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1、1. Philosophy (安排) A. Number of reactions per day :>2 (每天要进行的反应:> 2) B. Progress :daily (进展:每日) C. Solution: weekly (解决方案:每周) D. Free time (空闲时间)1.set up another reaction (开始另一种反应)2 .Clean glassware (清洁玻璃器皿)3 .Complete miscellaneous menial chores ( 完成各种琐碎的小事)4. Read (阅读)E. Caution vs.speed (谨慎

2、vs.速度)1. Cut corners when appropriate (在适当的时候加快进度)2. Know what corners hanve been cut (知道哪些实验程序可以缩减)3. Slow down when necessary (必要时减慢). Planning the experiment (规划实验) A . Multiple/parallel reactions (多个/平行反应)1. Unrelated reactions: overlap(juggle) when possible (无关的反应:可能重叠(歪曲))2. Related reactions:

3、 run in parallel (相关的反应:平行的进行) B.Scale (称量) 1. TCL:50-100g (TCL:50-100g) 2. Small preparative:0.5-10 mg (小规模的准备:0.5 -10毫克) 3. Preparative: 10-1.0 mg (准备:10-1.0毫克) 4. Macro scale:>1.0g (大量称量:>1.0克)C. Scale-up (规模化) 1. 3-5 fold 3-5 折叠 2. Avoid large scale prep-even literature preps-on first atte

4、mpt 避免在第一次尝试时进行大量的准备Rule 1:Never change the reaction conditions substantially on an important scale-up. 大体上反应是按比例的增加时永远不要改变反应条件Assume that a change in conditions will cause complete failure of the reaction and ascertain whether the quantity of substrate is expendable.假设条件的变化将彻底导致的反应失败,并弄清楚底物的量是否是值得消

5、耗。Rule 2:Minimize scale within reason. 在合理的范围内最大限度地减少的量的使用。Microscale is faster (vide infra) and consume less material, 微小的规模反应快(参阅以下),并消耗更少的材料,Microscale allows you to work at the front of the synthesis longer.微小的规模可以让您在合成面前工作更长时间。Rule 3: Youre not making progress of youre not working at the front

6、of the synthesis. Bringing up staring materials is not making progress.你不在合成的过程中盯着工作的情况是不能取得进展。. Staring the reaction (. 注意认真观察反应) A. Vessel (容器) 1. Round-bottom pipettes w/stir flea:50g-2.0mg (圆底移液器W /搅拌器:50g2.0mg) 2. Kimble vials w/stir flea:up to 1g( 金布尔小瓶W /搅拌器:1克) a. (Kimble Science Products: 1

7、-609-794-5561)(金布尔科学产品:1-609-794-5561) b. 2ml,part#150852B. c. 5ml,part#150855 d. 10ml,part#1508510 3.Round-bottom flasks: only when necessary(圆底烧瓶:只有当需要的时候) B. Covers (盖子) 1.RB pipettes / Kimble vials: septa or NMR caps( RB移液器/金布尔小瓶:隔片或核磁共振盖) 2. Flasks :septa or gas adapter.(烧瓶:隔片或气体适配器。) 3.Sealed

8、tube reaction: (tube 管的反应) a. Kimble vials w/NMR caps (金布尔小瓶W /核磁共振盖) b. RB flask w/gas adaptor (经常瓶W /天气适配器) c. Sealed NMR tube or 1/4 tubing (密封的NMR管或1 / 4管) d. “bomb”w/Teflon joint (“炸弹”W /聚四氟乙烯联合)Rule 4:Septa are moisture and oxygen permeable and are consumed by many corrosive chemicals. 规则4:密封是

9、为了防止化学药品由于水和氧气的进入而腐蚀化学品) C. Inter atmosphere(隔离空气) i. None ,N2,Ar (没有氮气,氩气) ii. Dynamic vs .static (动态的VS静态的) iii.Closed or open system (Caution use shield when running a reaction in a closed vessel) 敞开和密封的系统(当在一个密闭容器中进行反应时要注意小心使用密封盖) D. Sample/ Reaction Purity:(采样/反应纯度) 1.Valuable Substrates : caut

