第6讲 词语翻译(三)词的增补、重复与省略

1、Lecture 6词语翻译（二）1.增词法(amplification)2.重复法(repetition)3.省略法(omission)4.正反,反正表达法(Negation)6.1词的增补 玄奘 严复天演论译例言“在原文词理本深，难于共喻，则当前后引补，以显其意” 词语增补实际上是将原文中的“内隐成分”表达出来，这些“内隐成分”有语义上的、语气修辞上的、语言结构上的以及文化背景上的。（一）语义增补 1) Science demands of men great efforts and complete devotion. 人们要掌握科学，必须作出巨大的努力并对之怀有无限的热爱。 2) Soc

2、ietys first concern will remain major crime, but a foretaste of the seriousness of incivility is suggested by what has been happening in Houston. 社会首先关注的当然还是重大的罪行，但是下述休斯顿市的情况预示：如果不讲文明，将会产生何种严重的后果。（二）语气修辞上的增补 1) We think we have freed our slaves, but we have not; when people reach a certain status in

3、 life they seem to take pride in the fact that they now have a secretary. 我们自以为奴隶已经解放了，实际上并没有。我们只不过用一种不同的名字称呼他们罢了。每当人们上升到一定的地位，他们似乎就以有了一名秘书而自豪。 In this mood, I went to diplomatic circles, earnest but only sketchily informed. 我就是怀着这种心情进入外交界的，满腔热情，但是知识却肤浅得很。（三）语言结构上的增补 1) The restless merchants were l

4、aying the basis for the coming world order of capitalism. Holland and England were taking the lead industrially. 那些不停活动的商人给那即将到来的世界资本主义秩序打下基础。当时当时荷兰和英国在产业方面正占着领导地位。 2) It was the best of times, it was the worst of times, it was the age of wisdom, it was the age of foolishness, it was the epoch of be

5、lief, it was the epoch of incredulity, 这是一个隆盛之世，但也是一个衰微之世；这是一个智慧的时代，但也是一个愚蠢的时代；这是一个有信念的新纪元，但也是一个充满怀疑的新纪元； 3) You got a prejudice all rightagainst a race thats black. Thats why I called you white racist that night. But when you deal with a black person, I dont feel any bad vibes. 你这个人确有偏见。你对整个黑人种族抱着抱

6、着偏见偏见。那天晚上，我说你是个白人种族主义者，道理就在这里道理就在这里。但是当你跟一个具体的黑人打交道时，我倒不觉得你有什么恶意。 4）Yes, I like Chinese food. Lots of people do these days, sort of the fashion. 不错， 我喜欢中国菜。现在许多人喜欢中国菜。这种情况算是有点赶时髦吧。 四）增加反映背景情况的词语。 In April, there was the “ping” heard around the world. In July, the ping “ponged”.增词法 1. In the evening

7、, after the banquets, the concerts and the table tennis exhibitions, he would work on the drafting of the final communiqu.晚上在参加宴会,出席音乐会,观看乒乓球表演之后，他还得起草最后公报 2. There were no speeches, no foreign diplomats, no “ordinary Chinese” with paper flags and bouquets of flowers. 没有发表讲话，没有各国外交官到场，也没有“普通中国人”挥舞纸旗

8、，花束的场面增加动词 3. With what enthusiasm the Chinese people are building socialism! 中国人民正在以多么高的热情建设社会主义啊! 4. O, Tom Canty, born in rags and dirt and misery, what sight is this! 啊,汤姆.康第,生在破烂,肮脏和苦难中,现在这番景象却是多么煊赫啊!增加形容词 5. The crowds melted away. 人群渐渐散开了. 6. As he sat down and began talking, words poured out

9、. 他一坐下就讲开了,滔滔不绝地讲个没完. 7. In the films of those days , all too often it was the same one: boy tractor driver meets girl tractor driver; they fall in love and drive tractors together. 在那时候的电影里,部是老一套：男拖拉机手和女拖拉机手始而相遇，继而相爱，终而并肩开拖拉机增加副词 8. To wash before meal.饭前洗手 9. Mary washed for a living after her hus

10、band died of acute pneumonia.玛丽在丈夫患急性肺炎去世后，就靠洗衣服维持生活 10. Day after day he came to his work - sweeping, scrubbing, cleaning. 他每天来干活扫地,擦地板,收拾房间. 在不及物动词后面增加名词 11. This typewriter is indeed cheap and fine. 这部打字机真是价廉物美。 12. He is a complicated man - moody, mercurial, with a melancholy streak. 他是一个性格复杂的人

11、- 喜怒无常，反复多变，有些忧郁寡欢。 在形容词前增加名词 13. After all preparations were made, the planes were flown across the U.S. to San Francisco.一切准备工作就绪以后，飞机就飞越美国去旧金山 14. In the summer of 1969, the Administration publicly urged an easing of tensions with China.1969年夏天，政府公开主张缓和同中国的紧张关系。在抽象名词后增加名词 preparation 准备工作 backwar

12、dness 落后状态 tension 紧张局势 arrogance 自满情绪 antagonism 敌对态度 15. He felt the patriot rise within his breast. 他感到一种爱国热情在胸中激荡. 16. He allowed the father to be overruled by the judge, and declared his own son guilty. 他让法官的职责战胜父子的私情,而判决他儿子有罪. 17. Kissinger felt that Rogers was quibbling, but the lawyer in Nix

