中国科技之发明ppt课件

1、中国古代科技发明Science and Technology in Ancient China 中国古代科学技术中国古代科学技术 Science and Technology in Ancient China v 中国作为世界四大文明古国之一，曾发明了光辉灿烂的古代科技和文化。本展览以四大发明为中心，择取古代天文、数学、医药学、机械、青铜冶铸、陶瓷、纺织刺绣、建 筑等十二项学科内容，展现了中国古代的科学技术成就。本片的内容缺乏以代表中国古代科学技术的全貌，仅以此鼓励后人继往开来，重创辉煌。vChina, as one of the worlds four countries of great

2、ancient civilizations, is famous for its scientific discoveries in ancient times. This exhibition selects 12 disciplines, including astronomy, mathematics, medical science, machinery, bronze metallurgy, pottery and porcelain, textile embroidery and architecture to display the scientific and technolo

3、gical achievements in ancient China. This exhibition does not present the whole picture of science and technology in ancient China, but shows enough to encourage later generations to inherit the past achievements and look forward to the future to create more. /conten_pages/permanent_con/anci

4、ent.html天文篇astronomy简仪模型简仪模型Model of Abridged Armilla v元代科学家郭守敬于1276年创制的简仪，是当时世界上最先进的天文观测仪器。vThe abridged armilla made by Guo Shoujing of the Yuan Dynasty in 1276. It was the most advanced astronomical observation instrument in the world at that time. to display the scientific and technological achi

5、evements in ancient China. This exhibition does not present the whole picture of science and technology in ancient China, but shows enough to encourage later generations to inherit the past achievements and look forward to the future to create more. v浑仪模型浑仪模型Model of Armillary Sphere v 浑仪是中国古代测定天体位置

6、的仪器，发明浑仪是中国古代测定天体位置的仪器，发明于战国时期公元前于战国时期公元前475-公元前公元前221年，年，唐宋时期趋于完善。唐宋时期趋于完善。vThe armillary sphere was an instrument used to measure the location of celestial bodies in ancient China. It was first invented in the Warring States Period(475 - 221 B.C.), and was improved.v水运仪象台水运仪象台vModel of Water-Drive

7、n Astronomical Clock Tower v北宋科学家苏颂于公元1088年研制水运仪象台。以水为动力，集浑仪、浑象、报时安装于一体，是世界上最早的天文钟。vSu Song, a scientist of the Northern Song Dynasty (960-1127), directed the research and manufacture of the water-driven astronomical clock tower. Using water power and having all the functions of the armillary sphere

8、,it was the first astronomical clock in the world.赤道式日晷赤道式日晷Equatorial Sundialv风行于南宋公元1127-1279年时期赤道日晷是一种古老的天文仪器，利用日照时指针投影的位置表示时间。vThe sundial shows the time by indicating the movement of the sun as the shadow of the pointer moves. The equatorial sundial became popular in the Southern Song Dynasty(1

9、127-1279) . v登封测景台登封测景台Model of Dengfeng Astronomical Observatory v元代天文学家郭守敬于公元1279年设计建造的中国现存最早的天文台。 vThis observatory was located in Dengfeng County, Henan Province, and1279 was built by Guo Shoujing of the Yuan Dynasty (1271-8). It is the oldest astronomical observatory still extant.v侯风地动仪侯风地动仪Mod

10、el of Zhang Hengs Seismograph v公元132年张衡发明制造侯风地动仪是世界上第一台感知地震的仪器。地动仪利用惯性原理、以摆和杠杆机械为主的构造方式，测定地震和方向。vThis seismograph was invented by Zhang Heng in A.D.132,as the worlds first instrument to sense earthquakes.It used the principle of inertia, using pendulum and lever mechanics.v铜壶滴漏铜壶滴漏Copper Kettle Clep

11、sydrav漏刻是一种古老的计时仪器。经过漏壶水面的高低，由箭刻标示时间。本件为元代1316年所制浮箭式漏壶复制件。 vThe clepsydra is an old instrument for calculation of time, originating in the later part of the Neolithic Age. The water level marked by an arrow in the kettle indicates the change of time. The water clock displayed here is a replicate of

