语法资料动词时态和语态

1、动词时态和语态一、一般现在时1.一般现在时表示经常发生、习惯性动作、客观真理、科学事实、格言，目前的特征、状态、能力等。2.主句是一般将来时, 时间、条件状语从句中用一般现在时表示将来。如：Ill go there after I finish my work./ If it rains tomorrow, I wont go there.3.在以here, there开头的句子里，go, come等少数动词的一般在时表示正在发生的动作。例如：There goes the bell.铃响了。There comes the bus.汽车来了。Here she comes.她来了。4. 在表示“要

2、注意使”“务必/保证使”等含义的“look out, see (to it), make sure, make certain, take care, take notice, take the responsibility, watch out”等结构的后边的that从句常用一般现在时表将来。如：I will see (to it) that you dont get lost.5. 在I hope, I bet等后面的that从句常用一般现在时表将来。如：I hope she likes the flowers.6.既定的时间如生日、日历、课时安排、交通时刻表等，通常用一般现在时表示将来动

3、作。如The meeting starts at five o'clock. The train leaves at three this afternoon. 7.在宾语从句中，表示客观事实或真理，一律用一般现在时。如： The teacher taught us yesterday that the moon circles the earth. Somebody told me that you are a writer. 二、现在进行时1.表示正在进行的动作。2.表示按计划安排即将发生的动作。例如：She is leaving for Beijing.她要去北京。He is w

4、orking as a teacher tomorrow.从明天起他要做老师。My father is coming to see me this Saturday.这个星期六我爸爸要来看我。3.代替一般现在时，描绘更加生动。例如：The Changjiang River is flowing into the east.江水滚滚向东流。The sun is rising in the east.太阳从东方冉冉升起。4. 与hope, wonder连用，表婉转口气I am hoping you will give us some advice.三、现在完成时1.表示过去发生的动作对现在产生的影

5、响或结果，或说话时已完成的动作。例如：I have finished the report./ She has cleaned the room.2.表示从过去开始，待续到现在的动作或状态，往往和“for”, “since”表述的一段时间状语连用。例如：He has learned English for six years./ They have worked here since they left college.3.现在完成时与一般过去时的区别：1）用两种时态来表述发生在过去的某一动作，现在完成时强调这一过去动作对现在产生的影响或结果，而一般过去时只表达过去的动作或状态，和现在关系不大

6、。2）汉语中的“了”、“过”、“曾”等词常用完成表达，如：I have seen that film.（我看过那部电影了。）但是如果是在特定的过去时间“看了”、“做过”，就不可用完成时而必须用一般过去进来表达。例如：When did you see that film? I saw it yesterday.(你什么时候看了那部电影？我昨天看的。) 不能说：When have you seen that film? I have seen it yesterday.4.表示“曾经到过某地（人已回来）”用“have/has been to”,表示“到某地去了（还未回来）”用“have/has g

7、one to”.例如：Where is Li Hua? He has gone to the reading-room.She knows a lot about Shanghai.She has been there.5.短暂动词（即瞬间动词），join, lose, buy, borrow, leave, go, come, arrive, die, marry, finish, complete, begin, start, break out等，在完成时态中，其肯定式不能和表示一段时间的状语连用。例如不能说：He has finished the work for three hour

8、s.要翻译“他已完成工作三小时了。”可采用1）“ago法”：He finished the work three hours ago.2）“延续法”：He has been through(with)the work for three hours.3）“since法”：It is/has been three hours since he finished the work.四、现在完成进行时1.用来表示从过去某一时刻开始一直持续到现在（或今后还要继续一去）的动作。例如：He has been doing the maths problems since 8:00./ It has been

9、 raining for two days.2.凡是不能用于现在进行时的动词均不能用于现成完成进行时。3. It is/will be the first (second) time that +从句中要用现在完成时。五、一般过去时表达特定的过去时间内发生的动作或存在的状况，或过去某一时间内经常发生或反复发生的动作或行为。六、过去进行时1.表示过去某一时刻或某一段时间内正在进行的动作（这一过去时间须用时间状语表示）。例如：He was preparing his lecture all day yesterday.2.表示动作在另一过去动作发生时进行。例如：They were still wo

