焊接与无损检测符号-

1、Welding And Nondestructive Examination Symbols焊接与无损探伤的符号Introduction序言Effective communication between the welding inspectors and others involved in the fabrication and installation of welded product is very important. Much of this communication is achieved through the use of various types of documen

2、ts that describe what attributes such objects must exhibit. While these documents provide the basis for performing the inspection, confusion can occur if there is a tremendous amount of material involved. Spending a great deal of time studying this information may detract from the welding inspectors

3、 actual inspection. 焊接检验人员与其他参与焊接产品的制造与安装人员之间的有效交流是非常重要的。这种交流，大部分是通过使用各类型的文件来实现的，这些文件描述了此类产品必须要展示的属性。这类文件提供了检验依据的同时，如果涉及的材料太多，就可能产生混乱。花费大量时间研究这些资料会减少焊接检验员参加实际检验的时间。One method of reducing the mass of information contained in documents (especially drawings) is through the practice of using symbols. Th

4、is practice replaces written words and detailed graphic illustrations with specific symbols to convey the same information in an abbreviated manner. To provide continuity, AWS (American Welding Society) has developed a standard, AWS A2.4, Standard Symbols for Welding and Nondestructive Examination,

5、Which describes the construction and interpretation of all types of welding and nondestructive examination symbols, and details all requirements relating to the use of these symbols. This is the document that will be used to teach this coarse.减少文件 (特别是图纸) 中信息量的一个方法是使用符号。这种方法用特定的符号取代了文字和详细的图表说明，以简洁的方

6、式传递了同样的信息。为保证一致性，美国焊接学会 (American Welding Society，AWS) 已经制定了一项标准 - AWS A2.4，焊接与无损探伤的标准符号，其包含了所有类型的焊接和无损探伤符号的构成和说明，并详细地给出使用这些符号的所有要求。该文件将作为本教程的教材。Welding and nondestructive examination symbols are a “shorthand” method of conveying pertinent information. This system provides a simple, yet powerful met

7、hod of describing detailed information. For example, by using symbols the designer can easily communicate a vast amount of information regarding numerous aspects of the welding project for both fabrication and inspection personnel.焊接和无损探伤符号是传递相关信息非常简洁的表示方法。该系统提供了传递信息的简单且有效的方法。例如，通过符号的应用，设计者能很容易地向制造和

8、检验人员传递与焊接项目相关的大量信息。Welding or examination symbols can provide a great deal of information; however, they must be used properly to be effective. If misapplied or misinterpreted, the symbol can cause confusion, rather than aid in the understanding of some welding or testing detail. For that reason, it

9、 is important to understand how the welding and nondestructive examination symbols are used.然而，只有正确并有效地使用焊接或检验符号才能提供大量的信息。错误的使用和解释符号不但无助于正确地理解一些焊接或试验细节，反面会引起混乱。为此，了解焊接和无损探伤符号的使用是非常重要的。There are numerous elements of a symbol that have specific meaning, due to their location with respect to other part

10、s of that symbol. Once it is understood how a symbol is constructed, that information can be applied in reverse to gain insight as to what is actually required for a weld to be in compliance with a symbol. The following is a detailed description of the steps used in the construction of a welding or

11、nondestructive examination symbol. 由于与同一符号中的其它部分的相对位置不同，因而同一符号具有大量的、有特定意义元素。一旦理解了一个符号是如何构成的，就可以反过来利用其含有的信息清楚地知道符合该符号的焊缝的实际要求。下面对在创建一个焊接或无损探伤符号采取的步骤进行详细说明：Elements of the Welding Symbol焊接符号的元素It is important to understand some terminology relating to symbols, before describing the various parts of a

12、welding symbol. A basic distinction is the difference between the terms weld symbol and welding symbol. As stated in AWS A2.4, the weld symbol “indicates the type of weld, and when used, is a part of the welding symbol.”在对焊接符号的各部分进行说明之前，了解一些与符号相关的术语是非常重要的。一个基本的不同就是焊缝符号与焊接符号之间的差别。如AWS A2.4所述，焊缝符号表示焊缝

13、的类型，其为焊接符号的一部分。The welding symbol is defined as “a graphical representation of a weld.” It is a method of representing the weld symbol on drawings, and includes supplementary information and consists of the following eight elements. 焊接符号定义为“焊缝的图形表示”。这是一种在图纸上表示焊缝符号的方法，其包括补充资料并由下面8种元素构成。NOTE: It is no