13、on supported the quibble of a fellow lawyer. 基辛基感到罗杰斯是在挑刺儿.但是,律师出身的尼克松支持了他同行的挑刺儿. 在具体名词后增加名词 18. Flowers bloom all over the yard. 朵朵鲜花开满了庭院. 19. The lion is the king of animals. 狮子是百兽之王. 20. Most were absorbed into the Russian empire through colonial expansion under the Tsars. 大部分是在历代少皇统治下,通过殖民扩张而并入

14、俄罗斯帝国的.增加重迭词，数词或其他词表示复数 二、词的重复 1）He knows nothing to his fellowmen, breathes nothing to his fellowmen but friendship and brotherly kindness 他对他的同胞只知道朋友之谊和兄弟之情，而且只表示朋友和兄弟之情。 2) He demanded total loyalty, not loyalty in the traditional sense, not positive loyalty, but total loyalty not just to office

15、or party, or concept, but loyalty first and foremost to Lyndon Johnson. 他要求的是绝对忠诚，不是传统意义的忠诚，也不是一般的忠诚，而是绝对的忠诚，不只是对职务、政党和观念的忠诚，而是首先对约翰逊的忠诚。重复法 重复法实际上也是一种增词法，只不过所增加的词是上文刚刚出现过的词翻译和写作一样，本应力求简练，尽量省略一些可有可无的词；但有时为了明确，强调或生动，却往往需要将一些关键性的词加以重复 为了明确 1. I had experienced oxygen and/or engine trouble.我曾碰到过，不是氧气出故

16、障，就是引擎出故障，或两者都出故障 2. We have to analyze and solve problems. 我们要分析问题，解决问题。 3. The doctor will get more practice out of me than out of seventeen hundred ordinary patients.医生从我身上得到的实践，会比从一千七百个普通病人身上得到的实践还多 为了强调 1. They would read and re-read the secret notes.他们往往一遍又一遍地反复琢磨这些密件 2. “I know you hate me an

17、d I hate you, we had better part right now.”“我知道你恨我，我也嫌你，咱们最好即刻就分手吧” 为了生动 3. 寻寻觅觅，冷冷清清，凄凄惨惨戚戚。乍暖还喊寒时候，最难将息。 Seek, seek; search, search; Cold, cold; bare, bare; Grief, grief; cruel, cruel grief. Now warm, then like the autumn cold again , How hard to calm the heart! 4. But there had been too much pub

18、licity about my case. 但我的事现在已经搞得满城风雨，人人皆知了 四字词组： great contributions gratitude ingratitude eternal glory to arrogance in chaos street gossip great contributions 丰功伟绩 gratitude 感恩戴德 ingratitude 忘恩负义 eternal glory to 永垂不朽 arrogance 骄傲自大 in chaos 乌烟瘴气 street gossip 街谈巷议三、省略法 从语法角度来看 1. He was thin and

19、haggard and he looked miserable. 他消瘦而憔悴,看上去一副可怜相. 2. We live and learn.活到老，学到老 3. You can never tell.很难说 4. Everywhere you can find new types of men and objects in New China. 新中国处处可以看到新人，新事物泛指的英语人称代词作主语时，即使是作第一个主语，译文往往省略 4. The more he tried to hide his warts, the more he revealed them. 他越是要掩盖他烂疮疤,就

20、越是会暴露.省略法 （一）根据汉语习惯，省略一些可有可无的词。 1) Mr. Jarndyce was turning to speak to us, when his attention was attracted by the abrupt entrance into the room of Mr. Gridley who had been mentioned, and whom we had seen on our way up. 贾迪斯先生转过身来，正要跟我们说话，他的眼光却被一个突然闯进来的人吸引了过去，原来那是刚才上楼时碰到的格里德先生。 2) William Sidney Por

21、ter, who is known under his pen name, O. Henry, is one of the best know writer of America. 威廉悉尼波特尔，笔名，欧亨利，为美国最知名的作家之一。（二）英语句子中有些词、短语重复出现，汉译时可按情况适当省略 University applicants who had worked at a job would receive preference over those who had not. 报考大学的人有工作经验的优先录取。 Instead of one old woman knocking me a

22、bout and starving me, everybody of all ages knocked me and starved me. 那时打我并使我挨饿的不只是一个老太婆，而是老老少少各式各样的人。（三）由于中英文语法关系的差异，有些英文词可在翻译成中文时省掉，例如代词、连接词、介词等 5. She laid her hand lightly on his arm as if to thank him for it. 她轻轻地把手放在他的胳膊上,好像表示感谢. 英语中有些宾语的代词，不管前面是否提到过，翻译时往往可以省略 6. We knew spring was coming as

23、(because) we had seen a robin.我们看见一只知更鸟，知道春天快要到了 7. He declined to amplify on the Presidents statement, since he had not read the text.他没有看到总统讲话的文本，不愿加以发挥 8. John rose gloomily as the train stopped, for he was thinking of his ailing mother. 火车停了，约翰郁郁地站了起来，因为他想起了病中的母亲省略连接词 从修辞角度来看(要符合汉语表达习惯) 9. Unive

24、rsity applicants who had worked at a job would receive preference over those who had not. 报考大学的人,有工作经验的,比没有工作经验的,优先录取. 报考大学的人,有工作经验的优先录取. 10. In twelve Yenan years the Chinese Communists had fitted themselves to the land, the rhythm of its seasons, the mood of its peasants. 十二年的延安岁月,中国共产党人已经适应了当地的风土和四季的节奏,也适应了农民的气质. 四季的节奏季节 11. There was still the faith that ordinary men are greater than the powers of nature or the mechanisms of mans hands and will master them all in the end. 仍然具有这种信念,普通的人要