飞行器概论 chapter1-(英文版)-免费_百度文库

1、The Rise of Guided WeaponsDuring the 1939-45 war, Germany developed and brought into service the VI and V2 long range guided weapons (GW; they had also reached the drawing board stage in the development of an anti-tank guided weapon (ATGW, the XH7, by the end of that war.Since then, over the past fo

2、rty years, G W have developed faster than any other form of weapon system. Now they influence international policies, strategy and tactics to an enormous extent. They may yet spell the end of manned strike aircraft and the current concept of the Main Battle Tank (MBT.The technology involved in GW el

3、ectronic counter measures (ECM, and electronic counter counter measures (ECCM, is advancing at an ever increasing rate. Indeed, it can be said that the successful use of GW will be the decisive factor in a future war, as air battles in the Middle East and naval actions in the South Atlantic have ind

4、icated. Today, no member of the armed forces nor anyone involved in the development of weapons can afford to ignore a study of them.Definition of a Guided WeaponA guided weapon system may be described briefly as a weapon system in which the warhead is delivered by an unmanned guided vehicle.In most

5、cases, the guided weapon systems available to the armed forces of the world are readily recognisable as such. The long range strategic rockets, the dogfight missiles carried by the aircraft, the short range anti- tank missiles, and the surface-to-air anti-aircraft defence systems are readily brought

6、 to mind by anyone interested in military equipment. However, it is prudent to avoid an unduly restrictive definition of the term 'guided weapon' for there are several examples from the past of systems difficult to identify as guided weapons. This is also true of some current systems. In the

7、 future, the different types of weapon may be expected to expand considerably, particularly in the use of guided projectiles.To give some examples of such unfamiliar systems the case of the 'beetletank' may be taken from the Second World War. This was a miniature tank packed with explosives

8、and remotely controlled by a wire cable. It was guided to its target by an operator who observed both tank and target and who steered the crawling bomb as it moved away from him ( cf 'Manual Command to Line of Sight' (MCLOS in the chapter on guidance.An example of a system which was develope

9、d, but not put into production, was a spherical ball which once launched could move in any direction and could hover in response to commands sent to it. The idea was to position it carefully over the target and then command the warhead to detonate.A more modern and interesting design of guided weapo

10、n produced by the West German firm MBB consists of a small remotely piloted vehicle (RPV carrying a warhead which may be used for anti-aircraft defence suppression.During the Vietnam War the United States air force introduced a guidance kit which when fitted to their conventional 'iron' bomb

11、s transformed them into guided weapons. Notice that this was a case of a G W which did not have a propulsive system: the motive power was provided entirely by gravity and the launch velocity.Many of the more unusual GW of the future may have unfamiliar forms of motive power such as projectiles fired

12、 from ordinary guns, rotating discs (or flying saucers! or 'sleeping' GW in earth orbit.The warhead, too, may not be of the conventional or nuclear type. A nation prepared to resort to chemical warfare might well stock GW capable of spraying toxic gas or powder while the vehicle moved along

13、some desired path. Suggestions have been made that suitable carrier missiles might distribute anti-tank mines, jammers, or remote ground sensors into some designated area.Having made the point that the term 'guided weapon system' may cover a considerable range of weapon concepts, some of whi

14、ch may be highly unusual, it is emphasised that the bulk of the discussion in this book will be concerned with existing conventional GW systems, and developments in their technology which may be expected to enter service with land forceswithin the next few years rather than naval, air force, or spac

15、e force activity.Terms and ClassificationsOver the years, many different systems have been used to classify GW. Most of them are still used to a greater extent, so it is desirable to mention the more important of them here.Launch Point- Target LocationOriginally there were four groups, Surface-to-Su

16、rface (SSGW, Surface-to- Air (SAGW, Air-to-Surface (ASGW and Air-to-Air (AAGW. This was sufficient to describe the early systems where the conventional winged aircraft was the only form of airborne launch platform or target and no distinction was made between land and sea. Today the spectrum of laun

17、ch points and targets must be extended to include airborne Remotely Piloted Vehicles or tethered platforms, helicopters, gliders, paravanes and, perhaps, airships. Submarines may launch missiles or suffer attack by a GW, and targets or launchers in space must be considered as well as anti-missile mi

18、ssiles. The discussion in this book will concentrate on surface-to-surface, surface-to-air and air-to-ground systems which are the main concern of the land forces.Classification by Target and Method of CarriageFrom the point of view of the nation which has to pay the bill for the intro- duction of a

19、 weapon system, it is an unfortunate fact that general purpose , GW have seldom proved satisfactory in the past. In spite of many attempts to introduce such systems, eg an infantry-portable weapon for the attack of tanks and aircraft, it has always turned out that a weapon system is not c effective

20、in one role or the other -or both. Thus it is nearly always the case that a G W system is optimised to attack a particular class of target.It is of particular interest therefore that the careful design which has resulted in the Oerlikon ADATS weapon offers a new system, incorporatingthe latest techn

21、ology, which has both an air defence and an anti-tank role. A further development in the search for dual purpose weapons is the current intense interest in the possibility of bringing new technology to bear on the problem of using existing guns which are required anyway, to launch guided projectiles

22、. This is of particular interest in the case of the naval gun, the main armament of the main battle tank (MBT and 155mm field artillery.It has become common practice to describe systems in such terms as anti- tank GW (ATGW, anti-helicopter GW (AHGW, anti-RPV GW and so on. In view of the increasing n

23、umber of airborne platforms which require confrontation it is certain that further attempts will be made to produce general purpose systems -at least in the ground-to-air role.The land forces are greatly concerned with mobility, so the type of vehicle used for the transport of a system is a matter o

24、f some importance. Many GW systems are therefore given such titles as Manportable antitank GW, Tracked Rapier , Towed Rapier or Swingfire on Striker .In some cases GW systems are designed in single integrated units which may be fitted to tracked, wheeled or rail transport. Such systems are usually c

25、alled 'pod mounted' systems.Classification by Flying ModeThere are several aspects of the flight mode which are used to describe particular missiles. The term 'boost-coast' is used for a missile which is rapidly accelerated to flying speed and which then has no further propulsion pow

26、er throughout its flight.A 'boost-sustain' system has a two-stage propulsion system which tends to maintain speed after the initial acceleration is over. These matters will be explained in detail in Chapter 2, which includes propulsion systems for both subsonic and supersonic missiles.The tr

27、ajectory or path of a GW is also used in its description. The mainterms used are 'Ballistic Missile', 'Cruise Missile', 'Line of Sight Missile' and 'Proportional Navigation System'. These trajectories and some less common ones will be discussed in Chapter 4.In the cas

28、e of very long range GW, the altitude of the missile above sea level in successive phases of flight may be used to describe its path. This is a method borrowed from the world of conventional aircraft and results in such terms as 'HI-LO-LO' and 'LO-HI-LO'.GW are often labelled by the

29、method used to control them. In addition to the two main categories of control, i.e. aerodynamic or thrust vector control. a missile may be called a 'twist and steer' missile, a 'roll position stabilised' missile or a 'wire controlled' missile. These terms will be explained i

30、n detail in Chapter 5.A further description of flying mode may be made at the encounter with the target. The importance of matching the fuze and warhead to the target to obtain the greatest possible Single Shot Kill Probability (SSKP is affected greatly by the accuracy of the missile, usually expressed in terms of its Root Mean Square Miss Distance (RMSMD, a precise statistical measurement which relates to the most likely later