14、t necessary to use all elements, unless required for clarity (see figure 1.1).注：除非需要明确说明时，没有必要使用所有元素(见图1.1)。 1. Reference line (shown horizontally)参考线 (水平显示的)2. Arrow箭头3. Basic weld symbols基本焊缝符号4. Dimensions and other data尺寸和其它资料5. Supplementary symbols补充符号6. Finish symbols成品符号7. Tail尾部8. Specifica

15、tion, process, or other reference规范、工艺和其它参考资料Reference Line参考线In construction of a weld symbol, the primary element that is always included is the reference line, which is simply a horizontal line segment that provides the basis for all other parts of the symbol. The reference line must appear on th

16、e drawing as a horizontal line, because it is significant whether information is positioned above or below the line.在创建一个焊缝符号时，通常要包括的元素是参考线，其仅仅是一条水平线段，为该符号其它部分的基础。该参考线在图纸上必须以水平线出现，因为无论信息置于其上还是其下，参考线都很重要。Figure 1.1 Standard Location of Elements of a Welding Symbol图1.1 焊接符号中各元素的标准位置Arrow箭头The next ele

17、ment of the welding symbol is the arrow, which is the line segment that connects to one end of the reference line and points to one side of the weld joint. The side to which the arrow points is referred to as the arrow side, while the opposite side is called the other side. Once the arrow side and t

18、he other side have been determined by placement of the arrow information relating to either or both sides can be specified (see Figure 1.2).焊接符号的下一个元素是箭头，为连接参考线的一端和指向焊缝的一面的线段。箭头指向的面称为箭头面，相反的面叫做另一面。一旦通过箭头的定位确定了箭头面和另一面之后，与这两面相关的信息就可以确定了（见图1.2）。Figure 1.2 Arrow Location Significance图1.2 箭头位置的重要性The AWS

19、 rule is that any information placed below the reference line relates to the arrow side of the joint, and that information above the reference line describes what will occur on the other side of the joint. No matter which end of the reference line is attached to the arrow or which direction the arro

20、w may point, the rule remains the same. Even with the arrow oriented in different directions and at either end of the reference line, the operation will be performed on the side of the joint to which the arrow points. AWS的规则是：置于参考线下面的信息与焊缝的箭头面相关，而参考线上面的信息则则是关于焊缝的另一面的。无论参考线哪一端与箭头相连或箭头指向哪个方向，该规则都不变。即使

21、箭头指向不同的方向及在参考线任何一端，焊接操作都应在箭头所指的那一面进行。Basic Weld Symbols基本焊缝符号Once the reference line and arrow are in place, the weld symbol that describes what actual weld configuration will be used can be added. Weld symbols that depict arrow side welds will be positioned below the reference line and symbols refe

22、rring to other side welds will be positioned above the reference line. Note that some weld symbols are placed so that the reference line splits them in half (e.g., spot, projection, and seam welds), which means that the welds has no side significance, and either side can be called arrow side. With t

23、he exception of the surfacing weld and the stud, which always appears as an arrow side weld, all other types can be shown as arrow side, other side, or both sides.在参考线和箭头确定位置后，就可以确定描述实际焊缝外形的焊缝符号了。将描述箭头面焊缝的焊缝符号置于参考线下面，而参考线上面则放置另一面的焊缝符号。请注意，一些焊缝符号被参考线从中间分开（即点、凸和缝焊），其意味着焊缝没有面的区分，两个面都可称做箭头面。作为例外的堆焊和螺柱焊，

24、其总是以箭头面焊缝出现，而其它类型可以以箭头面、另一面或两种面同时显示。Because most of the weld symbols resemble the actual weld configuration, it is easier to remember exactly what type of weld is specified by a particular symbol.由于大部分焊缝符号与实际焊缝构型相似，因而容易准确地记住一个特定的符号所规定的焊缝类型。Note that for weld symbols that represent welds with only on

25、e of the two members prepared, the perpendicular side of the symbol will always appear on the left side (e.g., bevel, J- and flare-bevel grooves, fillet, and corner-flange welds). For these groove welds, the designer can designate which of the two members actually receives the preparation by using a

