research detail.3. Meets down in the

23、 paper in the part we first can give the source heat pump system various parts modell ing aspect progress, in cludi ng the vertical pipe in stallati on geothermy heat in tercha nger, the water source heat pump, the sin glewell circulatory system as well as several kind of assistanee heat dissipating

24、 arran geme nt which uses in the place source heat pump mix system.Because mustdesig n the un dergro undheat in tercha ngerfirst to have to un dersta ndthegeothermy the attribute, this papersec ondpart in troduced briefly thedeterm in ati on in-depth gro und hot n atural model, this method is by to

25、measured the test hole temperature resp on ded the sce ne test method expa nds comes .In the paper third part, will be able to in troduce will desig n the vertical pipe in stallati on geothermy heat in tercha nger with the software the method. Fin ally, gives in the design source heat pump system us

26、es the system simulation several application example, in cludi ng mixes the GSHP system and the frostproof GSHP system desig n.4. The 2.GSHP system model con stitutes the GSHP system gen erally is composed by the water source heat pump and the un dergro und heat in tercha nger, regard ing mixes the

27、GSHP system, but also in cludes several kind of assista nee heat dissipat ing arran geme nt.These simulati on equipme nt is covered in unde shuts the circulati on un dergro und heat i ntercha nger to shut the circulati on double barrel systems to be possible to use the horiz on tal pipe in stallati

28、on or the vertical pipe in stallati on. Vertical pipe in stallati on system as a result of it high heat tran sfer efficie ncy by people many uses.This kind of type closed cycle heat in tercha nger sets at i nto the diameter by a root is 75mm150mm the drill hole U tube is composed.These drill holes a

29、fter set at into the U tube with the earth backfill which drills or, more uni versal, the en tire kondow pads with the thin mud.ls in the milk usually is avoids the gro und water the pollutio n moreover caus ing the heat tran sfer pipeli ne with to con tact completely reaches the greatly good heat t

30、ran sferden sityeffect .Iscom monlyused the diameter is the 22mm33mmhighpolyethyle neman ages(HDPE) in the system pipein stallati on.Punchdepthgen erally betwee n 30m120m.Two kind of simulatio n complexity are veryin teresti ng.First,the surveyun dergro und heat in tercha nger user's smallest in

31、 put desig n method is may take in the un it time.Next, its can forecast in for several hours (or short time curve) because the buildi ng load con ti nu ously cha nge has what in flue nee to the un dergro und heat in tercha nger the simulatio n pattern also is also is may take.This theory permissi o

32、n and uses electricity the dema nd forecast to the systemen ergycon sumpti on .Because both method take has bee n prese nted by Eskils on (1987) developme nt model as the foun datio n in this paper, the Eskis on method could first discuss, then will be to by Yavuzturk and the Spitler developmentsimu

33、lationpattern descriptio n. (1999)2.1.1 Eskis on research tech niq uesEskis on (1987) aims at the pair hole the ambie nt temperature distributi on defi nite questio n soluti on uses the means which the logic an alysis and the mathematical an alysis uni fy.Regard ing the in itial con diti on and in t

34、he boun darycon diti oncon sta nt eve n soil the pair hole related value establishme nt radial directi on - axial coord in ates,the use tran sie ntstate fin ite differe neeequati oncarries on thetwo-dime nsional value computatio n in dividually.The pipe wall and the mud and so on the in dividual dri

35、ll hole esse ntial factor calorific capacity is likely is n eglected.The single drill hole temperature field through overlaps obtainsthe entire drill hole scope.The entire drill hole scope temperatureresponseis transformedto a group ofnon-I in ear temperature feedback factor, was called makes the G-

36、 fun ctio n.This G- function possibly causes the place pair ope ning wall temperature cha nge situati on computati on which the specific heat in put causes corresp ondin gly with some time in in to.As soon as passes through the drill hole scope the feedback to in dicate to the steps and ladders quan

37、tity of heat feedback with the G- functionthat, anyran dom temperature feedback fun cti on can because of let above a series of step function the temperature feedback/output decision, moreover superimposes to each gradie nt function feedback.This process expressed regard ing four mon th-l ong temper

38、ature feedbacks by the graphical represe ntati on method in Figure simulati on model here said the simulati on model majority of details alreadyintroducedby Yavuzturk and Spitlernthis paper will be able to give its briefdescriptio n. This model esse ntial target is the applicatio n in the co

39、n struct ion en ergy an alysis, this model can forecast the system en ergy con sumpti on take each hour as the un it.This model n ati on ality will con summate by the Eskils on theory develops is discussed in here.The Master G- fun ctio n in creased the forecast freque ncyto anhour several times.Esk

