部分否定及有关代词的一些知识点

1、英语中部分否定的几种表示方法 英语中的部分否定（即不完全否定）有如下一些表示方法：一、 all 的否定式：not all（或：allnot）表示"并非都"、"不是所有的都"例如：Not all men can be masters. (= All men cannot be masters.) 并非人人都能当头头。Not all bamboo grows tall. 并非所有的竹子都会长得很高。二、 both 的否定式：notboth (或：both not) "并非两个都" 例如：I don't want both the

2、books. 我不是两本书都要。Both (the) windows are not open. 两扇窗子并不都开着。三、 every的否定式："不是每都" 例如：Not every book is educative. (或：Every book is not educative.) 不是每本书都有教育意义的。Not everyone likes this book. 并非人人都喜欢这本书。This flower is not seen everywhere. 这花并不是随处可见的。四、 always的否定式："并非总是（并非一直）" 例如：He is

3、 not always so sad. 他并不是一直都这样悲伤。五、 entirely, altogether, completely 和quite 的否定式："不完全"，"并非完全" 例如：The businessman is never to be entirely trusted. 不可以完全信任商人。He felt not altogether satisfied. 他并不完全满意。I don't agree completely. 我并不完全同意。What he did was not quite proper. 他做的不十分妥当。六、

4、 all the time 的否定式："并非一直"、"未必老是" 例如：A foolish man doesn't make a mistake all the time. 笨人未必老是犯错误。七、 notand的否定式，被否定的往往是and后面的那一部分。 例如：He did not speak clearly and correctly. 他讲得清楚但不正确。This film is not interesting and instructive. 这部电影有趣但无教育意义。She cannot sing and dance. 她会唱歌但不会

5、跳舞。如果将and 换成or，not 对其后面的两部分就全盘否定了。He did not speak clearly or correctly. 他讲的既不清楚也不正确。如要对上述的all, both, every, always, 以及entirely, altogether, completely, quite 和 all the time 等词作完全否定，那就分别要用与之相对应的全否定词，如no, none, neither, no one, never, not (never) at all 等。例如：All of them can do it.- None of them can d

6、o it.Both are good.-Neither is good.Everybody likes it. -Nobody likes it.He is always late. - He is never late.We don't trust them entirely. - We never trust them at all.He was here all the time. - He was never here.it作形式主语：it作形式主语时没有具体的意义，而只是帮助把真正的主语移到句子后部去，使句子显得平稳一些。it作形式主语时，可以代替三种形式：不定式、动名词和主

7、语从句。 it代替不定式短语常用于下列句型中：It + be +形容词 + (for/of sb.) to do sth.It + be + 名词 + to do sth.It takes sb. some time to do sth. 干花了某人时间Its up to sb. to do sth. 干是某人的职责或义务如：It is everyones duty to obey the law.遵守法律是每个人的义务。（ it作形式主语, 代替不定式短语to obey the law）It is difficult for a foreigner to learn Chinese.对于一个

8、外国人来说，学习汉语是困难的。（ it作形式主语, 代替不定式短语to learn Chinese）It is not right to use these places as rubbish dumps.把这些地方用来倒垃圾是不对的。（it作形式主语, 代替不定式短语to use these places as rubbish dumps）It took them a year to build the bridge.建这座桥花了他们一年的时间。（ it作形式主语, 代替不定式短语to build the bridge）It is bad manners to stare at people

9、.瞪着眼睛看人是不礼貌的。（ it作形式主语, 代替不定式短语to stare at people）It is up to us to help those in need.帮助那些有困难的人是我们的责任。（ it作形式主语, 代替不定式短语to help those in need）It is not up to you to tell me how to do my job.我怎样干我的工作不用你来多嘴。（ it作形式主语, 代替不定式短语to tell me how to do my job） It be + 形容词+ for sb. to do sth.与It be + 形容词+of