26、n arrow with a break in the line. The rule is that the last segment of the arrow points to that member receiving the specified preparation (see Figure 1.3).请注意，焊缝符号只代表准备好的、将焊接到一起的两个焊件之一的焊缝，该符号的垂直面总出现在左面（如坡口、J和喇叭口坡口、填角及角法兰焊口）。关于这些焊缝，设计者能够通过使用在其直线上有一处中断的箭头指定焊接前的加工面。其规则是箭头的最后一端指向需要按规定进行加工的面（见图1.3）。Dime

27、nsions and Other Data尺寸和其它资料Groove Weld Detailing对接焊缝详细说明After designating the type of groove weld required and determining at which side or sides of the joint the weld will be deposited, other data are necessary-primarily relating to dimensional requirements. Groove welds features that need dimensi

28、ons include the joint configuration, weld size, and the extent of welding.指定了所需的对接焊缝的类型和确定了焊缝的哪个面或哪些面作为堆积面后，就需要其它资料了，主要是与尺寸相关的资料。需要尺寸的对接焊缝包括焊缝构型、焊缝尺寸和焊接范围。Figure 1.3 Weld Symbols图1.3 焊接符号Some of the groove weld dimensions are placed within, or slightly outside, the weld symbol. A dimension within th

29、e weld symbol indicates the required root opening, while a dimension just outside (above or below) the weld symbol refers to the necessary groove angle. Another important dimension for the preparation of the groove is the depth of preparation. This dimension is always shown on the left of the groove

30、 weld symbol. This depth is measured from the base material surface. In each case, the specified depth of preparation is that dimension outside of the parentheses. In general, dimensions to the left of the weld symbol refer to the weld size required.一些对接焊缝尺寸位于焊接符号之内或在与其紧邻。在焊接符号内部显示的尺寸为焊根开口尺寸，而与焊缝符号紧

31、邻（上面或下面）的尺寸为所坡口的角度。另一个与坡口加工相关的尺寸为坡口的加工深度。该尺寸总是显示于对接符号的左面。该深度从母材金属的表面开始测量。在所有情况下，括号外面的尺寸就是规定的坡口的加工深度。总而言之，焊缝符号左面的尺寸为需要的焊缝规格。The dimensions (in parentheses) placed to the left of the symbol refer to the groove weld size (or joint penetration) required. For groove welds, absence of dimensions for depth

32、 of preparation or weld size implies that the required weld is to have complete joint penetration (see Figure1.4-1.6). The final piece of dimensional information necessary for a groove weld is the required length. This detail is always shown on the welding symbol to the right of the weld symbol. If

33、no dimension is shown, it is assumed that the specified weld is to be the entire length of the joint. A dimension to the right of the weld symbol refers to the length of groove weld segment required.位于该符号左面的尺寸（括号内）为需要的对接焊缝（或焊口穿透）的尺寸。对于对接焊缝，不标出加工深度或焊缝尺寸意味着需要的焊缝要有完全穿透的焊口（见图1.4至1.6）。对接焊缝的最后一个尺寸是要求的长度。在

34、焊接符号中，该详细尺寸总显示在焊缝符号的右面。如果没有标出该尺寸，那就可以认为该焊缝的长度为整个焊口的长度。焊缝符号右面的尺寸为要求的对接焊缝段的长度。Fillet Weld Detailing角焊焊缝详细说明There is also dimensional information pertinent to fillet welds. As was the case for groove welds, the size of a fillet is dimensioned to the left of the weld symbol.角焊焊缝也有与尺寸相关的资料。与对接相似，填角的尺寸也位于

35、焊缝符号的左面。Another feature identical to the groove weld application is the length of a fillet weld. It is dimensioned to the right of the weld symbol.与对接焊缝相同的另一尺寸为角焊焊缝的长度。其位于焊缝符号的右面。No dimension to the right of the fillet weld symbol indicates that the fillet weld is to be continuous for the entire len

36、gth of the joint. A specific length of fillet weld is denoted by the single dimension to the right of the weld symbol. This dimension, however, does not indicate where the weld is to be placed. Such information must be provided elsewhere; for example, the tail, the drawing, ect. (see Figure 1.7) 如果在