10、ion is advised.(重要的溶剂的选择:要经过深思熟虑)2. Inexpensive/easy preps:purified prior to use is overlook at times .(便宜的/容易准备的 : 反应后是可以忽略的) a. Short path distillation w/air gun is fast.(快速分出馏出物/通气要快) b. Filtering through alumina plug.(通过氧化铝插件过滤3. Synthetic intermediates: always purity (garbage in ,garbage out)(合

11、成中间体:要总是纯的(垃圾进,垃圾出)4. Solvent drying ( 干燥溶剂) a.Ether:Na/benzophenone (乙醚: 钠/二苯甲酮) b.Note:LAH is not great and CaH2 stinks(注意:LAH不要太多和 CaH2很臭) c.Dry molecular sieves(干燥分子筛) d.Hydrocarbons:Na/benzophenone/tetarglyme . (碳氢化合物:钠/二苯甲酮,四乙二醇二甲醚) e.P2O5E. Sample/Reagent measurements: 测量 样品/试剂 1. Solid : 固体的

12、 a.>5mg directly on balance >5mg 直接测量 b.<5mg (or when high precision is necessary )by stock solution.(Using 10 mg and discarding 90mg of a commercially available reagent is not very wasteful.)<5毫克(或要求是高精度时)通过原液(使用10毫克和丢弃90mg市售试剂并不是很浪费。) 2. Liquids/solution :液体/溶液 a. L pipettes :2-250L (微

13、升移液管 2-250L b. Costly L syringes:5100L ( 昂贵的微升注射器:5100L) c. Gas-tight syringes:100L20ml (气密注射器:100L20ml) d.Disposable (sort of)syringes :100L50ml(一次性注射器:100L50ml) e. Dropping funnels (滴液漏斗) f. Motor driven syringes(自动注射器). Monitoring the Reaction (检测反应)Rule 5: always monitor reaction from start to f

14、inish 随时监控反应,从开始到完成A. Which reaction: 哪种反应1. Brand new reactions 全新的反应2. Reactions you personally you have done before 你以前做过的反应3. Literature procedures 文献的程序4. Formation of transiently stable reactive intermediates 短暂稳定中间体的形成 5. I.e. All reactions 即所有反应B. When; 1. Before later reagent is added. 在试剂晚

15、加入前2.immediately after last reagent is added. Immediately 最后的试剂添加完立即开始反应3.No later then 2 minutes after start. No 稍等2分钟再启动后4. Every time the total reaction time triple. 每次要完全反应时间增至三倍5. Right before you work up the reaction.开始反应之前试验方法要正确的6. Immediately after complication of the work up ;immediately b

16、efore purification 并发症发生后要在纯化前立即工作起来 C. How: 1. Through a low gauge needle.gas adapter or T-joint 通过低尺度的气体适配器或T型接头 2. Through opened joint under positive nitrogen flow. 通过打开连接处通入氮气流 3. Via quenched liquots 通过淬火liquotsD. Thin layer chromatography (TLC) . 薄层色谱法(TLC) 1. Developing chamber :Kodak Develo

17、ping jar 发展商会:柯达开发的JAR 2. Plate:normally silica on glass from Merck. 板:通常是默克公司生产的玻璃上有硅 3. Solvent system.溶剂系统 A. EtOAc/hexane:become family with standard pair. 乙酸乙酯/正己烷:成为家庭标准对。 B. Others. (1) tight separations 严密的分离 (2) very low polarity:EtO2/hexane 非常低极性:EtO2/正己烷 (3) high polarity:methanol or acet