12、an arrow-marked water clock made in 1316 in the Yuan Dynasty.指南针COMPASSv缕悬法指南表示模型缕悬法指南表示模型vConceptual Model v of Suspended Compassv沈括于公元十一世纪著记载四种指南法，其中缕悬法指南“取新纩中独茧缕，以芥子许蜡缀于针腰，无风处悬之。vThe Sketchbook of Dream Brook by Shen Kuo has the following entry: Take a single silk thread from new cocoon, wax it a

13、nd tie it around the middle of a needle. Suspend the needle in a place sheltered from the wind. The needle would act as a compass. 火药GUNPOWDERv万户飞天模型万户飞天模型Model of Wang Hus Rocket v十四世纪中国人万户利用火箭的反冲力和风筝上升的力量做升空实验，被誉为人类航天史上第一“飞人。 vIn the 14th century, Wang Hu experimented with gunpowder-propelled rock

14、ets, making him a pioneer of aeronautics. 造纸术paper makingv造纸扮演造纸扮演Chinese Paper-Making Technique Spreads Worldwide v自汉代以后，中国造纸术不断改良，明代宋应星于公元1637年著，书中对古代造纸工艺进展总结。图为仿四川夹江造纸工序中“抄纸的扮演。v Since the Han Dynasty, the technology of paper making has been improving continuously, Song Yingxin of the Ming Dynast

15、y (8-1644) summarized the technology of paper-making in his book Exploitation of the Works of Nature. The picture here is a demonstration of dipping paper as used in Jiajiang County, Sichuan Province. 青铜冶铸bronze castingv铜绿山古矿井铜绿山古矿井Cross-Sectional View of the Ancient Copper Mine of Tonglu Mountainv湖

16、北大冶铜绿山古矿井遗址是迄今已开掘的消费时间最长、规模最大的古铜矿。它的开采年代最晚始于西周(约公元前1066前771年)，经春秋战国不断延续到汉代公元前206公元220年，累计产铜不少于八万吨。 vThe now-defunct Tonglu Mountain Copper Mine in Hubei Province was first exploited in the Western Zhou Dynasty (c.1066-771 BC), and mining there continued up until the Han Dynasty (206 BC-220 AD). Its

17、total copper production would have been about 80,000 tons. v重金丈量法表示模型重金丈量法表示模型Conceptual Model of Heavy-Mineral Measuring Technologyv铜绿山古矿井采用重砂丈量的方法确定采掘方向。 vThe Ancient Tonglu Mountain Copper Mining adopted heavy-mineral measuring technology to determine the direction of digging. v井巷支护技术井巷支护技术Concep

18、tual Model of Mine Support Technologyv铜绿山古矿井采用符合力学原理的木框架支护技术，框外用木棍、木板作护壁，组成完好平安的井筒。v The Tonglu Mountain Copper Mine used an elaborate system of timbering to support the working areas. v分段提升法分段提升法Conceptual Model of Sub-Level Lifting Technology v铜绿山古矿井采用分段提升的方法，利用辘轳等简单的机械，将井下50余米深处的矿石提出地面。 vThe Tong

19、lu Mountain Copper Mine used the sub-level lifting technology and simple well-pulley mechanical methods to convey the ore from depths of up to 50 meters. v铜车马铜车马Replicas of Copper Chariots and Horsesv1980年秦陵出土大型彩绘铜车马，是继兵马俑之后的又一次震动世界的考古发现。二号铜车马由3462个零件组成；工艺上采用铸造、焊接、嵌接、插接等方法，堪称金属工艺史上的奇观。v The copper c

20、hariots and horses unearthed in 1980 from the mausoleum of Emperor Qin Shihuang, near Xian, Shaanxi Province, show the advanced level of metalwork in ancient China. It was another world-shaking archeological discovery following the discovery of terra-cotta warriors and horses from the Qin Mausoleum.