10、rking when I left.3.用在两个过去进行时动作同时发生。例如：I was writing while he was watching TV.4.表示过去将来动作。例如：He said she was arriving the next day.5. 与hope, wonder连用，表婉转口气I was hoping you will give us some advice.七、过去完成时1.表示在过去某一时间以前已经完成的动作。例如：He had shut the door before the dog came up./ Everything had been all rig

11、ht up till this morning.2.表示动作或状态从过去某个时刻开始一直延续到另一个过去时刻才完成，甚至还要继续下去。例如：At the age of ten, he had learned 500 English words. He had been ill for a week when we learned about it.3.常用hope, expect, think, intend, want, suppose等动词的过去完成时来表示未实现的希望、打算或意图。例如：We had expected that you would be able to win the m

12、atch.4It was the first (second) time that +从句中要用过去完成时。5.在含有hardly/scarcelywhen，no soonerthan结构的句子中，主句用过去完成时，从句用一般过去时。（注意：主句一般倒装）如： Hardly had I entered the room，when I heard a loud noise. No sooner had he reached the door than he came back.八、一般将来时一般将来时表示将来要发生的动作和存在的状况。有下列一些形式：1.will/shall do （侧重将来行为

13、，不突出计划安排去做某事）2.be going to do (主观上打算或客观上可能发生)3.be doing (按计划将要发生，常和表示最近的将来时间连用)4.be about to do (按计划即将发生)5. be to do（马上要发生或表命令）注意： 1 was/were going to 可以表示将来，也可以表示没有实现的意图，常与but连用。如：I was going to finish my article last night, but my friend arrived.2 was/were to +完成体表示过与将来的计划和安排没有实现，常与but 连用。如：We wer

14、e to have left at 6 the following day, but it rained.九、将来完成时用来表示在将来某个时刻（前）将完成的动作。常和by短语，when, before引起的时间状语连用。例如：We will have finished senior Book 2 by the end of this term.被动语态一、被动语态的句型1.常见句式是：主语（受动者）be过去分词（by施动者）例如：He was scolded by the English teacher.2.主语get过去分词其它成分例如：The boy got drowned last su

15、mmer./ She got fired because of her faults.注意：使用这种结构不能带有“by施动者”3.带有双宾语（直接宾语和间接宾语）的主动句变为动句，其主语可以是直接宾语，也可以是间接宾语。例如：She lent me a bike.1) I was lent a bike (by her). 2）A bike was lent to me(by her).4.情态动词be过去分词例如：This problem must be worked out in half an hour.5.双重被动式：主语被动式谓语不定式的被动式其它成分例如；These magazin

16、es are not allowed to be taken out of the reading-room./The murderer was ordered to be shot.6. 动词词组的被动态，如：Such a state of things cannot be put up with. (词组被当作一个动词使用，其后的介词或副词不能略去)。7. 动词+名词+介词 结构的主动变被动:He took great care of his books.-His books were taken great care of. -Great care was taken of his bo

17、oks.二、主动表示被动的几种情况1.不及物动词与状语连用，用以表示主语的品质和状态。常见动词是：cut,sell,read,write,fill,cook,lock,wash,drive,keep等。例如：This knife cuts well.这把刀好切。These books sell well.这些书好卖。 The pen writes smoothly.这支笔写起来流畅。The meat wont keep long in such hot weather.肉在这样热的天气里放不长久。The cloth washes well.这种布好洗。2.一些连系动词的主动式形容词。常见动lo

18、ok,smell,taste,sound,feel,prove,turn out等。例如：The apples taste good./The flower smells wonderful./The news proved/turned out true./Cotton feels soft.注：prove也可用于被动式，如：His answer(was) proved right.3.不定式在某些形容词之后，且与主语有动宾关系。常见形容词有：hard,defficult,easy,heavy,fit,good,comfortable,convenient,impossible等。例如：Th

19、e problem is easy to do./The question is difficult to answer./The box is heavy to carry./The project is impossible to complete in a year.比较：The problem is to be done./The question is to be answered.没有形容词时，虽然不定式与主语是动宾关系，但必须用被动式。三、容易误用被动语态的几种情况：1. I teach myself French.不可变为Myself is taught French.因为反身