18、one additives 高极性:甲醇或丙酮添加剂 (4) amine:0.5 HOAc 胺:0.5醋酸 (5) acids: 0.5 HOAc 酸:0.5醋酸 4. Visualization 可视化 A. By sight 由看 B. UV 紫外线0.5 HOAc 0.5醋酸 C. “Jones Spray”;CrO3(53g)/H2SO4(46mL)/H2O(100mL) 琼斯喷雾”; CrO3(53克)/ H2SO4(46mL)/水(100毫升D. I2,Vanillin ,Phosphomolybdic acid I2,香兰素,磷钼酸 5.Caution: (小心) A. Warm

19、ing in capillary毛细管升温 B. Decomposition on plate B.硅胶板板上的分解 6. Notebook record: 笔记本的记录: A. Full scale drawing with accurate shading A.与满刻度的绘制准确的阴影 B. Note solvent system and stain B.注意溶剂系统和染色 C. Note UV with dotted line C. 注意紫外线下的虚线 D. Note any color oddities D. 注意:任何颜色古怪 E. Purified sample numbers E

20、.纯化样品编号 F Example F 例子 E. Other methods E.其他方法1. Gas chromatography 1。气相色谱法2. NMR or other spectroscopy 2。核磁共振或其他光谱 3.React IR 有影响的红外光谱Rule 6: Work up a reaction when it is finished (当反应完成时要进行详细研究) .The Work up: (详细研究的步骤) A. Round-bottom flask-scale reactions: tedious, cumbersome, glassware-intensiv

21、e(圆底烧瓶规模的反应:乏味,繁琐,玻璃器皿密集) B. Kimble Vials/round-bottom pipettes. (金布尔小瓶/圆底移液器) 1.add water and shake (加水并摇晃) 2. Eliminate emulsions, suspensions, and gels with centrifuge.(用离心机消除乳 液,悬浮液,凝胶) 3. Remove organic layer with pipette。(用吸管取出有机层) 4. Filter directly through plug of Na2SO4 into tared pear-shap

22、ed flask. (梨形烧瓶中直接加入硫酸钠进行过滤) 5.Rotavap and pump to dryness (rotary evaporator will not remove all solvent). 旋转蒸发和泵干燥(旋转蒸发仪不会除去所有的溶剂) 6.Clean reaction vessel/ stir flea concurrently with step 5. (在做第5步的同时还要清理反应容器/搅拌器) 7. Observe, smell and weigh sample. (观察,闻和称量)Rule 7: Keep track of mass balance tho

23、ugh purification.(在分离提纯是要保持大量的平衡)Rule 8: Do not let crude reaction products stand on your bench-top or in the freezer unnecessary. (不要让初始的反应产物,多余的占用在您的试验台上或堆积在冰柜中)Rule 9: Ski those costly, time consuming, and typically useless crude NMR spectra.(看看那些昂贵的,耗时的,而且通常是无用的粗产物的核磁共振光谱) If the reaction appear

24、s to have proceeded smoothly, you will isolate a purified sample. (如果反应进展的顺利,你将要分离纯化样品)The presence of potentially interesting by-products will be detected by TLC and their structures will only be determined after purification.(薄层色谱法,将会检测到的潜在有趣的副产品的存在,而且它们只有通过净化后才能确定其结构)A decision on whether to puri

25、fy should not based on a crude NMR spectrum.(决定是否净化不应以初产物的核磁共振谱为基础。)Crude NMR spectra are meaningful when (1) you know exactly what you are looking for, or (2) instability to purification has already been determined or suspected.初产物的核磁共振光谱是有用的时候是(1)你清楚知道你正在寻找什么,或者(2)不稳定的净化已经被确定或怀疑。 Caution: Rule 9 w

26、ill be contentious among some advisor s.注意:第9条将会在一些顾问之间产生争议。 .Purification: 分离纯化Rule 10: Take every opportunity to purify your products during the developmental stages of a synthesis.(在反应合成的阶段要抓住每一个机会来净化你的产品)-Garbage in, garbage out. (垃圾进,垃圾出)-One pot, multiple step sequences as well as multiple-pot