21、 v擂鼓礅二号墓编钟复制件擂鼓礅二号墓编钟复制件Replica of a Set of Chimes from Leigudun No. 2 Tomb v1981年湖北擂鼓墩二号墓出土战国编钟一套，音律准确，音色优美，根本音阶构造与C大调七声音阶一样。其件数和规模仅次于曾侯乙编钟，总音域达5个8度以上，可本人转调，奏出五声、六声、七声音阶构成的各种乐曲。须五人协作上演，众声齐发，交响叠鸣。无愧为古代音乐之绝响。vThe set of chimes excavated in 1981 from the Leigudun No. 2 Tomb in Hubei Province has the s

22、ame scale as the seven scales in C major. Its total volume range is over five octaves, and was played by a team of five persons.v透光宝镜透光宝镜Replica of the Precious Translucent Mirrorv“透光镜是西汉青铜工艺的精品。当光线照射在镜正面时，产生的反射图象与镜反面的纹饰一致，被称为“汉代魔镜。vThis is a masterpiece of Western Han Dynasty (206 BC-24AD) bronze c

23、raftsmanship. When light shines on the front side of the mirror, the reflected image is the same as decorative pattern on the back, thus known as Magic Mirror of the Han Dynasty. v马踏飞燕马踏飞燕Replica of the Galloping Horse Treading on a Flying Swallowv马踏飞燕铸于汉代晚期。以夸张的艺术手法塑造了奔马的艺术形状，意境带有浪漫主义颜色。vThis gem o

24、f ancient art was cast in the late Han Dynasty. It portrays an artistic concept through the skill of hyperbole with a romantic flavor. v失腊法铸造失腊法铸造Conceptual Model of Lost Wax Casting Technique v失腊法出现于战国以前，是中国古代三大铸造技术之一。其特点是以可熔模料替代不可熔模料作模，造出复杂精致的器形。失腊法是现代精细铸造技术的渊源。vThis lost-wax casting technique, ap

25、peared before the Warring States Period, was one of three major casting technologies in ancient China. It used soluble molding material to replace insoluble molding material to make complicated and exquisite casts. Modern precision casting technique originates from the technique.v泥范法铸造泥范法铸造Conceptua

26、l Model of Mud-Casting Technique v商代早期已用泥范法铸造器物，浇出的铸件外表较光洁。在近代砂范铸造出现以前，泥范铸造是中国最主要的铸造方法。 vThis technique of mud-casting was known in China as early as in the Shang Dynasty (c.1600-1100 BC). Before the invention of sand-casting in modern times, mud-casting was the leading casting technique in China.v喷

27、水鱼洗喷水鱼洗Sprinkling Washbasinv“鱼洗大约出现于唐代，曾是皇宫盥洗器具。摩擦盆的两耳，由于振动，盆壁鱼嘴处喷起水花，宛如盆底的鱼在腾跃嬉戏，故有“鱼洗之称。vThis invention emerged in the Tang Dynasty (618-907). It was used as washingdevice in the imperial palace. By rubbing two ears of the basin, the vibration will cause water to spout from the mouth of the fish o

28、n the wall of the basin. 机械Mechanicsv农业机械农业机械Agricultural Mechanics v西汉公元前206公元年初年，农耕工具的发明促进了中国农业的开展。展出农具有：耕、犁、耧车、扇车、翻车等。 In early years of the Western Han Dynasty, agriculture was already well advanced. The farm tools displayed here are a hand plow, animal-drawn seed plow, winnower, waterwheel, etc

29、. v记里鼓车记里鼓车estoration of an Ancient Odometerv东汉公元25-220年出现记里鼓车。每行驶一里路，木人自动击鼓一次，因此而得名。车内装有一套具有减速作用的传动齿轮，是近代里程表和减速安装的先驱。This device appeared in the Eastern Han Dynasty (25-220). Every mile the carriage traveled, the wooden figure would beat the drum once. A set of gears connected the wheels of the car

30、riage with the wooden drummer, on the same principle as that of the modern automobile odometer. v商代古战车商代古战车Model of an Ancient Chariotv屯溪磨房屯溪磨房Model of Tunxi Millv明代公元81644年初年，在安徽屯溪出现的一组综合性谷物加工机械。以流水冲击转轮带动石碓、石磨任务。In the early Ming Dynasty(8-1644), a highly-efficient water-powered device for milling

31、grain was installed in Tunxi County, Anhui Province. 纺织 weavingv蚕房蚕房Silkworm Raising v养蚕缫丝是中国古代的伟大发明之一，距今5000多年前，中国人已开场利用蚕丝织造丝织品。 The technique of reeling silk from silkworm cocoons was one of the great inventions in ancient China. Five thousand years ago, Chinese people began to use silk filaments