20、代词不可作主语。2. We help each other/one another.不可变为Each other/One another is helped by us.因为相互代词不可作主语。3. He lost heart.不可变为Heart was lost by him.因为象lose heart, make a face, keep silence, lose in thought这类动宾结构的固定短语只能用于主动式，不能用被动式。4. She took part in the sports meet.不能变为The sports meet was taken part in by

21、her.因为象take part in, belong to, own, have, hate, fail, contain等表状态动词没有被动语态。虚拟语气虚拟语气是通过特殊的谓语动词形式来表达的愿望、假设、怀疑、猜测或建议等语气，它不表示客观存在。一 虚拟语气在单句中的用法常用来表示祝愿、诅咒、禁止，采用固定的倒装句式。例如：Long live the Peoples Republic of China! Be happy!   Heaven forbid!        

22、0;         God bless you! Suffice it to say thatFar be it from me to + do sth.二、虚拟语气在复合句中的用法：1、虚拟条件句:条件状语从句是非真实情况,在这种情况下要用虚拟语气.1）、条件从句与现在事实不一致,其句型为:If 主语+过去时,主语+should(could, would, 或might)+动词原形,如:If I were you, I would study hard.If it rained, I would not be

23、here now.If I were you, I would not be playing now.2）、条件从句与过去事实不一致,句型为:If 主语+had+过去分词,主语+should(could, would, 或might)+have+过去分词,如:If the doctor had come last night, the boy would have saved.If I had not studied hard, I would have failed in the exam last term.3）、条件从句与将来事实不一致,句型为:If 主语+should/were to

24、+ do, 主语+ should(could, might, would)+ 原形 动词If主语+过去时(与现在事实条件句一样).If it should rain tomorrow, we would stay at home.If I were to go to the moon one day, I could see it with my own eyes.If you missed the film tonight, you would feel sorry.注意问题:1）、If条件句中绝对不可出现"would".2）、 根据句中的时间状语,有时可能出现"

25、;混合虚拟"的情况,即主句可能是现在的情况,条件句也许是发生在过去的情况,但都是遵守上述句型. 例：If we had left a little earlier, we would not be walking in the rain now.3）、在条件句中如果出现were, had, should可省去if,将主语与这些词倒装,例如:Had the doctor come last night, the boy would have saved.Were I to go to the moon one day, I would see it with my own eyes.S

26、hould it rain tomorrow, we would stay at home.Were it not for/ Had it not been for your help, I would not have succeeded.2、名词性虚拟语气:在表示命令,建议要求,惊叹时的名词性从句中需用虚拟语气,基本句型:主语+(should)+动词原形,v. + that (should) + v ; n + that(should) + v; adj. + that(should) + v 如: Mother insisted that John go to bed at 9 o

27、9;clock.We suggested that the meeting should not be held.It was required that the crops should be harvested at once.The suggestion that he be invited was rejected.That is their demand that their wages be increased.It is important that everyone (should) attend the meeting. (vital, necessary, advisabl

28、e, strange, surprising)但it is strange/surprising/unbelievablethat(should) 句型中如果表示过去的事情可以用should have done的形式。如：it is strange that he should have failed in the election.注意:在这种句子中绝不出现"would" "must" "could"等.3、虚拟语气在一些特殊词中的使用1）、wish后的宾语从句: 与现在愿望不一致 主语+过去时; 与过去愿望不一致 主语+had+过

29、去分词; 与未来愿望不一致 主语+would(could)+原形.I wish I were you. I wish I had visited the white House when I was in the states.I wish I met you tomorrow at the party.2）、It's (about/high) time句型: 当It's time后用that从句时应该为: 主语+过去时,例如:It's time that you went to school. 3）、If only引起的感叹句相当于"How I wish+宾

30、语从句"If only he could come! 他要能来就好了.If only I had known the answer! 我要早知答案就好了.4）、would rather, had rather, would sooner, would as soon 后接省略that的从句，表示“希望，但愿，情愿，宁愿”需使用虚拟,表示过去的情况用过去完成时,表示现在与将来的情况用过去时,如:I'd rather you posted the letter right away. I'd rather you had returned the book yesterday.4、含蓄条件句中的虚拟语气.1）、 But for/Without+主句Without you, I would never know him.But for your cooperation, we wouldn't have done the work so well.2）、 , otherw