10、sb. to do sth.：如果句型中的形容词描述的是sb.的品质、品格，在逻辑上可以作sb.的表语，则sb.前应用介词of，否则就用for。如：Its necessary for us to use a short-wave radio to pick up the programmes.我们用一台短波收音机收听这些节目是必要的。Its important for us to learn English well.学好英语对我们来说是重要的。Its kind of you to help me.感谢你对我的帮助。（= You are kind to help me. ）It was foo

11、lish of him to give up the job.他放弃那工作是愚蠢的。（= He was foolish to give up the job.） it代替动名词短语：动名词作主语用后置形式的情况远不及不定式那么普遍，常限于no good, no use, useless, waste等词的后面。 It is no good/ use having a car if you cant drive.如果你不会开车，有车也没用。( it作形式主语,代替动名词短语having a car)It is a waste of time watching TV.看电视是浪费时间。（ it作形

12、式主语,代替动名词短语watching TV）It is no use asking him.问他没有用。（ it作形式主语,代替动名词短语asking him）It is no use talking to him about it.和他谈这事没有用。（ it作形式主语,代替动名词短语talking to him about it）it作形式宾语：1. it代替不定式短语think/ find/ feel/ consider/ make/ regard+ it +形容词/名词 + 不定式短语如：I find it pleasant to work with him.(it 作形式宾语，代替不

13、定式短语to work with him)我觉得和他一起工作很愉快。They felt it difficult to finish the work in such a short time.（ it 作形式宾语，代替不定式短语to finish the work in such a short time）他们认为在这么短的时间内完成这项工作是困难的。She thinks it her duty to help us.（ it 作形式宾语，代替不定式短语to help us）她觉得帮助我们是她的责任。I think it my honor to be invited to speak her

14、e.（ it 作形式宾语，代替不定式短语to be invited to speak here）我觉得应邀在这儿演讲是我的荣耀。Tom didnt find it difficult to write letters in Chinese.（ it 作形式宾语，代替不定式短语to write letters in Chinese）汤姆发现用汉语写信不难。All these noises made it impossible for me to go on with the work.（ it 作形式宾语，代替不定式短语to go on with the work）这些噪音使我无法继续工作。2.

15、 it代替动名词短语( 这只限于少数句型，在多数情况下用不定式时更多一些)如：The professor considers it no good reading without understanding.这位教授认为阅读而不理解没有益处。Do you consider it any good trying again?你觉得再试会有好处吗？He found it useless( no use) arguing with him.他发现和他辩论没有用。He thought it absolutely senseless attempting the impossible.想做不可能的事情，

16、他认为是完全没道理的。I dont think it worthwhile going to such a place.到这样一个地方去我看是不值得的。 it代替宾语从句：如：We all thought it a pity that the conference should have been cancelled.会议取消了我们都感到很遗憾。I took it for granted that they were not coming.我想他们准是不会来的了。Ill see to it that everything is ready in time.我负责使一切都按时准备好。 含it 的

17、常用句型英语中有一些固定句型中含有it,应注意这些句型的使用。强调句：It be + 被强调部分 + that/ who + 其他成分强调句型可以强调一个句子的主语、宾语、表语及状语等成分。如果被强调的成分是表示人的词，可以用that或who(whom)连接其他成分；被强调的成分是表示人以外的词，例如表示事物、时间或地点的词，用that连接其他成分。例如我们可以用强调句型强调下列句子的主语（如）、宾语（如）、地点状语（如）及时间状语（如）I met Peter in Japan last year. It was I who/that met Peter in Japan last year.

18、 It was Peter whom/that I met in Japan last year. It was in Japan that I met Peter last year. It was last year that I met Peter in Japan.* not until 也可用于强调句型例Mr Brown didnt come back until eleven oclock.可变为：It was not until eleven oclock thatMr Brown came back.例2 The rain didnt stop until midnight.可变为：It was not until midnight that the rain stopped.* 强调句也可变为特殊疑问句例It was in 1949 that the PRC was founded.可变为：When was it that the PRC was founded?例2 Your dad worked in this f