27、 reactions without intermediate purification are developed after the initial successes have been achieved using pure materials in a step-wise manner.(一锅煮,多步序列以及一锅反应,没有中间产物的净化后,最初的成功开发已经取得纯物质的使用在分步进行的方式。)A. Flash chromatography: (快速分离色谱)W. C. Still et al, J. Org. Chem. 1978, 43, 2923.1. Scale: 10mg-&

28、gt;20g (称量:10毫克 - >20克 )2. When? Whenever possible. (Scale ups w/o chromatography come later. ) (什么时候?只要有可能。 (秤UPS W / O 型色谱还在后面。) )3. Choosing a column size:(选择柱子的大小) a. see reference 见参考文献 b. Increase length or diameter for improved resolution. ( 增加长度或直径是为了提高分辨率)4. Solvent:(溶剂) a. 0.30-0.35 Rf;

29、 no lower than 0.25. (比移值0.30-0.35;不低于0.25) b. You should have a good idea from the extensive TLC used to follow the reaction! (从大量的薄层薄层色谱法你应该有一个用于后续反应的好主意!) c. Bad guesses can be costly(坏的猜测代价可能是昂贵的)5. Packing: 包装 a. Under pressure. 在压力之下 b. Do note release pressure rapidly until gas and hot solven

30、t are eluted. (千万注意要迅速释放压力,直到气体和热溶剂被洗脱)6. Loading: 装载 a. Place narrow band pf a solution ( not suspension or sludge ) at top of column. (在柱子的顶部要有一个漏斗(不暂停或污泥)。 b. Rinse walls and elute several times quickly to avoid band broadening. (B.快速冲洗柱壁和洗脱几次,以避免条纹变宽。) c. Add solvent without disturbing the surfa

31、ce. (不影响柱子表面的情况下,添加溶剂。) d. Save a small sample of the crude product to compare to eluent ( 50 m) or for crude NMR analysis after-the-react ( 0.5-1.0 mg; vide infra)(取小样本初产物保存比较洗脱液(50微米)的产品或初产物的核磁共振分析后的反应(0.5-1.0毫克;韦迪红外线) 7. Elution: (洗脱) a. 2.0"/min(re-set at packing stage) (2.0“/分钟(在装柱子阶段重新设置)

32、 b. Keep eluting until all of the materials are off the column. (保持洗脱,直到所有的材料都移除柱子。 ) c. Changes in solvent to elute polar fractions require proper Rf determination in advance. 溶剂洗脱极性组分的变化要求要提前测量好合适的比移值。 8. Monitoring by TLC: ( 薄层色谱法监测 )a. TLC plate on its side (薄层板上,在其一侧 )b. Pipette, not capillary

33、(.移液器,不是毛细管) c. Example 示例 d. If purity is critical, check beginning and end of tail by full TCL or as follows:(如果严格要求产物纯度时,用TCL法检查开始和最后的冲洗液 如下) 9.Sample collection: No mixed fractions when characterization is critical 样品的收集:当性质是决定性的时候,样品不能含有一点杂质。 10. Clean up: 清理: a. Balance delayed clean up versus

34、 premature disposal of silica 平衡推迟时清理早产的二氧化硅 b. If possible, clean up column and test tubes during solvent removal. 如果可能的话,在处理溶剂的期间清理柱子和试管。B. Pipette Flash Chromatograph 吸取快速分离色谱 1.Scale:0.5-10mg (称量:0.5-10毫克 ) 2. 1.5" flash column in 5" pipette. 3. Solvent set Rf at 0.3 and then cut EtOAC