40、ils on uses for to determ ine the G- fun cti on the data model not to be suitable for the short time curve survey, uses ano ther kind of data modelto survey a place pair hole short time internal heat feedback/outputpulse thetemperature resp on se.Regard ing the short time in hot pulse, in side and o

41、utside theradial direct ionpositi onpair hole hot shift affects the axial positi onhot shift isradialmuch bigger than.From this, has produced one kind of two-dimensional directio n con sta nt volume model.The details see also Yavuzturk, et al. (1999).2.2 vertical circular hole well vertical circular

42、 hole well uses in directly carry ing onthe heat cha nge with the gro und.One kind used for to study the vertical circularhole well performaneethe data model already to research and develop, it wascomposed by two parts: Pair hole con stituti on node model, i n n earby ground waterflowing and ground

43、heat transfer constantvolume model.Thiskind of modelutilizati on in cludi ng the heat tran sfer which causes to the ground water flow ing isclear about processing (Rees, et al.2003).This kind of model may inspect vertical circular Kong Jing the performa nee in the use in flue nee and the vital sig n

44、i fica nce.lts performanee is most has in followingseveral parameters sensitively:Currentcapacity, pair hole len gth,ground heat con ductivity and hydraulic pressurecon ductivity.2.3 water source heat pump Jin and Spitler(2002a) has inven tedone kind ofparameter estimate water source heat pump model

45、.This kind of model carries onthe thermod yn amic an alysis to the freez ing circulati on, the specific heat excha nge model is simpler, simultaneouslyis more precise than the freezingcirculationcompressor model.l n the sec ond paper (Jin, et al.2002b), carries on the expa nsionto this model,includi

46、ngmaneuver type air compressor sub-model and usean tifreeze step .In the manu facture manu facturer table of contents data n arrated in model each kind of parameter which the multivariable optimization algorithmestimates.Jin(2002) in detailnarratedthe parameter which the multivariableoptimizati on a

47、lgorithm and estimates.Compares the equatio n - being suitable type model which before then produces, the water source heat pump model is more precise.Jin(2002) also introduced one kind of similar water source heat pump model.In 2.4 mixed style GSHP system thermal compe nsati on source heat pump sys

48、tem the pair hole cost is the system cost importa nt part, but it mainly is decided by the local geology con diti on. This kind of equipme nt mainly uses in refrigerati ng in the building.ls bad in this kind of ground thermal conductivity, drill hole condition crude place, water source heat pump sys

49、tem cost quite expe nsive.For all this, we may adopt the primary cost with to be able the effect compromise means, reduces the pair hole scope, in stalls the assista nee heat dissipati ng arran geme nt in the heat pump water pipe.Such system is called the mixed source heat pump system.In the mix sys

50、tem water pipe has each kind of differenttype heat dissipatingarran geme nt, for in sta nee the cooli ng tower, brings the heat i ntercha nger shallow pool, the hydraulic pressureheati ngsurface or is called the bridgelevel.Chiass on(2002a) has inven ted the shallow pool model, its prin ciple is: Be

51、cause shuts the circulati on heat in tercha nger, n eeds to in stall the coun ter-flowheattransfer installment in the water level surface mountingnaturalheat transferin stallme nt foun dati on. Chiass on(2000b) simulta neously also inven ted one kind to be suitable in the hydraulic pressure heat ing

52、 surface or is called the bridge level the finitediffereneemodel.This kind of model even can imitate the snow meltingprocess.The above these model use experimentalassistaneeheat dissipating arran geme nt, obta ins the approval in Oklahoma State Uni versity.1. soil qua ntity of heat characteristic sc

53、ene determ in ati on survey in-depthground heat con ductivityregard ing the place source heat pump system veryimportant.The pair hole width length mainly is decided by in-depth ground hot n ature.The determ in ati on in-depth ground heat con ductivity traditi onal method isfirst defi nitearound the

54、pair hole the gro undtype.After the determ in ati on,maydeterm ine its heat con ductivity through "Double barrel Heat pump System desig nHan dbook" about the ground type material (EPRI1989).Accord ing to the report, inthe gro und in formatio n heat con ductivity has a more widespread value

55、, thereforecould find one kind of more precisesurveyingto decide the groundheatcon ductivity method to be better. The in-depth ground heat con ductivity cannot the immediate determ inant, only be able to infer through the tepid tran sformatio n measuri ng method, but also must use some geothermy tra

56、n smissi on patter n, forin sta nee lin ear water source law (In gersoll and Plass1948; Moge nsen 1983)orcyli ndrical water source law (Carslaw and Jaeger1947).I nterest ing is they also hasthe opposite use - - to determ ine its hot n ature by the ground performa nee, but isnot determ ines its performa nee by the gro un