37、焊缝符号的右面没有标出尺寸，则意味着整个接口长度上的角焊焊缝是连续的。焊缝符号右面的尺寸代表角焊焊缝的特定长度。然而该尺寸并没有显示焊缝的位置。该资料必须在另外一处提供，如在尾部、图纸上等（见图1.7）。A common welding practice is to use intermittent fillet welds instead of a continuous fillet weld to reduce distortion and the amount of time required for welding. The dimension for intermittent fil

38、let welds are shown as two numbers separated by a hyphen. The first number is the length of each individual weld segment and the second number refers to the center-to-center spacing of these weld segments. The spacing from one segment to the next is referred to as the pitch. The pitch is measured as

39、 the center-to-center distance of each adjacent length of fillet weld. 在焊接行业上的一个通常作法是用间断的角焊代替连续的角焊，以减少变形和焊接所需要的时间。间断的角焊的尺寸用由一个连字号分开的两个数字来表示。第一个数字是表示单个焊缝段的长度，第二个数字表示两个相邻焊缝段的中心间隔。该间隔被称为焊缝节距。该焊缝节距为两个相邻角焊焊缝的中心距。Intermittent fillet welds may be applied to both sides of a joint in one or two ways. If the

40、individual segments are directly opposite each other, the application is referred to as chain intermittent welding. When the segments on either side of the joint coincide with spaces between individual segments on the other side of the joint, the application is referred to as staggered intermittent

41、welding. In both types of intermittent welds, the pitch distance refers to the center-to-center spacing on that side of the joint only. The dimensions for either staggered or chain intermittent welding do not indicate where the weld is to begin; such information must be provided elsewhere (see Figur

42、e 6.8).可将不连续角焊以一边或两边焊接的方式应用于焊缝的两面。如果每段都相互对应，这种方法则叫做链式间歇焊接。如果一面的焊点正好对应于另一面间隔时，这种方法则叫做交错间歇焊接。在这两种间歇焊接方法中，焊点节距指的是焊缝的这一面的两个相邻焊点的中心距。交错和链式间歇焊接的该尺寸并不代表焊接的起始处，该资料必须在其它地方给出（见图6.8）。Plug and Slot Weld Details塞和槽焊焊缝的详细说明The symbolization of plug and slot welds involves several different features, due to the un

43、iqueness of their configurations. Both welds join overlapping members by filling a hole in the top member to connect it to the backing member. The symbol for both plug and slot welds is simply a rectangle box.由于其外形的独特性，塞和槽焊焊缝的符号涉及到若干不同的特性。通过填充位于上面焊件的一个孔来将其连接到支撑焊件上，两个焊件搭接到一起。填充和槽焊的符号为一简单的长方形方块。Dimens

44、ions for plug welds include plug weld size, depth of filling, pitch distances between adjacent plugs, and groove angle for tapered plug holes. The plug weld size dimension appears to the left of the weld symbol and indicates its diameter. If the hole is intended to be only partially filled, the requ

45、ired depth of filling is indicated within the plug weld symbol. 填充焊的尺寸包括填充焊缝的尺寸、填充深度、相邻填充点之间的距离和渐缩的填充孔的坡口角。填充焊的尺寸出现在焊接符号的左侧，其为直径尺寸。如果该孔仅为部分填充，在填充焊符号内要显示出其需要的填充深度。Pitch distances are shown to the right of the plug weld symbol. If the hole is to be tapered to provide better root access, the angular di

46、mension appears just outside (above or below) the weld symbol.节距显示在填充焊缝符号的右侧。如果其为渐缩的孔，以能在焊接操作时更好的接近焊根，其角度大小要显示在紧邻焊缝符号的外侧（上面或下面）。In general, the rules for plug welds also apply to the welding symbols for slot welds. A number to the left of the slot weld symbol indicates the width of the slot. If the

47、hole is intended to be only partially filled, the required depth of filling is indicated within the slot symbol. The number to the right of the symbol specifies its length. If another number appears farther to the right, it indicates the pitch of the slot welds. A number directly above or below the

48、symbol indicates the countersink, and a number above that in parenthesis specifies the number of slot welds (see Figure 1.9).总的说来，填充焊的符号规则也适用于槽焊。如槽焊焊缝符号左侧的数字代表槽的宽度。如果该槽仅为部分填充，需要的填充深度也在该槽焊符号内给出。该符号右侧的数字为规定的长度。如果在数字的右侧还有一个数字，这个处于更右侧的数字则代表槽焊的节距。直接位于该符号上面或下面的数字表示下挖的孔，在其上面括号中的数字则表示槽焊焊缝的数量（见图1.9）。Figure 1