35、 concentration by 2. (溶剂的比移植设置在0.3 使乙酸乙酯的浓度集中在2 4.Elute with a pipette bulb and monitor as above 所有的检测样品用去球吸管配样C. Preparative TLC: (准备薄层色谱法) 1. Harsher than flash chromatography. (比快速分离色谱法严格一些) 2. Can be useful for compounds that "streak"(对一些可以快速移动的化合物是有用的)D. MPLC/HPLC (中压制备色谱 /高效液相色谱法 ) 1

36、. Micro scale: follow small quantities by UV 微观称量:遵循测紫外光谱时的量 2. Macro scale: Prep 500 is very solvent intensive. 微观称量 预备500是能完全溶解的E. Recrystallization: (重结晶) 1. Scale:100mg-1 ton 质量范围:100毫克1吨 2. Highest possible purity 最高可能的纯度 3. A reflux condenser eliminates mixed solvent composition drift 回流冷凝器可以消

37、除混合溶剂组成堆积 F. Distillation: 蒸馏1. Prep GC:<500mg 预备气象色谱:<500mg 2. Bulb-to-bulb:100mg-5g 灯泡灯泡:100毫克- 5g 3.Fractional /Short Path:1.0mg 最少量 1.0mg4. Note: Volatile compounds are not easily handled on the micro scale(注:易挥发的化合物不容易在微观尺度上进行处理 )5. Partial Vacuum: 部分真空 a. aspirator: uncontrollable pressu

38、res. 抽吸:无法控制的压力 b. Manostat: J.chem.Educ.1989,66,181. 稳压器:J.chem.Educ.1989,66181。 C. Vane Pump 叶片泵. Characterization / Purity Determination: 定性/纯度测定A.1 HNMR spectroscopy 核磁共振氢谱 1. Requires <1.0mg. 化合物质量要求<1.0mg 2. Dont use high filed spectrometers unnecessarily. 不要使用不必要的高提交光谱仪B. 13CNMR spectro

39、scopy 核磁共振碳谱 1.Excellent purity check 非常纯净的化合物的检测 2. Needs > 10mg .(can be deferred to a scale-up) 需要>10mg 可以按比例的增加C. Heteronuclear NMR spectroscopy:2 H,11 B,9 F others 异核核磁共振光谱:2 H,11 B,9 F 其他 D. IR: 红外光谱 1. Most under utilized physical measurment 大多数低于其理论测量值 2. 15 min determination of functi

40、onal groups 15 min测定官能团 E. MS: 质谱 1. Highly dependent on users interpretive skills 高度依赖于用户的解释能力 2. High resolution MS may no longer substitute for elemental analysis 高分辨率MS可能不再需要使用元素分析 F. Elemental Analysis 元素分析 1. Destructive ,costly, painful method of indirectly checking purity 破坏性的,代价高昂的,痛苦的方法去间接

41、检查化合物的纯度 2. Inferior to 13CNMR for most instances . 大多数情况下不如13CNMR 3. Minimal use in modern day organic chemistry (although central to organometallic chemistry still.) 极少在现代有机化学中使用(虽然在重要的有机金属化学中仍在用。) 4. Still required by some stubborn, Knuckle-headed editors. 仍然被一些顽固的愚昧无知的人使用。 Rule 11: Make sure you

42、 collect the analytical data necessary to humor thesis committee members,Advisors, and journal editors确保你收集的分析数据要顺应论文委员会成员,顾问,杂志编辑 Your primary concern in the early stages is to determine how the reaction worked and if the final product is pure .be careful to stay focused on the problem rather than

43、spend all of your time collecting analytical data on compounds that may never appear in print 你在早期阶段,主要关注的是确定的反应如何运作,如果最终产品是纯的,要小心继续关注的问题,而不是花所有你的时间收集永远不会出现在论文上的有关化合物的分析数据。Missing data can be collected on a second or third preparation of the compound if necessary ,but be sure to get it ! ,如有必要丢失的数据能够在第二次或第三次准备化合物时被收集,但确保一定要得到它! . Notebook Documentation 实验记录本的记录A .detailed experimental includes

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