32、reeled from cocoons to produce silk items. v纺织纺织 Textile Spinning and Weavingv中国机具纺织来源于五千年前新石器时期的纺轮和腰机。西周时期具有传统性能的简单机械缫车、纺车、织机相继出现，汉代广泛运用提花机、斜织机，唐以后中国纺织机械日趋完善，大大促进了纺织业的开展。 Textile spinning and weaving using machinery in China originated from the spinning wheel in the Neolithic Age. In the Western Zh

33、ou period, the spinning wheel was further developed, and led to the invention of sophisticated spinning and weaving machines. In the Han Dynasty, the jacquard loom and cruise loom were widely used. In the Tang Dynasty, textile spinning and weaving developed as a full-scale industry. v四大名绣四大名绣 Four F

34、amous Types of Embroideryv苏、湘、蜀、粤四大名绣。苏绣以绣工精细、针法活泼、图案秀丽、颜色典雅著称。Four main types of embroidery emerged - Su embroidery (produced in the City of Suzhou), Xiang embroidery (produced in Hunan Province), Shu embroidery (produced in Sichuan Province), and Yue embroidery (produced in Guangdong Province). Su

35、 embroidery is famous for its fine workmanship, beautiful pictures and elegant colors, and is rated as the best of the four types. v蜀锦机蜀锦机 蜀锦机属提花机的一种，可织造多种图样花蜀锦机属提花机的一种，可织造多种图样花纹。纹。 vThis machine was thev forerunner of the v jacquard loom。 v织布织布 Cloth Weaving春秋公元前春秋公元前770476770476年时期，年时期，中国已运用脚踏织机。中

36、国已运用脚踏织机。 As early as in the Spring and As early as in the Spring and Autumn PeriodAutumn Period770-476 B.C.770-476 B.C., , China had begun to use the pedal China had begun to use the pedal loom, which was driven by loom, which was driven by manpower. manpower. v金缕玉衣金缕玉衣 Replica of Jade Burial Cloth

37、esv此金缕玉衣为公元前113年西汉中山靖王刘胜墓随葬品的复制品。玉衣由2498片小玉片组成，每片玉片都磨光钻孔，钻孔直径约1毫米，用镀金丝衔接而成，反映了当时设计程度和精深加工技术。 The jade burial suit was excavated from the mausoleum of Liu Sheng, ruler of the State of Zhongshan. It is composed of 2,498 pieces of jade, sewn together with gold thread. v双面绣双面绣 Double-Sided Embroidery v双

38、面绣是刺绣中的珍品，经过巧妙的构思、精深的技术到达同工异面之效。 Double-sided embroidery is characterized by ingenious composition and exquisite craftsmanship. v建筑architecturev佛宫寺释加塔佛宫寺释加塔Model of the Sakyamuni Pagoda at the Temple of the Buddhas Palacev此塔建于辽1056年，位于山西应县，俗称“应县木塔。是我国现存独一的木塔。其体形高大，构造复杂，轮廓优美，是中国古代木构建筑的代表作。 This pagod

39、a was built in 1056, during the Liao Dynasty. It is located in Ying County, Shanxi Province. It is the tallest ancient wood pagoda in the world, and the only extant wooden pagoda in China. vv北宋公元9601127年)体张择端绘画，图高24.8厘米，横528.7厘米，描画了清明时节汴河一带的风光，再现了河南北宋都城汴梁今开封的城市街景和建筑方式。作者以手卷方式，推移视点取景，落笔兼工带写，着色典雅清淡，成为

40、艺术上的珍品。 Zhang Zeduang of the Northern Song Dynasty created this scroll picture. It is 24.8 cm high and 528.7 cm wide. It shows the scenes along the Bianhe River at Bianliang, capital of Northern Song, on the occasion of the annual Pure Brightness Festival. v木榫卯残木木榫卯残木Wooden Joggle and Mortise v浙江余姚河

41、姆渡遗址出土，距今已有七千年历史。This evidence of ancient architectural skill was excavated from the Hemudu Ruins in Yuyao County, Zhejiang Province, and dates back some 7,000 years.v斗拱斗拱Model of a Bucket Archv斗拱是中国传统建筑上的特有构件，从二千多年前就开场运用了。The role of the bucket arch is to pass the weight of the roof to columns, and