49、.4 Specification of Groove Weld Size and Depth of BevelSpot and Seam Weld Details图1.4 对接尺寸及坡口点的深度的规格和缝焊的详细说明Spot and seam welds can also be described by the use of weld symbols. The size dimension that refers to the diameter of the spot or width of the seam is shown to the left of the weld symbol. A

50、nother way to describe degree of welding is specifying the required shear strength per inch of weld for a seam weld. 也可以用焊缝符号来描述点和缝焊。有关点的直径和缝的宽度的尺寸显示在焊缝符号的左面。对于缝焊，说明焊接范围的另一方式是规定每英寸焊缝所需要的剪切强度。Figure 1.5 Groove Weld Symbol with Combined Dimensions图1.5带有组合尺寸的对接焊缝符号Figure 1.6 Symmetrical Groove Welds wi

51、th Backgouging图 1.6 需要刨根的对称对接The pitch distance of adjacent spot welds is shown in the same manner as for plug and slot welds. The required number of spots is shown by the number enclosed in parentheses just above or below the weld symbol. In seam welds, the first number to the right of the symbol i

52、s the length of the seam weld, while the second number is the pitch. The symbol does not indicate where the weld is to start; that information must be provided elsewhere (see Figure 1.10)邻近点焊点的节点间隔的表示方法与塞和槽焊焊缝的表示方法相同。需要的焊点的数量由位于焊缝符号上面或下面的括号内的数字表示。在缝焊中，符号右面的第一位数字代表焊缝的长度，而第二位数字代表节点间隔。该符号并不表示焊缝的起始点，该资料

53、必须在另外的地方给出（见图1.10）。Back and Backing Weld Detailing背焊和支撑焊详细说明Two other types of welds are the back and backing welds. While both are represented by the same weld symbol, they differ in that the back weld is deposited after one side has been welded and backing weld is deposited before depositing the o

54、pposite side. Some treatment, such as backgoauging, may be required before application of a back weld and after the deposition of a backing weld. There are two ways to describe the sequencing of these welds. They can be differentiated by using a symbol with a note in the tail or by using multiple re

55、ference lines to show a sequence of operations (see Figure 1.11).另外两种类型的焊缝为背焊和支撑焊，其均由同样的焊缝符号表示，它们的不同是：背焊焊缝为一面已经焊完后再熔接背焊焊缝，而支撑焊缝为在熔接相反的一面之前就将其熔接。在实施背焊之前或支撑焊缝的熔接完成之后，可能需要象背刨一类的一些处理。有两种方式描述这些焊缝的焊接顺序。通过使用在尾部有一注释的符号或使用多个参考线来显示操作顺序能将它们加以区别（见图1.11）。Surfacing and Weld Detailing堆焊详细说明The detailing of surface

56、 welds is quite simple-the primary information required is the thickness of the surfacing and the filler metal. The welding symbol must then indicate the region of the part requiring the surfacing treatment. The surfacing symbol appears only as an arrow side weld (see Figure 1.12).堆焊的详细说明非常简单需要的主要资料

57、为堆焊和填充金属的厚度。焊接符号必须显示需要堆焊处理的部分的区域。堆焊符号仅作为一个箭头面焊缝出现（见图1.12）。 Figure 1.7 Specification of Size and Length of Fillet Welds图1.7角焊焊缝的尺寸和长度的规范Figure 1.8 Applications of Intermittent Fillet Weld Symbols图 1.8 间歇角焊焊缝符号的应用Figure 1.9 Applications of Information to Plug Weld Symbols图 1.9 塞焊焊缝符号所包含的资料Figure 1.10

58、Applications of Information to Spot and Seam Weld Symbols图 1.10 点和缝焊焊缝符号所包含的资料Figure 1.10 (continued) Applications of Information to Spot and Seam Weld Symbols图 1.10 点和缝焊缝符号所包含的资料（续）Stud Weld Detailing螺柱焊详细说明The stud weld symbol appears as a circle with an enclosed “X” and is only shown as an arrow side weld. A dimension to the left of the stud weld symbol refers to its required size. The number of studs required can be i