42、 in the same time it has a certain esthetic value. v明清琉璃构件明清琉璃构件Imitation Colored Glazev琉璃构件是中国古建筑中重要的装饰资料，琉璃工艺出现于战国公元前475221年时期。 Colored glaze was an important decoration material in traditional Chinese architecture. The art of making and applying colored glaze appeared in the Warring States Period

43、(475-221 B.C.). 陶瓷ceramicsv“中国中国原始瓷原始瓷的诞生展版的诞生展版The Birth of Archetype Chinese Porcelain v商周(公元前16世纪前256年)时期，“原始瓷器用高岭土为原料，烧成温度在1200以上，质地巩固，吸水性弱，外表涂青绿色釉，已具备瓷器的根本特征。 In the Shang and Zhou dynasties,Chinas archetypal porcelain came into being.It used kaolin as the material,and its burning temperature w

44、as up to 1200 degrees C,giving it a hard quality and strong water absorption ability.The predominant surface color was blue. v景德镇制瓷作坊景德镇制瓷作坊Reproduction of a Jingdezhen Porcelain Kiln v景德镇以产瓷出名于世，享有“瓷都之称。元代以后，景德镇渐执全国瓷业之牛耳。图为仿清代景德镇制瓷作坊。 Jingdezhen ha been famou for its porcelain since the Yuan Dynast

45、y, and enjoys the reputation of being the porcelain capital of China. Here we can see a reproduction of a Jingdezhen porcelain kiln as it would have looked during the Qing Dynasty. v印坯印坯Technological Process of Adobe Making v制坯工艺分为：拉坯、印坯、晾坯、利坯、画瓷、荡釉等几个环节。图为拉坯扮演。 Workmanship of adobe making include s

46、everal procedures, such as abode making, engraving, drying, painting, and glazing etc. The picture presents adobe making. v清代清代“景德镇窑部分模型景德镇窑部分模型Partial Model of a Jingdezhen Kiln of the Qing Dynasty v明公元81644年末清公元16441911年初，出现著名窑形“景德镇窑，据其外形又称“蛋形窑。它的出现将窑炉的构筑、烧炼技术推向新程度。 At the end of Ming Dynasty and

47、the beginning of the Qing Dynasty, there appeared the famous Jingdezhen kiln, which, from its external outline, was also called an egg kiln. It pushed the technology of kiln firing and smelting to a new level. v北宋馒头窑北宋馒头窑Model of a Bun Kiln of the Northern Song Dynasty v宋代公元9601279年，一种“全倒焰式馒头窑，窑温可达1

48、300。 In the Song Dynasty960-1279, a kind of bun-type kiln with upside-down flames appeared. The kiln temperature could reach up to 1300 degrees C.v宋代龙窑宋代龙窑Model of a Dragon Kiln of the Song Dynastyv战国公元前1475前221年至秦汉，“龙窑依山而建，多为长条斜坡形，犹如火龙自上而下，故而得名。 Dragon kilns were usually constructed against mountai

49、n slopes, looking like long dragons, hence the name. From the Spring and Autumn Period(1475-221 B.C.) to the Han Dynasty, dragon kilns made possible the birth of standard porcelains. v异彩纷呈的瓷器异彩纷呈的瓷器Colorful Porcelainsv宋代是中国瓷器开展的顶峰期，名窑辈出，争奇斗艳。当时最著名的有定、汝、官、哥、钧五大名窑，产品各具特征，显示了宋代制瓷工艺的杰出成就。 vThe Song Dyna

50、sty was a golden age for Chinese porcelain development, and famous kilns appeared one after another. The most famous kilns at that time were the Ding kiln, Ru; kiln, Guan kiln, Ge kiln and Jun kiln. They all had their own characteristics, and contributed to the remarkable achievements made in porcel

51、ain production technology during the Song Dynasty. v红陶陶器红陶陶器Display of Pottery v新石器时代早期，采用露天堆烧法或原始窑烧制的陶器在烧制过程中与大量空气接触，所以烧制成的陶器为红色，故称为红陶。 At the early Neolithic Age,potteries were either baked in open-air or kilned in primitive kilns.During the baking or kilning process,potteries had contact with a huge amount of air and red color appeared. It was therefore ca